EXPERIMENT NO.

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the characteristics of a second order active high pass filter.

2. To plot the characteristic curve of a second order active high pass filter.

3. To calculate the cut-off frequency of a second order active high pass filter.

4. To perform the hardware implementation.

II. DISCUSSION:

An electronic circuit known as an active high-pass filter attenuates low-frequency frequencies

while allowing high-frequency signals to pass through. Usually, it consists of an operational
amplifier (Op-Amp), capacitors, and resistors. As a buffer, the Op-Amp amplifies the input
signal and offers a high input impedance. By blocking low-frequency signals and allowing high-
frequency signals to pass, the capacitors function as a frequency-dependent resistor. The gain and
frequency response of the filter is controlled by the resistors. The values of the resistors and
capacitors employed in the circuit determine the filter's cutoff frequency. It is possible to increase
the cutoff frequency by using smaller capacitors or bigger resistors.

Figure 1. Circuit diagram of an Active High Pass Filter

In audio applications, active high-pass filters are frequently employed to reduce undesirable low-
frequency noise or to improve the clarity of high-frequency sounds like vocals and percussion.
They can also be utilized in instrumentation and control systems, among other signal-processing
applications. Active high-pass filters have a larger input impedance than passive high-pass
filters, which results in less stress on the input signal and enhanced signal quality. Active filters
can also offer gain, which enables signal amplification or attenuation. In general, active high-
pass filters can be used to filter and shape signals in a range of applications. To obtain the
appropriate performance characteristics, however, their design and implementation can be
complicated and necessitate careful consideration of component values and circuit design.

III. MATERIALS/TOOLS NEEDED:

MultiSim
Component Values (refer to the schematic diagram)
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
Bode Plotter

IV. PROCEDURE:

1. Considering the assigned frequency for the group, build the 2nd order Active High Pass
Filter.
2. Use 1 Vp for the input voltage
3. Measure the output voltage
4. Tabulate the results.
5. Plot the frequency response of the circuit from 50 Hz - 550 Hz using the data and
using Bode plotter
6. Solve for the mathematical approach of the cut-off frequency.
7. Tabulate the measured and calculated cut-off frequencies. Determine the percent
difference.
 V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of the Experiment

VI. RESULTS:

Table 1. Measured and Calculated Data

INP 50H 100 150 20 250 30 35 40 45 50 55 600

UT Z HZ HZ 0 HZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 HZ
FRE HZ HZ HZ HZ HZ H HZ
Q Z
(Hz)
INPU 56. 206 448 740 1.02 1.24 1.39 1.48 1.54 1.56 1.59 1.6
T 1 m m m V V V V V V V V
AMP m V V V
V
VOL - - - - 0.1 1.8 2.8 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.0
TA 25. 13. 6.9 2.6 7 7 6 1 5 6 3 8
GE 02 72 7d 2d d d d d d d d d
GAI dB dB B B B B B B B B B B
N
(dB)
 GRAPH 1/PLOT 1

Figure 3.1. Bode Plot

50Hz 100Hz
 200Hz
150H
z

250Hz 300Hz
350Hz 400Hz

500Hz
450Hz
 600Hz
550Hz
 VII. COMPUTATION:

Table 1 (Multisim) :

50Hz 100Hz
56.1 A AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

150Hz 200Hz
AA AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

250Hz 300Hz
AA AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

350Hz 400Hz
AA AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

450Hz 500Hz
AA AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

550Hz 600Hz
AA AA
AAAA = 20AA ( ) AAAA = 20AA ( )
AA AA

VIII. ANALYSIS
 In this trial, there are four targets to be achieved. The first is to decide the qualities of a second
request dynamic high pass channel. Plotting the characteristic curve of a second-order active high
pass filter is the second objective. The third goal is to work out the cut-off recurrence of a second
request dynamic high pass channel. Lastly, the last goal is to play out the equipment execution.
The understudies were given free rules to plan their own circuits which would accomplish the
ideal outcomes. The understudies were just given a cut-off recurrence which would act as the
reason for their plans. Group 2 was given a frequency of 300 Hz as their assigned rate.

