Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO.

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE ME COURSE AUDIT 2
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME 6 WK NO. 7 IM NO. 5

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Heat Transfer

II. LESSON TITLE:

III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

This chapter covers Conduction through plane walls, Conduction and Convection,
Radiation heat transfer and Heat exchangers. It also solved problems that involved heat transfer
principles.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Identify heat transfer phenomena in real- world applications,

2. Solve the Heat transfer problem using a systematic method.

V. LESSON CONTENT:

HEAT TRANSFER is the movement of heat from one body to another by means of conduction,
convection, or radiation.

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:

1. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred by molecular interaction

through bodies in contact.
2. Convection as a mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred due to-the mixing and
motion of particles of a substance.
Free Convection — the substance moves because of the decrease in its density
which is caused by increase in temperature.
Forced Convection — the substance moves because of the application of
mechanical power such as that of a fan.
3. Radiation is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred between bodies by
energy propagating electromagnetic waves.

CONDUCTION

CONDUCTION THROUGH A PLANE WALL:

Fort steady state, unidirectional flow of heat through a homogeneous plane wall,
Fourier's equation gives the heat by conduction as,
𝐾𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄=
𝑥

Where: Q = heat transmitted, W

A = heat transfer area, m2
T1 = hot side temperature
T2 = cold side temperature
X = thickness of the wall

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
K = thermal conductivity W/m-C or W/m-K

CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE PLANE WALLS

For a composite wall shown in the figure, if the heat flows in

series’ first through one slab and then another, Fourier’s
equation can be applied as:
𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡4 ) 𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄= =𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1
+ 2+ 3
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3

CONDUCTION FROM FLUID TO FLUID

𝑄𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡1 )

𝑄𝑜 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴(𝑡4 − 𝑡𝑜 )

𝑄1 = (𝑘1 𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ))/𝑥1

𝑘2 𝐴(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )
𝑄2 =
𝑥2
𝑘3 𝐴(𝑡3 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄3 =
𝑥3
OVERALL CONDUCTANCE
1 1
𝑄= =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1
+ + + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ𝑜
HEAT TRANSFER IN TERMS OF OVERALL RESISTANCE (R T)
𝐴(∆𝑇)
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡

HEAT TRANSFER IN TERMS OF OVERALL CONDUCTANCE

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇)

CONDUCTION THROUGH PIPE

In conduction through pipe assume that heat flows in the radial direction from inside and outside
surface. Fourier’s equation gives the heat loss as:
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑄= = 𝑟
𝑅 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 ln (𝑟2 )
1
2𝜋𝑘𝑙

CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE PIPES

𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡3
𝑄= 𝑟2 ; 𝑄 = 𝑟
ln (𝑟 ) ln (𝑟3 )
1 2
2𝜋𝑘1 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘2 𝑙
∆𝑇 𝑡1 − 𝑡3
𝑄= =
𝑅𝑇 ln ( 2 ) ln (𝑟3 )
𝑟
𝑟1 𝑟2
+
2𝜋𝑘1 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘2 𝑙
Heat transferred in terms of overall conductance,

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 2 of 12

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆T 𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆T

Where: Ui = overall conductance based on inside area; U o = overall conductance based on

outside area.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
A heat exchanger is any device which affects the transfer of heat from one substance to
another.
EXAMPLES OF HEATE EXCHANGERS:
1. Steam boiler 2. Evaporators
3. Steam condenser 4. Economizer
5. Water heater 6. Tube banks
7. Oil heaters 8. Fluid heaters and coolers

Classifications of heat exchangers

• Heat exchangers wherein a fluid at constant temperature gives up to a colder fluid the
temperature of which gradually increases as it flows through the device. The heating fluid
can be at rest or moving in any direction. An example of this type would be a steam
condenser.
• Devices wherein a fluid at constant temperature receives heat from a warmer fluid the
temperature of which decreases as it flows through the heat exchanger. The heated fluid
can be at rest or moving in any direction. An example of this type is a steam boiler.
• Parallel flow heat exchangers wherein the fluids flow in the same direction and both of
them change their temperature. An example of this type are water heaters, oil heaters and
coolers.
• Counterflow heat exchangers wherein the fluid flows in directions opposite to one another.
This is possibly the most favorable kind of fluid heaters and coolers.
• Crossflow heat exchangers in which one fluid flows at an angle to the second one as in
the case of tube banks.
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, LMTD
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = ((∆𝑡) max −(∆𝑡)𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 )/ ln (∆𝑡)𝑚𝑎𝑥/ ∆𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
RADIATION
Radiation is the mode of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. Anything whose
temperature is above surrounding will always radiate significant amount. The Stefan-boltzmann
law (otherwise known as fourth power law) of heat transfer governs radiation heat transfer.
The radiant heat exchange between two surfaces can be computed from Stefan-boltzmann law:
𝑄
= 𝑒𝜎𝐴[(𝑇1 )4 − (𝑇2 )4 ] → 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑡
Where: Q/t = heat transmitted by radiation per unit time (J/s or W)
e = emissivity factor (from 0 to 1.0)
10−8 𝑊
𝜎 = 5.67 𝑥 𝑚2−𝐾4

