Anti-aircraft

gunner’s
training
simulator of
a portable air
defense system
“Igla” (“Igla-1”)
 Possibilities of existing educational-training means
on education and training of anti-aircraft gunners

Structure of existing educational-training means Possibilities of existing educational-training means

 electrified stand 2У438  studying of the device, order of functioning and application
 field training simulator of anti-aircraft gunners of PADS
9Ф635  education and training of anti-aircraft gunners (including

 launch control set 9Ф636 with imitation of AAGM launch with use of ejection engine)
 educational-training set 9Ф663 on district on simulators of air targets
 simulator НРЗ 9Ф631

Lacks of existing educational-training means

high degree of conditionality of imitation of air targets
absence of imitation of thermal, smoke and aerosol jammings, imitations of various meteoconditions, overcast
impossibility of trainings on fighting work on the targets, coming from the side (towards) the sun
absence of a stage of imitation of AAGM flight, approaching with an air target and AAGM blasting, a miss and
self-liquidation of AAGM

Results of education and training of anti-aircraft gunners on the basis of existing educational-training
means
Operations of fighting work which will be the basic in fighting conditions (detection and identification of air
targets in difficult conditions, visual estimation of range of targets, estimation of possibility of firing in the conditions
of jamming, on the maneuvering targets, definition of the moment of inclusion of a land power unit (LPU),
definition of the moment of AAGM launch, assessment of results of firing) are not fulfilled.
The factor of coverage of combat operations does not exceed 0.6.
 The comparative characteristic of projective and
helmet virtual reality systems
In the structure of training simulator the projective systems and helmet virtual reality systems are applied for
visualization of surrounding space and background target conditions (on the basis of virtual reality glasses). These
essentially different systems have advantages and disadvantages.

Projective systems Helmet systems

Advantages
high degree of presentation for the anti- lower cost in comparison with projective systems
aircraft gunners of division, observing the mobility of a training complex
training small required area
high resolution of images
absence of restrictions on conducting fighting operations by
trained anti-aircraft gunners (firing in pursuit, fighting operations
at the big angles of a place of the fired targets)

Disadvantages
◙ high cost ◙necessity of solution of technical tasks, connected with
◙ complexity of operation coordination of spatial position of a launching tube and the
◙ stationary execution and considerable anti-aircraft gunner’s head
required area for training simulator placing
◙restrictions on conducting fighting operations
at shooting on pursuit courses and at big angles
of place of targets

In a training simulator design the helmet virtual reality system is applied

 Training simulator structure
The training simulator structure includes Anti-aircraft gunner’s workplace
1. Anti-aircraft gunner’s workplace
2. Head’s workplace Anti-aircraft gunner’s workplace includes:
3. Spare parts Protective helmet with helmet virtual reality system and gauges of
spatial position of targets
4. Operational documentation The simulator (dimensional-weight model) of launching tube (types of
5. Transport containers simulators of a launching tube, the starting mechanism, a land power
unit are defined by the type of simulated PADS) with sensors of angular
Training simulator workplaces are position of a line of aiming and the module of registration of
connected by the local computer anthopometrical characteristics of the anti-aircraft gunner
network. The simulator of launching mechanism
The simulator of a land power unit (4)

2 1

4
3

Devices of interface, audioinformation delivery, system of automated adjustment are built in a helmet of virtual
reality, simulators of a launching tube and launching mechanism
 8 Instructor workplace
The instructor workplace includes:
 System block (2 pieces) Functionality of a workplace of the head
 Control panel of a training simulator Operative help
Training Printing of
 Communication facility of the head with trainees simulator results of
to the head
turning-on/-off training
 Audio system.
Selection of
conditions of training
performance
Selection of Formation of
exercise from library assessment for
Formation of new Head’s workplace exercise
exercise performance
Control of actions of
trainees during
training (lesson) Modes «Initial
Input of
Diagnostics of data», Formation of a
malfunctions
technical condition of "Training", base of results
and failures of
a training simulator «Editor of air of trainings for
the equipment
of a training conditions the period
simulator (AC)», «Editor
of land
conditions»,
«Results of
training»
The main menu of the head with the panel of selection of operating modes of a
training simulator
View of the editor of land conditions with the chosen
launching site and land reference points
 Structural scheme of the training simulator

