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WSDMUN III

BACKGROUND GUIDE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Submitted by,
Juan Mathew– Head Chair
Samuel Varghese– Co-Chair
Yusufbek Ergashev– Co-Chair

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Table of Contents

Agenda: The Ethical and Developmental Implications of Genetic Modification

with Special Emphasis on Virus and Crop Modification.

Introduction:
Introduction to the Committee………………………………………………03
Introduction to the Agenda…………………………………………............05

Body:
Key Parties Involved…………………………………………………………06
Past Actions…………………………………………………………………..09

Conclusion:
Key Terms…………………………………………………………………….09
QARMAs….…………………………………………………………………..10
Bibliography………..………………………………………………………...10

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Introduction to the Committee:

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) stands as a vital organ
within the United Nations, established to promote international economic and social
cooperation and development. Founded in 1945, ECOSOC serves as a central
platform for global collaboration to address various socioeconomic challenges,
promote sustainable development, and enhance the well-being of people around the
world.
ECOSOC's mandate and mission revolve around advancing international economic
and social progress in line with the principles and purposes of the United Nations
Charter. It aims to foster cooperation among nations to address issues such as
poverty, inequality, environmental sustainability, and global economic stability.
ECOSOC seeks to achieve these objectives through dialogue, policy coordination, and
recommendations to both member states and specialized agencies of the United
Nations.
ECOSOC operates across several functional areas to fulfill its mission:
1. Sustainable Development: ECOSOC plays a key role in setting and coordinating
global development agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
to address poverty, health, education, gender equality, clean water, and other critical
issues.
2. Coordination of UN Agencies: It fosters collaboration among various specialized
agencies, programs, and funds of the United Nations to ensure coherent and effective
actions towards shared goals.
3. Human Rights and Social Issues: ECOSOC addresses human rights concerns,
social development, and the empowerment of marginalized communities, striving to
create inclusive societies and protect fundamental rights.
4. Financing for Development: It works to mobilize resources for development
projects, promote international financial stability, and enhance the effectiveness of
development aid.
5. Environmental Sustainability: ECOSOC addresses environmental challenges,
promotes sustainable consumption and production, and supports efforts to combat
climate change and protect biodiversity.
6. Trade and Development: It examines trade policies, investment, technology
transfer, and economic cooperation to foster equitable global economic growth and
development.
7. Partnerships and Stakeholder Engagement: ECOSOC engages with civil
society, private sector, academia, and other stakeholders to enhance participation and
collaboration in achieving development goals.

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ECOSOC operates based on principles that include international cooperation, respect

for national sovereignty, non-discrimination, and the promotion of human rights and
fundamental freedoms. It emphasizes the importance of addressing both economic
and social dimensions of development in a holistic manner.
ECOSOC comprises 54 member states, elected by the United Nations General
Assembly for three-year terms. Its members are chosen to ensure equitable
geographic representation. ECOSOC also collaborates closely with regional and
international organizations, including the Bretton Woods institutions, to promote global
economic stability and development.
Functions:
1. Policy Analysis and Coordination: ECOSOC conducts analyses of global
economic, social, and environmental issues, providing recommendations for policies
that foster sustainable development.
2. High-Level Forums: It convenes high-level meetings, summits, and thematic
discussions to facilitate dialogue and consensus-building on pressing global
challenges.
3. Development Cooperation: ECOSOC facilitates partnerships among
governments, NGOs, private sector entities, and international organizations to pool
resources and expertise for development initiatives.
4. Review and Follow-up: It monitors progress towards development goals and
undertakes periodic reviews to assess the implementation of commitments made by
member states.
ECOSOC's decisions and recommendations hold substantial influence, guiding
international development efforts and shaping global policies. Although its resolutions
are not legally binding, they carry significant moral and political weight, fostering
international cooperation for a more equitable and prosperous world.

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Introduction to Agenda:
The Ethical and Developmental Implications of Genetic Modification
Genetic modification is a revolutionary branch of science that has emerged as a
powerful tool with vast potential to transform numerous aspects of human life. Its
implications extend across various domains, from agriculture and medicine to
environmental conservation and human enhancement. However, this rapid
advancement in biotechnology raises a myriad of ethical and developmental concerns
that demand thoughtful consideration and global collaboration.
At its core, genetic modification involves the alteration of an organism's DNA, allowing
for precise manipulation of genetic traits. This technology enables scientists to
introduce desirable characteristics, eliminate harmful traits, or enhance existing
features. In the agricultural sector, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) promise to
enhance crop yields, resist pests, and improve nutrition, aiming to address global food
security challenges.
Despite the remarkable potential of genetic modification, its ethical implications loom
large. One of the primary concerns pertains to environmental impact. The release of
genetically modified organisms into ecosystems may have unforeseen consequences,
potentially disrupting biodiversity, ecological balances, and natural habitats. Delegates
and policymakers must address the ethical considerations of deploying such
technologies in the wild and establish robust regulatory frameworks to mitigate
potential risks.
Moreover, the question of equitable access to genetic modifications remains
paramount. As advancements in genetic technology occur, there is a risk of
exacerbating existing socio-economic inequalities, creating disparities in access to
genetic therapies and enhancements. Ensuring fair distribution of benefits while
addressing global health disparities becomes a crucial aspect of this discussion.
The commercialization of genetic modification also brings forth intellectual property
and regulatory challenges. Patents on genetic materials and innovations can hinder
accessibility and affordability, making it essential to find a balance between
incentivizing research and fostering accessibility for the broader public good.
As the world navigates the uncharted waters of genetic modification, international
collaboration is paramount. The United Nations and other global forums serve as
critical platforms for fostering transparent dialogue and establishing a cohesive
regulatory framework that addresses ethical concerns while fostering scientific
progress. Multilateral cooperation can ensure that advancements in genetic
modification adhere to the principles of sustainability, inclusivity, and respect for
human rights.
In conclusion, the topic of "The Ethical and Developmental Implications of Genetic
Modification with Special Emphasis on Virus and Crop Modification" presents the
international community with a unique opportunity and responsibility. As the pace of

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technological progress continues to accelerate, it is imperative to approach genetic

modification with a cautious, reflective, and collaborative mindset. This will enable us
to harness its potential for the betterment of humankind while upholding the values of
ethics, justice, and human dignity. By engaging in robust discussions and
implementing responsible policies, we can strive to create a future where genetic
modification is a force for good, benefitting all of humanity while preserving the delicate
balance of our natural world.