A = radiating surface area

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022

THE CONCEPT OF A PERFECT BLACK BODY

The perfect black body that absors all electromagnetic radiation. It absorbs wavelength
such no reflection occurs. Whan radiant energy falls on body, part may be absorbed, part
reflected, and the remainder transmitted through the body. In mathematical form;
a+r+t=1
where: a = absorptivity or the fraction of the total energy absorbed
r = reflectivity or the fraction of the total energy reflected
t = transmitted or the fraction of the total energy transmitted through the
body.
PLANCK’S LAW – All substances emit radiation, the quantity and the quality of which
depends upon the absolute temperature and the properties of the material, composing the
radiating body.
STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW – The total energy emitted by a black body is proportional
to the fourth power to the absolute temperature of the body.

CONVECTION
Convection is the mechanism of heat transfer whereby heat energy is transferred by
moving fluids. Most important dimensionless parameters

a. Reynolds number, Re
Interpreted as the ration of inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid.
𝑉𝐷𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇𝑑
Where: V = velocity
D = diameter
𝜇𝑑 = dynamic viscosity.

Conversion:
𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 ℎ𝑝 746 𝑊 3.28 𝑓𝑡 𝑅 9 𝐹 𝐶 𝑊
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.732
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑅 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 ℎ𝑝 1𝑚 𝐹 5𝐶 𝐾 𝑚−𝐾
ℎ𝑟
HEAT TRANSFER SAMPLE BOARD EXAM PROBLEMS:
1. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 inches wall of firebrick with a temperature
difference across the wall of 50 degrees Celsius. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is
0.65 BTU/Hr-ft-deg. F at the temperature interest.
a. 285 W/m2
b. 369 W/m2
c. 112 W/m2
d. 429 W/m2
𝐵𝑇𝑈
Solution: 𝑥 = 6 𝑖𝑛. ; 𝑘 = 0.65 𝐻𝑟−𝑓𝑡−𝑅 ; ∆𝑇 = 50℃

𝑄 𝐾∆𝑇 0.65(1.73)(50) 𝑾
= = = 𝟑𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟔 𝟐
𝐴 𝑥 6(2.54) 𝒎
100
2. The heatloss per hour through a 1ft2 of furnace wall 18” thick is 520 BTU. The inside wall
temperature id 1900 degrees F, and its average thermal conductivity is 0.61 BTU/Hr-ft-Deg.
F.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 4 of 12

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
a. 621 deg. F
b. 675 deg. F
c. 527 deg. F
d. 609 deg. F
𝑘𝐴∆𝑇 0.61(1)(1900−𝑇1 )
Solution: 𝑄 = ; 520 = 18 ; 𝑇1 = 𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 𝑭
𝑥 (12)

3. If total resistance to heat flow of a composite wall is 3.0875 m^2-K/W. What is the over-all
transfer coefficient of the wall?
a. 0.324 Wim2-K
b. 0.423 W/m2-K
c. 0.243 W/m2-K
d. 0.234 W/m2-K
1 1 𝑾
Solution: 𝑈 = 𝑅 = 𝑚2−𝐾
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝟐 −𝑲
3.0875 𝑊

4. What is the average thermal conductivity for the composite material shown?
a. 42 W/m.K
b. 75.5 W/m.K
c. 115 W/m.K
d. 155 W/m.K
Solution: 𝑅𝑡𝑖 = 𝑅𝑡𝑓
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 3
+ + =( )
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘
7 4 10 7(3) 𝐵𝑇𝑈
+ + = ; 𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 72.41 𝑥 (1.732)
100 200 50 𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ℎ𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 − 𝐾
𝑊
125.41
𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑚 − 𝑘 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 𝑾
3 𝒎−𝒌

