Bahr-Things They Carrried
Bahr-Things They Carrried
Things We Carry 101
Legally accredited truth is one thing the truth of a life is another.
Bruno Dossekker as "Binjamin Wilkomirski" in the "Afterword"
of Fragments: Memoirs of a Wartime Childhood
7
The Things We Carry:
Last night suicide was on my mind. Not whether, but how. Tonight it will be
on my mind again. Now it's 4 A.M., June the 5th. The sleeping pills have not
worked. I sit in my underwear at this unblinking fool of a computer and try
to wrap words around a few horrid truths. (50)
It was not the first time O'Brien had written about Vietnam and his
Embodied Truth and Tim despair. Twenty years earlier, he had published a memoir. If I Die in a
O'Brien's Poetics of Despair Combat Zone, about his experiences as a drafted soldier in the war.
And, in 1990, after two novels on the subject. Northern Lights (1975) and
Going After Cacciato (1978), he published a genredefying work of auto
David Bahr biographical fiction. The Things They Carried. As with the three books
y
Abstract; Bahr examines O'Brien's The Things They preceding it. The Things They Carried is informed by O'Brien's time in the
Carried, a work often categorized as postmodern, and military. While If I Die and Going After Cacciato depict the theater of war,
shows how this fiactured, unstable, and contradictory text and Northern Lights examines a veteran's return. The Things They Carried
mirrors the physiological experience of trauma and mental is alternately set during, before, and after its protagonist, Tim O'Brien,
illness, phenomenologically conveying the subjectivity of is deployed to Vietnam. (Throughout this chapter, I refer to the narrator
its author. He terms the text an "aesthetic autobiography", as "Tim" and to the author as "O'Brien".) Understandably, it is within
which repositions "aesthetic" in its ancient Greek context, the context of the Vietnam War that literary scholars often discuss The
meaning to apprehend by the senses. Drawing on Ross Things They Carried, frequently by connecting Vietnam, postmodernism,
Chambers' concepts of "phantom pain" and "orphaned and metafiction (Bates 1996; Chen 1998; Jarraway 1998; Neilson 2001;
memory", Bahr introduces the idea of "orphaned pain" Carpenter 2003; Haswell 2004; Kaufmann 2005; Silbergleid 2009).
and presents how O'Brien's text has become a surrogate Although I have never been in combat or the military, I feel a strong
autobiography of what Bahr, a former foster child with a emotional connection to the work. Because of The Things They Carried,
mentally ill mother, has struggled to articulate in his own I have reconsidered my own relationship to autobiography, truth, and
life: the embodied despair resulting from extreme events. language, particularly in regard to my painful past as a foster child
with a mentally ill mother. Like many critics, I view The Things They
Keywords: Trauma; memory; mental illness; phantom Carried as postmodern, in that it is intentionally unstable, fractured,
pain; Tim O'Brien "schizophrenic", in a Deleuzian sense. This schizophrenia for example,
its "polyphonic" perspectives and conspicuous contradictions keeps
Horton, Stephanie Stone, ed. Affective Disorder and the
the text in play. The book is what I term an aesthetic autobiography, in
Writing Life: The Melancholic Muse. Basingstoke: Palgrave
which I reposition "aesthetic" in its ancient Greek context, meaning to
Macmillan, 2014. DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668. apprehend by the senses. As an aesthetic autobiography. The Things They
DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668 DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668
102 David Bahr The Things We Carry 103
Carried phenomenologically conveys the subjectivity of its author and has nonnarrative and elude clear and definite conceptualization, the stakes
become a surrogate autobiography of what I have struggled to articulate are higher. Trauma and depression can isolate individuals. A desire and
in my own life: the embodied despair resulting from extreme events. My accompanying failure to communicate physiological experiences can
own experience with anxiety and lowgrade depression (clinically known amplify feelings of disconnection and despair. The postmodern as frac
as dysthymia) suggests that traumatic events, a biological predisposition, tured, unstable, and contradictory mirrors the physiological experience
as well as habits of mind and behavior all play a dynamic but unquantifi of trauma and mental illness in crucial ways. Hutcheon notes that the
able part. l ean only vouch for how aesthetic works like The Things They postmodern "perceiving subject is no longer assumed to be a coherent,
Carried have helped me manage and alleviate these bouts. In formally meaninggenerating entity"; "narrators in [postmodern] fiction become
expressing what had previously been solely sensed, they reconnect me either disconcertingly multiple and hard to locate" (11). As a former trau
with the world and animate my writing, affirming a vital reciprocity matized child who has struggled with anxiety and lowgrade depression,
between the individual and the collective in the creative realm. I find the fractured self both comprehensible and identifiable.
In Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of SelfConscious Fiction
The Things They Carried as a metafictive work of war (1984), Patricia Waugh defines metafiction as writing that "self
consciously... draws attention to its status as an artefact in order to pose
In "The Undying Uncertainty of the Narrator in Tim O'Briens The Things questions about the relationship between fiction and reality" (2). With
They Carried" (1993), one of the first scholarly articles on O'Brien's book, the ability "to 'describe' anything" compromised, all literary fiction can
Steven Kaplan quotes Wolfgang Iser to contextualize O'Brien's work: do is "represent" discourses (4). Language "becomes a 'prisonhouse' from
"literature is not an explanation of origins; it is a staging of the constant which the possibility of escape is remote", and metafiction explores this
deferment of explanation" (47). Kaplan anticipates later readings that "dilemma" (4). Waugh's definition of metafiction anticipates O'Brien's
explicitly identify O'Brien's book as a postmodern text (Herzog). Yet, exploration of that "dilemma" in regard to presenting historical, bio
according to Fredric Jameson, postmodernism "is not merely contested, graphical, and phenomenological "truth", particularly when that truth is
it is also internally conflicted and contradictory" (xxii). As Linda emotionally painful.
Hutcheon writes, in postmodernism's "extreme formulation, the result Playing on the ambiguity of "truth", Tim states that there is "story
is that consensus becomes the illusion of consensus" (7). Still, Hutcheon truth" and "happeningtruth" {Things 203). As he puts it, a "storytruth"
offers a working "definition" that I find useful here: "what I want to call feels true, but a "happeningtruth" is a factual occurrence. The first is
postmodernism is fundamentally contradictory, resolutely historical, the realm of the subjective. Here, I note a paradox: that a subjective,
and inescapably political ...but whatever the cause, these contradictions felt "storytruth" is also a factual occurrence. Embodied responses are
are certainly manifest in the important postmodern concept of 'the real, although such "truths" are shifting, dynamic, and not easily, if at
presence of the past'" (4). The idea of a "present past" is a compelling all, conceptually conveyed. On the other hand, as Tim puts it, a "hap
paradox. It rings especially true in terms of embodied "memories". I peningtruth" concerns objective facts. For him, a happening truth is the
understand embodied memories as a physiological d^ji vu in which Vietnam War. For me, happening truths would include: at 18 months old,
sensations associated with a past event are triggered by certain sounds, I was left at a foundling hospital by my mentally ill mother; I was placed
smells, images, and patterns. As someone whose childhood was serially into foster care at age two; my mother reclaimed me five years later; she
and abruptly ruptured by a mentally ill mother who could not care for left me at the children's psychiatric hospital at Mount Sinai when I was
me, I can experience triggered flashes of dread and unaccountable harm. ten; six months later, I was transferred to Pleasantville Cottage School for
During such moments, my heart races, I may perspire, become nauseous, troubled youth. These are documented facts. But many more details con
and develop a slight fever. Of course, embodied memories, those both cerning these facts are not documented, nor can I recall them. Further,
disturbing and delightful, are not necessarily uncommon or extreme. my feelings at the time of these events are difficult to locate. All I have
Yet for the traumatized and mentally ill, embodied memories, which are are memories, a dynamic interplay of sensations and images, which only
do:: xo.1057/9781137381668 doi: 10.1057/9781137381668
104 David Bahr The Things We Carry 105
exist in the present. To compound this situation, I admit to not having does" (145). The narrator of "Good Form" states that he is "fortythree
the best memory for details or "happening truths". I often insist that years old", "a writer", and was once a foot soldier in Vietnam. "Almost
something occurred, although others may dispute it; I am later proven everything else is invented", he adds. "Right here, now, as I invent myself,
wrong. When I look back at journal entries (and I am neither a rigorous I'm thinking of all I want to tell you about why this book is written as it
nor dedicated diarist), I am frequently surprised by the person that I is" (O'Brien, Things 203). The narrator proceeds to describe a man he saw
was. My subjective truth is often relative and shifting, which is why, for die but then states that the story is made up. Such assertion and denial is
me, "postmodernism" feels true. For O'Brien, and myself, the imbrica not mean to be "game", the narrator explains, but "a form" (203). "I want
tion of "story truth" and "happening truth" is not an untenable paradox you to feel what I felt", he states. "I want you to know why storytruth
but the nature of our being. Haswell notes, "What O'Brien offers (and is truer sometimes than happeningtruth" (203). Not everyone appreci
what critics affirm) is not a report of the war, but a 'rehappening' shaped ates O'Brien's artful equivocating. In his WalLStreet Journal review, Bruce