The students began experimenting with various capacitor and resistor value combinations until
they found a bode plot with a cut-off frequency close to 300 Hz. To decrease the worth ranges,
the understudies expected 0.1uF as their capacitors and utilized it, alongside the allocated 300 Hz
Recurrence, in the equation for slice off recurrence to track down the worth of the resistors.
Addressing for the worth of the resistors will prompt 5.3kω which was changed to the monetarily
accessible identical 5.6kω. Moreover, involving the recipe for pass band gain: We can deduce
that R2 = (0.586)R1, where Af of second-order filters is equal to 1.586, is equal to 1 + (R2/R1).
The bode plot in Multisim can demonstrate that the circuit is a high pass filter if we assume that
R1 is equal to 100k and that R2 is equal to 58.6k, which will also be replaced with a
commercially available equivalent of 62k.

Consequently, one might say that three of the four targets are as of now achieved. The recreation
worked and it created the ideal waveforms and bode plot. The failure to achieve the fourth
objective is the problem with this experiment. The results that were intended were not achieved
by the hardware components used to implement the circuit. Various variables can be supposed to
be the reason for this blunder. The first is human blunder, wherein the individual leading the trial
committed an error, either in building the circuit or associating the tests. Equipment error is
another type of error that could have occurred, in which the laboratory equipment or the
components that were purchased may have been defective, resulting in results that were different
from what was expected. Consequently, the equipment execution was not a triumph.

IX. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment was not truly successful because not all of the goals were
achieved. The equipment execution had not been achieved because of certain mistakes.
Nonetheless, the investigation can likewise not be considered as a disappointment as the
understudies had figured out how to extend their insight on the point. The students now
understand the steps involved in creating high pass active filters. Assuming common and
commercially available values is a common design trend, designing such circuits requires a
creative and insightful mind. In general, the experiment had a significant impact on the
development of our fundamentals for designing circuits. The errors that were made will act as an
illustration for the understudies and would turn into a consideration of their future plans.
IX. GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of a high-pass filter?

A high-pass filter allows high-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating
or blocking low-frequency signals. It is used to separate or emphasize high-frequency
components in a signal and remove or reduce low-frequency noise or interference.

2. What is the difference between an active high-pass filter and a passive high-pass filter?
An active high-pass filter uses an active component, typically an operational amplifier (op-
amp), to provide amplification and filtering. It can have a higher gain and better performance
than a passive high-pass filter, but it requires a power supply. A passive high-pass filter
consists of passive components, such as resistors and capacitors, and does not require a power
source. It is simpler but may have limitations in terms of gain and frequency response.

3. Conceptual problem: Explain the concept of cutoff frequency in a high-pass filter.

The cutoff frequency in a high-pass filter is the frequency at which the output signal starts to
attenuate or decrease in amplitude. It is the boundary between the passband, where the signal
passes through with minimal attenuation, and the stopband, where the signal is significantly
attenuated. Frequencies below the cutoff frequency are attenuated, while frequencies above
the cutoff frequency are allowed to pass through with less attenuation. The cutoff frequency is
a key parameter that determines the filtering characteristics and the range of frequencies
affected by the high-pass filter.

PROBLEM SOLVING:

1.Calculate the cutoff frequency of a second-order high-pass active filter with a

resistance of 4.7kΩ and a capacitance of 0.1μF.

Using the formula fc = 1 / (2 * π * R * C), where R = 4.7kΩ and C = 0.1μF:

fc = 1 / (2 * π * 4.7kΩ * 0.1μF) ≈ 3.38Hz

2. Determine the cutoff frequency of an active high-pass filter with a gain of 3 and an
input resistor of 1.2kΩ and a feedback capacitor of 47nF.

Using the formula fc = 1 / (2 * π * R * C), where R = 1.2kΩ and C = 47nF:

fc = 1 / (2 * π * 1.2kΩ * 47nF) ≈ 574.45Hz

3. Find the gain of an active high-pass filter with a feedback resistor of 10kΩ and an
input capacitor of 1μF at a frequency of 5kHz.

Using the formula A = - (Rf / Ri), where Rf = 10kΩ and C = 1μF:

A = - (10kΩ / 1μF) = -10,000 (Note: The gain is negative due to the inverting
configuration of the filter)