5. A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall o firebrick 20 cm thick followed by insulating
brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface temperature of the wall
adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200°C while that of the outer surface of steel is 50℃.
The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are: firebrick, 10; insulating bricks,
0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances; and contact resistance of joints, determine
the heat loss per sq.m. of wall area.
a. 1.93 kW/m2
b. 293 kW/m2
c. 155 kW/m2
d. 2.55 kW/m2
(𝐴∆𝑇) 1200−50 𝑾
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 = 0.2 0.15 0.01 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟐
+ + +0.26 + 45
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 10
6. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside which
is a layer of fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiberglass is faced internally by an insulating board
25 mm thick. The coefficient of thermal conductivity for the three are as follows:

Brickwork - 1.5 W/m-K

Fiberglass - 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating board - 0.06 W/m-K

The surface transfer coefficients of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m2-K while that of the outside wall is
2.5 W/m2- K. Take the internal ambient temperature as 10 ℃ and the external temperature is
27℃. Determine the heat loss through such wall 6 m high and 10 m long.
a. 330.10 w
b. 230.10 w
c. 430.10 w
d. 530.10 W
(𝐴∆𝑇) (6 𝑥 10)(27−10)
Solution: 𝑄 = 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1 = 1 0.11 0.075 0.025 1 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑾
+ 𝑘 +𝑘 +𝑘 +ℎ + 1.5 + 0.04 + 0.06 +3.1
ℎ𝑜 1 2 3 𝑖 2.5

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 5 of 12

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022

7. The force convection coefficient for a hot fluid flowing over a cool surface is 120 W/m2k. The
fluid temperature upstream from the cool surface is 394K and the; surface is held at 283 K.
Determine the heat transfer per unit surface area from the fluid to the surface area from the
fluid to the surface.
a. 13,320 W/m2
b. 15,350 W/m2
c. 14,540 W/m2
d. 11 ,450 W/m2
Solution:
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 = 120(1)(394 − 283) = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝟐
8. A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:

Hot gas temperature 1145℃

Cold gas temperature 45℃
Unit surface conductance on the hot 230 W/m2-K
side
Unit surface conductance on the cold 290 W/m2-K
side
Thermal Conductivity of the metal wall 115 W/m-K

Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall between the hot gas and cold gas so that the
maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545℃.
a. 10.115 mm
b. 13.115mm
c. 17.115 mm
d. 20.115 mm
Solution: 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ; 𝑄1145→545 = 𝑄545→45
𝐴∆𝑇545→45 545 − 45
ℎ𝐻 𝐴∆𝑇1145→545 = ; (230)(1145 − 545) = ; 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
+ + 290
𝑘 ℎ𝑐 1000(115)

9. Calculate the thermal diffusivity of pure aluminum with density of 2,702 kg/m3 , thermal
conductivity of 237 /m.K' and specific heat of 0.903 kJ/kg.K.
a. 97.1 x 10-6 m2/s
b. 23.25 x 10-6 m2/s
c. 14.9 x 10-6 m2/s
d. 34.5 x 10-6 m2/s
𝑘 237
Solution: thermal diffusivity 𝛼 = 𝜌𝐶 = 2702(903) = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
𝑝
10. A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm thick plastic cover
whose thermal conductivity is k =0.15 W/m-℃. Electrical measurement indicate that a current
of 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the
insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 30 C, with heat transfer coefficient h = 12 W/m2.C,
determine the temperature interface of the wire and the critical radius.
a. 105 C, 12.5 mm
b. 105 C, 10.5mm
c. 107 C,12.5 mm
d. 107 C, 11.45 mm
∆𝑇
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑟2 ; 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑉
ln(𝑟 ) 1
1 +
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 2𝜋𝑟𝑜𝐿ℎ𝑜
𝑡𝑖 − 30
(10)(8) = = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑪
3.5
ln ( ) 1
1.5 +
2𝜋(0.15)(5) 3.5
2𝜋 (1000) (5)(12)
𝑘 0.15
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐 = = 𝑥 100 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
ℎ𝑜 12

