1.

What is First Aid?
FIRST - preceding all others in time or order
AID- to provide with what is useful or necessary
FIRST AID is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not
available or delayed.
2. Goals of First Aid
ALLEVIATE SUFFERING - One of the main objectives is to be able to help to
reduce or totally alleviate suffering
PREVENT FURTHER INJURY or DANGER - also sometimes called prevent the
condition from worsening, or danger of further injury
PROLONG LIFE - first aid measures aim to preserve and sustain life. Also to
save the victim from imminent danger.
3. Characteristics of a Good First Aider
GENTLE - First aider should not cause, inflict pain as much as possible
RESOURCEFUL - Makes the best use of things at hand
OBSERVANT - Should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening and what
may happen.
TACTFUL - Handling the victim with utmost care and in a calm manner.
EMPHATIC - Should be comforting.
RESPECTABLE - Maintains a professional and caring attitude

GENERAL GUIDELINES IN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

4. 1. Planning of Action – Established based on anticipated needs and available
resources. • Example: Getting to know where the First Aid Kits are located as
well as other emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire alarm
switches and fire exits. Also by being aware of the emergency numbers such as
Ambulance providers, Hospital emergency room, Fire department and police
stations. Getting Started
5. 2. Gathering of needed materials – Preparation of equipment and personnel.
Getting Started
6. 70% Isoprophyl Alcohol Povidone Iodine Cotton Balls Sterile Gauze Pads
Tongue Depressors Penlight Band Aid Gloves Set of Scissors and Forceps
Triangular Bandage Elastic Bandage Adhesive Plasters
7. • Initial Response (Sequence of actions) Getting Started A I D Ask for HELP
Intervene. Give appropriate interventions Do no further harm
8. SAFETY FIRST! • SURVEY THE SCENE – Is the scene safe? Safe for you and
the injured person? – What happened? – How many people are injured? – Are
there someone who can help? – Get consent before giving first aid care.

CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

9. Cardio – Pulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a
lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near
drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. • This is a
combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths. Resources:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600 Philippine
National Red Cross
10. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE ON ADMINISTERING CPR
11. Survey The Scene • Is the scene safe for you and the victim? • Is there
someone who can help? If the scene is secure for you to perform first aid, kindly
proceed by introducing your self and asking if you can help. - this enables you to
gain the trust of the victim as well as the people around the scene.
12. Primary Survey C A B CCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING
CIRCULATION
13. A B CCCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING CIRCULATION TAP
BOTH SHOULDERS AND ASK THE VICTIM FOR WHAT HAPPENED. TAKE
NOTE OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF VERBAL RESPONSE.
14. CHECK FOR THE PATENCY OF NOSTRILS AND MOUTH. USING HEAD
TILT CHIN LIFT B CCCONSCIOUSNESS AAIRWAYS BREATHING
CIRCULATION
15. CHECK FOR BREATH SOUNDS AS WELL AS THE RISE AND FALL OF
THE CHEST. NOTE FOR DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING.
CCCONSCIOUSNESS AAIRWAYS BBREATHING CIRCULATION
16. CHECK FOR PULSE. CAROTID OR RADIAL CCONSCIOUSNESS
AAIRWAYS BBREATHING CCIRCULATION
17. Conditions When CPR is Needed • The victim is UNCONSCIOUS. •
PULSE is WEAK or NO PULSE. • NO BREATHING / DIFFICULTY IN
BREATHING Cardiac Arrest caused by Coronary Heart Disease, Dysrhythmias,
Respiratory arrest, Electrocution, Drowning, Choking, and Trauma.
18. Chest Compressions • Using the heel of the palm, interlaced with the other
hand, perform 30 compressions. Approximately 2 inches deep on the middle of
the chest just in line with the sternum. Area of Chest Compressions
19. Chest Compressions • A cycle of chest compression is composed of 30
compressions at a rate of 80 – 100 per minute. • After a cycle, 2 Rescue breaths
are administered.
20. Rescue Breaths • Giving oxygen via mouth – to – mouth. – HEAD TILT
CHIN LIFT, pinch the nose and give a full blow of air directly to the mouth twice.
Note for the rise and fall of the chest. • If the chest did not move, check for airway
patency or re tilt the head.
21. CPR Cycles • 5 cycles composed of: Cycle 1 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue
breaths Cycle 2 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue breaths And so on and so forth
until the 5th cycle.
22. • Re assess the victim after 5 cycles using the primary survey. CPR Cycles
C A B CCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING CIRCULATION
23. When to STOP the CPR S T O P Spontaneous signs of circulation restored
Turned over to medical services or authorized personnel Operator is already
exhausted and cannot continue CPR Physician assumes the responsibility
24. Care of the Victim After Successful CPR • Transfer in a secured place. •
Place in a side lying position - Recovery position. • Wait for the emergency
response unit and continuously monitor the victim.
25. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
26. Wounds • Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal
or external Classifications: • Closed Wound • Open Wound (Philippine National
Red Cross)
27. Closed Wound • Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin
being broken down. • Causes: – Blunt object result in contusion or bruises –
Application of external forces.
28. • Signs and Symptoms – Pain and tenderness – Swelling – Discoloration –
Hematoma Closed Wound
29. • First Aid Management Closed Wound S E C I R Rest the affected area.
Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition. Ice Compress. Apply ice
compress to the affected areas. It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an
anesthetic effect Compression. Application of firm pressure. To avoid further
hematoma. Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote venous
return of blood and avoid pooling in the area Splinting. For immobilizing the
affected area. This helps in avoiding unnecessary movements.
30. • Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation.
SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF: – The pain is unbearable – Hematoma is
spreading – The affected area is the head (including face and neck) – Involves
the spine area. – Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose. – Coughing and
vomiting of blood. Closed Wound
31. Open Wound • is an injury involving an external or internal break in body
tissue, usually involving the skin.
32. • Classifications: Puncture – wound caused by sharp & pointed object
Penetrating the skin. Abrasion – caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin
 against rough surfaces. Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp objects with
irregular edges. Avulsion – tissues are forcefully separated from the body.
Incision – skin and tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument. Open Wound
33. Dangers of an Open Wound • Hemorrhage – severe bleeding. • Infection –
introduction of bacteria/parasites. • Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood)
volume. (a fatal condition)
34. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe
bleeding. INSPECT Inspect for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be
removed manually by hand or using a pick up forceps. Flushing with normal
saline solution or just clean water is also applicable.
35. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe
bleeding. CONTROL BLEEDING Done by applying a sterile absorbent gauze
pad over the bleeding site while applying a firm pressure. Dressing can be
secured with a bandage and splints.
36. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe
bleeding. REFER TO A PHYSICIAN It is essential in severe bleeding wounds.
Further medical/surgical management may be needed like suturing or
administration of medications that control bleeding.
37. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe
bleeding. CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms: Pale/Cyanotic. Cold and Clammy Skin. Irregular
Breathing. Weak/Rapid Pulse. Weakness. Thirsty sensation.
38. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to
moderate bleeding. CLEAN Clean with mild soap and water.
39. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to
moderate bleeding. DISINFECT Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or
Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic Acid)
40. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to
moderate bleeding. DRESS Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure with
adhesive tapes.
41. Burns • Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves
and blood vessels. This results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals,
electricity, solar or other forms of radiation. • Classifications: – Thermal Burns –
Chemical Burns – Electrical Burns
42. Thermal Burns • THERMAL BURNS caused by direct or indirect contact to
flames and other hot objects, steams or liquids.
43. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects only
the first (epidermis) layer of the skin. Very painful and skin is red.
44. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the
first and second layer (epidermis + dermis) of the skin. Blisters are expected to
form.
45. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the
first and second layer of the skin and may extend up to the proximal
subcutaneous tissues. Usually less painful.
46. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For First and Second Degree Burn.
RELIEVE PAIN Relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean tap water/iced
water for maximum of 5mins for iced water and 10mins for tap water. Prolonged
exposure to extremely cold temperature may cause total numbness due to
extreme vasoconstriction.
47. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For First and Second Degree Burn.
COVER Cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available) and
make sure that it is non sticking. If blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it
out to prevent infection. Always maintain cleanliness on the burned area. Apply
Burn Ointment if available.
48. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For Third Degree Burns. COVER Cover
the burned area with a dry and non sticking dressing. Do not apply anything unto
the skin. Immersing into water is not advisable.
49. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For Third Degree Burns. PREPARE
FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration
and shock. Keep the victim warm by covering with blankets during the transfer.
Extend the flexed burned extremities to avoid contractures.
50. Chemical Burns • Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin. –
Car battery Solutions – Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) – Bleach – Ammonia
51. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing with water. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing. Use mild soap
for the final rinse.
52. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Pat dry the area using clean cloth and
apply dressing into affected area.
53. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at
least 20minutes using low pressure.
54. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Seek medical attention immediately for
chemical burns.