Operating computer
of the head of training with audio system
Training module Interface
device
Training module

Training module Generator of

codes of
Model of a launching tube with the launching mechanism AADTS and the
modulator
Control and indication means Block of formation and delivery of
Anti-aircraft gunner’s working computer

a probing signal

Interface device Control and processing unit

communication line
Sensor of angular position of Unit of reception and decoding of

Physical
aiming line the reflected signal

Protective helmet with helmet-mounted virtual reality system

Individual video system

Sensor of spatial position of

Interface device gunner’s head
Portable
electronic
tablet
Video system of collective use (included in the
simulator set)
 Structure of a hardware-software complex of a
training simulator
Special software

The operating computer The working computer

of the head of anti-aircraft gunner

Network exchange module Network exchange module

AAGM flight model Adapter exchange module

Module of input from standard Adjustment module

devices

Module of formation of user’s PADS operating module

interface
Module of recalculation of co-
Module of the editor of AO and ordinates, solution of tasks of
models of flight of air objects adaptive data filtration

Module of setting of conditions of

firing and position selection
Module of formation of three-
Model of visualization of a course of dimensional model of visualization
exercise and assessment of result of district, air and land objects

The model of PADS operation corresponds to the type of a simulated complex

 Structure of methodical maintenance of a training
simulator

METHODICAL MAINTENANCE

Methodical
Library of tasks of
maintenance of the Library of tasks of training firings
training firings of
automated system of of high difficulty
beginner level
training

Automated diagnostics of Scenarios of actions of the air

skill level opponent

Variants of placing of hindrances

Management of
parameters of the Fire control variants
educational-informational
environment according to
recommendations by Variants of actions of the aircraft
results of trainings
 Technical characteristics
The training simulator provides performance of not
8.1. Adequacy less than 90 % of actions of the anti-aircraft gunner
Anti-aircraft gunner with combat PADS
Conformity of mass-dimensional characteristics of
simulators of a launching tube, starting mechanism and the
land power unit to characteristics of PADS
The maximum similarity of simulators of a launching
tube, starting mechanism and the land power unit to real
The full list of reproduced functions of means of control
and indication of PADS
Conformity of ranges of moving, efforts and reaction of
controls in a training simulator to characteristics of real
PADS (conformity of ergonomic characteristics and a
sensory-motor field of trainee’s workplace in a training
simulator to anti-aircraft gunner’s workplace)
Conformity of algorithms of functioning of the equipment
of a training simulator in all modes and reaction of means
of control and indication training simulator on operating Trained anti-aircraft gunnerwith
Trainee operator withPADS
training simulator of PADS
simulator
actions of trainees to real PADS
Projection of range of visibility of land objects and air
targets taking into account supervision conditions
Consideration in the model of a control loop of AAGM of
all basic characteristics (realized method of aiming,
characteristics of a seeker, launching and cruise engine
etc.)
Conformity of sound effects of work of a complex in a
training simulator to real
Visualization of land and air environment, flight of an
anti-aircraft missile, hit (miss), self-liquidation AAGM, falling
of an air target, collision of AAGM with land
Consideration of background conditions
 Quality of visualization of background target environment
The training simulator provides imitation of conducting visual supervision taking into account
optical visibility, range and type of objects, meteoconditions, time of day
High quality of visualization of background target conditions is achieved by:
Application of glasses of a virtual reality with high resolution
Detailed elaboration and imaging of district structure
Conformity of color scale of district structures and objects to real colors and contrast
Conformity of the angular sizes, forms, local subjects, vegetation, land and air targets to real objects at visual supervision
2
1