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 6 of 12

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
11. Solve the critical radius in cm for an asbestos-cement [kasb = 0.208 Wim-K]. The external
heat-transfer coefficient is 1.5 Btu/h-ft2-F.
a. 2.44 cm
b. 2.85 cm
c. 2.34 cm
d. 2.12 cm
𝑊 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠 0.208𝑚−𝑘 1 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡2 −𝐹
Solution: 𝑟𝑐 = = 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑥 𝑊 𝑥 12 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎
ℎ 1.5 1.732𝑚−𝐾 1 𝑖𝑛.
ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡2−𝐹

12. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 Mpa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for a
total distance of 152 m. the steam line is saturated with 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia.
For an ambient temperature of 22 C, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its
destination of the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?
Properties of steam:
Pressure Temperature Enthalpy
2.05 MPa; 213.67 C Hf 914.52 kJ/kg Hfg = 1885.5 kj/kg Hg = 2800
kJ/kg

2𝜋𝐿∆𝑇
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑟 ; 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑔 − (ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔 )) ;
ln(𝑟2)
1 + 1
𝑘 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑜
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑔 (1 − 𝑥)
2𝜋𝐿∆𝑇
𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑔 (1 − 𝑥) = 𝑟
ln (𝑟2 )
1 1
+
𝑘 𝑟𝑜 ℎ𝑜
2𝜋(152)(213.67 − 22)
0.125 (1885.5)(1 − 𝑥)(1000) = ; 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟎𝟑%
10.13
ln ( ) 1
5.05
0.069 + 10.13
( 100 ) (9.36)

13. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32 C, has an inside
diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos
insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, h o = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is
steam having a temperature of 150 C with film coefficient hi.= 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal
conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K respectively. Determine
the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
A. 110W
B. 120
C. 130W
D. 140W
Solution: 𝑄 =

14. How many watts will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a
temperature of 800 C?
a. 5.34 kW
b. 4.34 kW
c. 6.34 kW
d. 3.34 kW
0.15 2
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑒𝐴𝑇 4 = (5.67 𝑥 10−8 )(1) [4𝜋 ( ) ] (800 + 273)4 = 5313 𝑊 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 𝑾
2

15. Two parallel plates are 1 m by 2 m are maintained at 1000K and 500 K, respectively. The
configuration factor between the plates, F 12, equals 0.50. If the plates are both assumed to
be black bodies, find the net heat transfer between them.
a. 50,000 w
b. 53,000 w
c. 35,000 w
d. 45,000 W

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 7 of 12

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8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
Solution: 𝑄 = (𝜎)(1)(1 𝑥 2)[(1000)4 − (500)4 ](0.5) = 𝟓𝟑, 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑾

16. A hollow sphere is heated by means of a heating coil having a resistance of 100 ohms
placed in the inside the cavity. The average thermal conductivity of the sphere is 30
Btu/hr.ft.F. Calculate the current necessary to maintain the temperature difference between
the inside and outside surfaces of 8F. The inside and outside diameters of the sphere are
20.32 and 22.86 cm respectively.
a. 5.12
b. 6.18
c. 4.21
d. 3.69
4𝜋𝑘∆𝑇
Solution: 𝑄 = 1 1 ; 𝑄 = 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 , 𝑠𝑜; 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
−
𝑟1 𝑟2
4𝜋(30)(8) 1055 𝐽
𝐼 2 (100) = 𝑥 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨
1 1 2.54 𝑐𝑚
(10.16 − 11.43) ( ) (12 𝑖𝑛) 3600 (1 𝐵𝑇𝑈)
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
1 𝑓𝑡

17. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding which are at 25 C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal
conductivity of 1.2 W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.80. Under steady state conditions
and outer surface temperature of 1000C is measured. Free convection heat surface
temperature of 1000C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this
surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-K. What is the inner
temperature in 0 C?
a. 623.7
b. 352
c. 461.4
d. 256.3
Solution: 𝑄𝑡→100 = 𝑄100→25
𝐾𝐴∆𝑇𝑡→100 4 − 𝑇4 ]
= ℎ𝐴∆𝑇100→25 + 𝑠𝑒𝐴[𝑇100 25
𝑥
1.2(𝑡 − 100)
= 20(100 − 25) + (5.67 𝑥 10−8 )(0.80)[(100 + 273)4 − (25 + 273)4 ]
0.15
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝑪
18. A liquid-to-liquid counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120 F to 310
F. If the hot fluid enters at 500 F and leaves at 400 F, calculate the log mean temperature
difference for the heat exchanger.
a. 132 F
b. 232 F
c. 332 F
d. 432 F
∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇 280−190
Solution: 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝐴 𝐵 = 280 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 𝑭
ln(∆𝑇 ) ln (190 )
𝐵