by memory and imagination, making storytelling or writing itself on Bawer calls the book "overly disingenuous" (qtd in Herzog 896) and
par with the war as the subject of the collection" (95). In other words. The criticizes O'Brien for "playing too many such factorfiction games"
Things They Carried is not about the politics of war (although the text is (914). Similarly, Herzog recalls attending a reading by O'Brien in which
informed by politics); rather, it is about O'Brien's subjective, embodied the author casually recounted a seemingly autobiographical story about
experience and how he employs language to convey the sensational. how he decided to go to Vietnam after nearly fleeing to Canada. At the
Critics such as Andrew Martin; Renny Christopher, alid Jim Nielson end, however, O'Brien admitted that the story was invented. According
are justifiably concerned that a focus on subjectivity, instability, and pro to Herzog, a number of veterans felt betrayed by the "deception" (O'Brien
visionality overshadows the socioeconomic and political realities that led simply retold from memory the story "On the Rainy River", which
to and defined the war. They also are uneasy as I am with any form of appears in The Things They Carried.) I can see why Bawer finds O'Brien's
intellectualization that erases the feeling, embodied subject. In the post technique offputting; the instability between "fact" and "fiction" is
modern age, a unified conceptual subject may no longer be viable but unnerving. I especially understand why the veterans were upset; I might
the embodied subject is real and locatable, if not fixed. A person in pain be distressed to hear a writer who wrote autobiographically about being
exceeds language. And while there are those who may view The Things a foster child tell a story presented as fact conclude with "but that never
They Carried as a postmodern language "game", I have never experienced happened". Yet, regardless of the writer's biography, I think that I would
the book in such a strict cerebral context. It is a work of intelligence, but recognize whether he had "gotten it", whether the story felt true to my
it is also a product of profound feeling. It is an aesthetic autobiography lived experience. So when Tim states, "I want you to feel what I felt", "I
in which O'Brien explores the formal "dilemma" of conveying the phe want you to know why storytruth is truer sometimes than happening
nomenology of embodied trauma and depression. truth", I understand. I know what it feels like to be at a loss for the facts
because I do not have historical records, my memories are too painful,
Good form or I cannot recall events. I know how the imagination fills in gaps with
"fictions" that become "true".
The Things They Carried is a work of 22 separately titled "chapters". Ross Chambers explores how fiction becomes an embodied truth
They alternate between longer "stories" able to stand alone and shorter with his concepts of "phantom pain", "orphaned memory", and "foster
pieces that comment on and connect the lengthier texts. Yet, it is "Good writing". Chambers draws on the 1995 publication, and subsequent recall
Form" number 18 in the sequence and about a page long to which three years later, of the "faux" memoir Fragments, by a German writer
critics often refer when analyzing the form of the entire work. Robin named "Binjamin Wilkomirski". \yilkomirski claimed to be an orphaned
Silbergleid states that "Good Form" is "like a piece of nonfiction, an Jewish Auschwitz survivor. It was later revealed that he was actually a
essay about O'Brien's writing process" that "encourages us to read it as Swiss orphan and foster child named Bruno Doessekker. Chambers
a fairly didactic discussion of how and why Tim O'Brien does what he writes "in experiencing Wilkomirski's pain as his own, Doessekker the
doi: 10.1057/9781137381668 doi: 10.1057/9781137381668
106 David Bahr The Things We Carry 107
DOI: 10.1057/9781137381668 DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668
108 David Bahr The Things We Carry 109
DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668 DOI: 10.1057/9781137381668
110 David Bahr The Things We Carry 111
DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668 DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668
112 David Bahr The Things We Carry 113
can be a means of moving from a state of paralysis to reengagement. If the "tale of Timmy" is consolatory to me, it is because it is a story
But revived memories can also kindle pain. In O'Briens case, painful about a man struggling, through the process of writing, to remain con
memories have a physiological stranglehold on him. His only recourse nected to his embodied self. I recognize that struggle and, in turn, feel
is to "move or die" (O'Brien, "Vietnam" 56). Writing, which is active, is less alone. Although The Things They Carried, as a whole, is about process
movement. and not necessarily progress, it does have a certain symmetry. It begins
Writing may animate a writer, reconnecting him with the phenomenal with a soldier trying to acclimate to war ("The Things They Carried")
world. But a written work also has the potential to sensationally con and ends with a former soldier struggling to live with his memories.