1 Anti-aircraft gunner’s FOV at

observation of air environment

2 Initial stage of aiming

3 Visual support of target by anti-

aircraft gunner (trigger is not
pressed).
 Quality of visualization of background target environment
Field of vision of the anti-aircraft gunner at capture of Field of vision of the anti-aircraft gunner after missile
target by a seeker. firing and operation of ejection engine
4 5

6 Work of the cruise engine, flight of AAGM to the target 7

Visual assessment of results of firing
 Operational characteristics

The training simulator is developed for operation in armies, is simple in operation and service

Item Unit of
Parameter name Parameter value
No. measurement
1 Minimum required area for placing m2 15
2 Premise type --- Educational class
3 Readiness for employment after inclusion min Not more than 5
4 Duration of continuous work hour Not less than 12
Power supply: voltage V 220±10%
5
frequency Hz 50±1
6 Power consumption kW 1,5
Raised working and limiting temperature up to +35
7 °С
Reduced working temperature up to +5
8 Relative humidity at temperature +25°С % up to 80
9 Diagnostics system --- Built-in semi-automatic
10 Time before failure hour Not less than 300
11 Management of turning-on and turning-off --- Remote, from the head’s workplace
12 Spare parts --- Individual and group (four 4 training simulators)
Control survey, daily ТО, ТО-1 (once in 6 months), ТО-2
13 Servicing ---
(once a year)
Exclusion of dangerous voltage on the trainee’s workplace.
14 Electrical safety of trainees and attendants ---
Protection against short circuit on head’s workplace
Registering operating time of a training
15 Program counter of motor-hours
simulator
16 Weight of assembled training simulator kg 130
Data card, operation manual, manual on installation and
17 Operational documentation ---
adjustment, manual on repair, spare parts sheet
 9. Educational-methodical possibilities
View of the editor of air conditions
 Conducting visual investigation in various conditions of visibility on head’s workplace
 Performance of firing exercises in various conditions (normal, mountain, and
deserted district, in day and night conditions, in winter and in summer, in
various meteoconditions)
 Performance of firing exercises with use of various operating modes of a
complex, on the opposite and pursuit courses, on maneuvering and not
maneuvering targets
 Maintenance of a principle of training “from simple to difficult”, individual
approach to formation of skills of fighting operation at anti-aircraft gunners
 Organizational and methodical interrelation of lessons and trainings on the
training simulators with drills in the field and combat firing
 Objectivity of assessment of level of skills of each anti-aircraft gunner of
division, definition of dynamics of acquisition of skills of fighting operation in
the whol spectrum of conditions of air and jamming environment
 Controllability of process of education and training, high intensity of
preparation
 Decrease in conditionality of education and trainings, approach of conditions
of training of anti-aircraft gunners to conditions of real fight.
Training simulator possibilities on formation of conditions of training:
Selection of a position of the anti-aircraft gunner on district
Display of land and air environment on maps М:50 000
Formation of a route and profile of flight of air targets (quantity of simultaneously displayed targets – up to 16)
Formation (setting) of background conditions and hindrances (thermal, smoke and aerosol hindrances, sun, clouds, optical-electronic
hindrances)
Selection of type of air target (helicopters AN-64, Mi-8, Ka-26, attack planes А-10, Su-25, pilotless FO, cruise missile ALCM, tactical
destoyer MiG-29, Su-27, F-15, transport aircraft AN-24, “Hercules")
District types – normal, mountain, deserted (by request of the Customer the three-dimensional model of any real site of district can be
created)
Time of day – day, twilight, night
Meteoconditions – sunny weather, overcast, wind of various speed and direction
Season – summer, winter (under requirements of the Customer according to conditions of geographical area of lessons and trainings)

Possibilities on processing and storage of results of employment and trainings:

◙ Documenting of results in electronic form (printing)
◙ Archiving results for a day or for a period
◙ Inclusion of a training simulator in the system of centralized account and processing of results of training
 Didactic possibilities
Possibilities of the head on the control of actions of trainees: Panel of control of training and actions of
◙ By current condition of means of controls and indication of PADS the trainee on the head’s workplace
◙ By the duplicated field of vision of the anti-aircraft gunner
◙ By the report of errors during exercise performance
◙ By reports of trainees

The control panel on the workplace of

the head of a current zone of sensitivity Possibilities on
of target seeker, air and jamming assessment of actions of
environment trainees:
◙ Automatic assessment of
actions at performance of firing
exercises with consideration of
complexity of exercises
according to indicators and the
list of critical errors (according
to “Firing Rules …”)
◙ Automatic formation of
recommendations on
management of training process

Indicators of assessment
1.Timeliness of turning-on of
the land power unit
2.Correctness of selection of
a priority of firing of the target
in the opposite or pursuit
course
3.Stability of capture and
tracking of target
4.Correctness of selection of
the moment of AAGM launch
 Efficiency of use of a training simulator in combat training
The training simulator allows to train anti-aircraft gunners, to form and support steady skills of
performance of following operations of fighting performance:
Search and detection of air targets in air conditions of various complexity, in various conditions of
meteorological visibility, season and time of day, in the conditions of the organized smoke, aerosol and
thermal hindrances, on various district;
Visual recognition (identification) of type of target;
Visual estimation of distance to the target;
Identification of belonging of the target by means of simulator of ground-based interrogator;
Selection of a kind of firing (“OPPOSITE – IN PURSUIT”);
Selection of operating mode of the launching mechanism (“MANUAL-AUTOMATIC”);
Assessment of a launching zone, definition of the moment of launch and AAGM launch on air targets,
including on the targets, operating in the conditions of hindrances, imitation of sound effects of work of a
complex and surrounding background;
Imitation of launch and flight of AAGM according to characteristics of a control loop of a missile;
Supervision over aiming AAGM on the target;
Assessment of results of firing.
Results of introduction of a training simulator of the anti-aircraft gunner in
combat training in a combination with existing educational-training means
Leading of factor of coverage of operations of fighting work to 0.94. Training of anti-aircraft
gunners to full and effective use of fighting possibilities of PADS in difficult conditions of fighting
environment.
Creation of conditions of lessons and trainings close to the fighting. Maintenance of methodical
interrelation of lessons and trainings on a training simulator with training in the field.
Objectivity of assessment of level of readiness of anti-aircraft gunners.
Operated process of lessons and trainings.
Possibility of training of divisions of anti-aircraft gunners.
 Reliability
The training simulator provides reliable work during the whole period of operation (warranty and
after-warrantee operation periods)
The program of maintenance of reliability of a Warranty and service life
training simulator is based on following principles: The warranty period of operation of a
Application in manufacture of the reliable accessories training simulator is 1 year at
checked up by operating experience, entrance control observance of operational rules and
Working out of the program solutions excluding maintenance service performance
conflicts of the special software with general, and also according to the operational
with hardware documentation.
Repeated check of developed project solutions
Training simulator service life is not
Application of the project solutions providing long
less than 8 years at observance of
work of mechanical nodes
service regulations and maintenance
After-operational and stage-by-stage quality
service and repair performance
assurance of mechanical and electric assemblage of
according to the operational
training simulators
documentation.
Application in structures of nodes of a training
simulator of exclusively contactless sensors of angles of
turn and moving (on the basis of magnet-sensor ® The training simulator provides
microcircuits) continuous work 12 hours a day
Application of protection frames of printed-circuit
boards of electronic devices and contacts of sockets
from influence external environment ® Time before failure of the training
Use of computers in industrial (protected) forms simulator is not less than 300 hours
Application of sources of uninterrupted supply for
computers
Maintenance of necessary thermal operating modes of
equipment of training simulators
Maintenance of stocks by capacity of power supply
sources