19. A turbogenerator, 16-cylinder, Vee type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in thru a filter by a centrifugal
compressor direct connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145 C and a counterflow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45 C before
it goes to the engine suction header. Cooling waters enter air cooler at 30 C and leaves at 38
C. Calculate the arithmetic mean temperature difference.
a. 41 C
b. 51 C
c. 61 C
d. 71 C
∆𝑇 +∆𝑇 107+15
Solution: 𝐴𝑀𝑇𝐷 = 𝐴 2 𝐵 = 2 = 𝟔𝟏 𝑪

20. A heat exchanger has an over-all coefficient of heat transfer of 900 W/m2-K. The mean
temperature
difference is 20 C and heat loss is 15,000 W. Calculate the heat transfer area.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 8 of 12

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
a. 0.833 m2
b. 0.733 m2
c. 0.933 m2
d. 0.633 m2
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 (𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷); 1500 = 900 (𝐴)(20); 𝐴 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟐

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 9 of 12

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITY:

1. Determine the steady-state heat transfer per unit area through a 3.81 cm thick homogeneous
wall with its two faces maintained at uniform temperatures of 311 K and 294 K. Thermal
conductivity of the material is 0.193 W/m-K
A. 86.1 W/m2 C. 82.5 W/m2
B. 108. W/m2 D. 72.5 W/rn2
2. Determine the critical radius in cm for an asbestos- covered pipe (k abs = 0.208 W/m.K) if the
external heat transfer coefficient is 8.51 W/m2
A. 2.54 cm C. 2.98 cm
B. 2.44 cm D. 2.64 cm
3. A steel ball (c = 460 J/kg-K; k = 35 W/m-K ), 5 cm in diameter is initially at a uniform temperature
of 723 K. The ball is placed in an environment maintained at 373 K with the resulting heat transfer
coefficient h = 10 W/m2-K. What is the Biot number?
A. 0.045 c. 0.013
B. 0.023 D. 0.050
4. Two parallel plates are 1 m by 2 m and are maintained at 1000 K and 500 K respectively. The
configuration factor between the plates, F 12, equals 0.50. If the plates are assumed to be gray,
each surface having an emissivity of 0.50, find the net heat transfer between them.
A. 50,000 W C. 26,000 W
B. 53,000 W D. 45,000 W
5. The heat loss per hour through 1 rn2 of furnace wall 40 cm thick is 520 W. The inside wall
temperature is 1000 deg. C, and its average thermal conductivity is 0.61 W/rn2C. The outside
surface temperature of the wall is nearest to:
A. 100 deg C C. 672 deg. C
B. 300 deg. C D. 1000 deg. C
6. Given an inner "Il at 800F and an outer wall exposed to ambient wind and surroundings at
400F. Film coefficient, h, for convective heat transfer at a 15-mph wind is about 7 BTU/(hr-ft2-F).
Ignoring any radiation losses calculates the overall coefficient for the conduction and convection
losses.
A. 0.14 c. 1.25
B. 0.80 D. 7.1
7. A copper bar is 90 cm long at 86 F, what is most nearly the increase in its length when the bar
is heated to 95 F? The linear expansion coefficient for copper is 1.7 x 10-5 1/°C.
A. 2.1 x 10^-5 m C. 3.2 x 10^-5 m
B. 5.3 x 10^-5 m D. 7.7 x 10^-5 m
8. A slab of iron with temperature, Ti1 = 48 C is used to heat a flat glass plate that has an initial
temperature of Tg1 = 18 C. Assuming no heat is lost to the environment, and the masses are m =
0.49 kg for the slab and mg = 310 g for the plate, what is the amount of heat transferred when the
two have reached equal temperature? Assume Ci = 0.11 kcal/kg. C for iron, and Cg = 0.20 kcal/kg
• C for glass.
A. 860 Cal C. 32 kcal
B. 53 kcal D. 320 kcal
9. Calculate the heat transfer per hour through a solid brick wall 6 m long, 2.9 m high, and 225
mm thick, when the outer surface is at 50C and the inner surface 170C, the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the brick being 0.6 W/m-K.
A. 2,004.48 kJ C. 2,400.48 kJ
B. 3,004.48 kJ D. 3,400.48 kJ
10. The hot gas temperature in a heat exchanger is 350 C (ho = 220 W/m2-K). What is the surface
temperature on the wall if the heat transferred is 1500 W/m2?
A. 350 C C. 343 C
B. 338 C D. 358 C
11. A counter-flow bank of boiler tubes has a total area of 900 ft 2 and its over-all efficiency of heat
transfer is 13 Btu/hr-ft2-F. Calculate the heat transferred if the log mean temperature difference
is 1380 F.
A. Btu/hr. C. Btu/hr.
B. Btu/hr. D. Btu/hr.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 10 of 12