nect readers. "The thing about a story is that you dream it as you tell As to whether "The Lives of the Dead" is "the starting point of healing",
it, hoping that others might then dream along with you" (Things 259), I am not inclined to imagine life for Tim beyond the text: the book is
Tim says. "All you can do is wait" and "hope somebody'll pick it up and what O'Brien gave us. As for O'Brien, I can only look to what he has
start reading" (273). I did not pick up The Things They Carried until I written about himself or stated in interviews. Almost five years after
was assigned to interview O'Brien. I had categorized the work as a "war finishing The Things They Carried, O'Brien continued to battle despair,
book" and did not think it would speak to me, much less move me. But, as "The Vietnam in Me" testifies. Ultimately, I find it less interesting to
it did both, powerfully. And right now, as I write, I am close enough in view The Things They Carried as a move toward "healing", however the
age to O'Brien when he composed the following passage, which I have term is understood. The emotional "payoff" is Tim's realization that
read numerous times, to myself and my students. writing is a means of managing his despair, and that to write is to live;
It's now 1990. I'm forty three years old, which would've seemed impossible
in that way, perhaps, writing has kept him alive through his depressive
to a fourth grader, and yet when I look at photographs of myself as I was bouts. This, for me, is sufficient selfknowledge. In her reading of "Lives
in 1956,1 realize that in the important ways I haven't changed at all. I was of the Dead", Chen states: "Return is figured as momentarily possible, a
Timmy then; now I'm Tim. But the essence remains the same. I'm not juncture of time, space, and desire that never offers a definitive resting
fooled by the baggy pants or the crewcut or the happy smile I know my place" (8182). Recursive and processoriented, to write is to return,
own eyes and there is no doubt that the Timmy smiling at the camera is again and again, to the living self. Reading O'Brien, I too return, to
the Tim I am now. Inside the body, or beyond the body, there is something ground my orphan pain, find temporary narrative footing, and foster
absolute and unchanging. (264265) stories of my own.
Looking at the author photo of O'Brien on the back of my book, I can
not help but imagine a fourthgrade Tim, conflating the author and
protagonist as O'Brien has encouraged the reader to do. But the picture Works cited
that I ultimately see is not the fourthgrade O'Brien. It is a firstgrade
picture of me, at age seven, just before I was taken from my foster family Bates, Milton J. The Wars We Took to Vietnam: Cultural Conflict and
by my mother. The photo captures a boy who does not yet know what Storytelling. Berkeley: Calif UP, 1996. Print.
emotional struggles await him. Like Tim's relationship with Timmy, Carpenter, Lucas. " 'It Don't Mean Nothin': Vietnam War Fiction and
my connection to the young David suggests something absolute and Postmodernism". College Literature, 2003. 30(2): 3050. Jstor. Web. 9
unchanging. The bond is energetic, embodied, found in a recognition of September 2012.
life. This recognition, as O'Brien suggests, is not necessarily therapeutic, Chambers, Ross. "Orphaned Memories, Phantom Pain: Toward a
although some critics understandably want it to be. As Haswell writes Hauntology of Discourse". In Untimely Interventions: AIDS Writing
of "The Lives of the Dead": "The tale of Timmy is a consolatory one, Testimonial, and the Rhetoric of Haunting. Ann Arbor: University of
although this moment of reconciliation seems fragile and precarious. Michigan Press, 2004.
But isn't that because the starting point of healing is the end point of the Chen, Tina. " 'Unraveling the Deeper Meaning': Exile and the
book?" (101). Embodied Poetics of Displacement in Tim O'Brien's The Things They
doi: 10.1057/9781137381668 doi: 10.1057/9781137381668
114 David Bahr The Things We Carry 115
DOI: 10.1057/978x137381668 DOi: 10.1057/9781137381668