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022

12. A pipe 200 mm outside diameter and 20 m length is covered with a layer, 70 mm thick of
insulation having a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m-K and a thermal conductance of 10 W/m2-K
at the outer surface If the temperature of the pipe is 350 C and the ambient temperature 15 C,
calculate the external surface temperature of the lagging.
A. 32.6 C C. 42.6 C
B. 22.6 C D. 53.6 C
13, Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 in. wall of firebrick with a temperature difference
across the wall of 50 C. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-F at the
temperature interest.
A. 285 W/m2 C. 112W/m2
B. 369 W/m2 D. 429
14. A house has brick walls 15 millimeters thick. On a cold winter day, the temperatures of the
inner and outer surfaces -of- the walls- are -measured and found to be 20 C and -12 C,
respectively. If there is 120 m2 of exterior wall space: and the thermal conductivity of brick is 0.711
J/m-s-C, how much heat is lost through the walls per hour?
A. 180 J C. 660 kJ
B. 13kJ D. 660 MJ
15. Air has a specific heat of 1 kJ/kg-K. If 2 BTU of energy is added to 100 g of air, what is the
change in air temperature?
A. 10.0 C C. 44 C
B. 21 C D. 88 C
16. Air has a specific heat (Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg-K. If 100 g of air is heated with a 1500 W heater, which
of the following occurs?
l. The air heats up at a rate of 15 K/s.
ll. The air reaches a final temperature of 1500 K.
III. The air undergoes a non-isentropic process.
A. I only C. I and II
B. l, II, and III D. I and III

17. Calculate the heat loss per linear ft from 2 in. nominal pipe (2.375 in. outside diameter)
covered with 1 in. of an insulating material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.0375
Btu/hr.-ft-F. Assume that their inner and outer surface temperatures of the insulation are 380 F
and 80 F respectively.
A. 110 Btu/hr.-ft C. 120 Btu/hr.-ft
B. 116 Btu/hr.-ft D. 126 Btu/hr.-ft
18. A liquid to liquid counterflow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120 F to 310F.
If the hot fluid enters at 500 F and leaves at 400 F, calculate the log mean temperature difference
for the heat exchanger.
A. 132 F C. 332 F
B. 232 F D. 432 F
19. Calculate the heat loss per linear foot from a 10 in. nominal pipe (outside diameter = 10.75
in.) covered with a composite pipe insulation consisting of 1.5 in of insulation I placed next to the
pipe and 2 in. of insulation II placed upon insulation l. Assume that the inner and outer surface
temperatures of the composite insulation are 700 F and 110 F respectively, and that the thermal
conductivity of material I is 0.05 Btu/hr-ft-0F and for material II is 0.039 Btu/hr-ft-F.
A. 323.13 Btu/hr.-ft C. 120 Btu/hr.-ft
B. 123.13 Btu/hr.-ft D. 126 Btu/hr.-ft

20. At what rate does the sun lose energy by radiation? The temperature of the sun is about 6000
K, and its radius is 6.95 x 105 km.
A. 3.48 x 1026 W C. 5.48 x 1026 W
26
B. 4.48 x 10 W D. 6.48 x 1026 W
21. How many watts will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a
temperature of
A. 5.34 kW C. 6.34 kW
B. 4.34 kW D. 3.34 kW

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 11 of 12

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair use of copyrighted work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.6: ME AUD 2-2S-2021-2022
22. A surface condenser serving a 50,000-kW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam
at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. Sea water for cooling enters at
29.50C and leaves at 37.5 C. For steam turbine condensers, manufacturers consider 950 Btu/lb
of steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate the logarithmic mean
temperature difference.
A. 4.57 C C. 6.57 C
B. 5.57 C D. 7.57 C

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (101220) Page 12 of 12

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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”