Key Parties Involved:

The United States of America:

As time has progressed, the U.S. has served both a pioneer and a controversial party
in genetic modification. The earliest landmark in the country's chronicles was the
creation of the first genetically modified organism (GMO) in 1973. This is when
American scientists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were successful in inserting a
foreign gene into bacterium. This breakthrough laid the foundation for subsequent
advancements in genetic engineering.
In terms of agricultural genetic modification, the U.S. rose to prominence in the 1980s
and 1990s. Businesses like Monsanto, which is now a division of Bayer, introduced
genetically modified crops like Bt corn and Roundup Ready soybeans, which were
designed to withstand pesticides and herbicides. These innovations promised higher
yields and less reliance on pesticides, but they also sparked discussions about the
effects on the environment and human health. The "StarLink corn controversy" was
an alarming event that happened in the early 2000s. The discovery of StarLink corn in
the food supply chain, a genetically modified variety that was not approved for human
consumption due to potential allergens, resulted in recalls and a decrease in public
confidence in GMO regulation.
As we move forward, the United States' actions on genetic modification will continue
to be a delicate balance between scientific advancement, ethical considerations, and
public safety. The nation's legacy in this field will undoubtedly be defined by how it
navigates these complex challenges in the pursuit of improving human health and
agriculture.

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People’s Republic of China:

In the realm of research on genetic engineering and gene editing, China has become
a significant participant. In terms of scientific innovation, the nation has achieved
considerable advancements, notably in the field of biotechnology.
Aside from this controversial episode, China has made significant investments in
genome editing research in other domains. The nation is home to a thriving academic
scene and a number of research facilities focused on enhancing genetic technology.
The speed of scientific advancement and technical growth in the field of genetic
modification has been expedited through partnerships between academics,
governmental organizations, and commercial businesses. The use of genetically
modified crops to increase food security and agricultural production has also been
intensively investigated by China's agricultural industry. Crop types that are resistant
to pests, diseases, and environmental challenges have been the focus of research
and development because they offer the potential to increase yields and lessen the
need for chemical inputs.
Given the country's size, economic strength, and commitment to scientific
advancement, China's involvement in genetic modification and gene editing is closely
watched by the global community. It is essential to strike a balance between scientific
progress, ethical considerations, and responsible use of gene editing technologies,
and China's approach and contributions in this field will undoubtedly continue to shape
the future of genetic research worldwide.
The United Kingdom:
The United Kingdom has placed on record an active posture in the field of genetic
modification with its contributions spanning from the aspects of agriculture and
medicine to biotechnology.
Research and cultivation of genetically engineered crops have a history in the UK. The
UK tested GM crops, such as maize and oilseed rape, in the field throughout the 1990s
and early 2000s. Environmental and consumer organizations worried about potential
ecological and health dangers opposed these studies while supporters of increased
agricultural output supported them.
In terms of technological advancement and ameliorations, the UK has taken several
noteworthy measures:
The UK has been at the forefront of genetic modification research to boost crop yields,
improve crop attributes, and solve other agricultural issues. The creation of genetically
altered potatoes under the trade name "Amflora" by BASF Plant Science was one
noteworthy invention. These potatoes were altered to have less starch, making them
better suited for industrial uses including paper and textile production. Amflora was
given the go-ahead to be grown in the EU, but due to commercial and regulatory
constraints, it was not widely used.

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Both domestic and European Union (EU) laws govern how the UK handles genetic
modification. The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) rules of 2000 and
the Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations of 2002 are
important rules. These rules specify how genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
should be used and how they should be released into the environment.
Due to the UK's departure from EU rules, the regulatory framework also underwent
modifications as a result of the Brexit transition. The UK's general environmental and
agricultural policies, as well as the regulation of genetically modified crops, are
affected by the Agriculture Act 2020 and the Environment Bill 2021.
Japan:
Japan has made significant contributions to the field of genetic modification (GM) in a
variety of fields, including research, medicine, and agriculture.
Japan has explored the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture.
Research and development have focused on creating crops with improved traits such
as increased yield, enhanced nutritional content, and resistance to pests and
diseases. However, the cultivation and commercialization of GM crops in Japan have
been limited compared to other countries due to consumer concerns and regulatory
considerations.
Genetic modification is only one of the medical research achievements made in Japan.
Ingenious gene therapy research has been conducted in the nation with the goal of
treating genetic problems by introducing healthy genes into patients. Research
institutes have also made contributions to the development of personalized medical
strategies and the knowledge of genetic aspects in disease.

Previous Attempts to Resolve the Issue:

Genetic Modification, being a multi-faceted issue with ethical, developmental and

biological implications has been dealt an active posture by the international
community as illustrated below:

1. European Union Genetically Modified Organisms Legislations:

The EU's GMO legislation reflects its commitment to addressing the potential risks
and benefits of genetically modified organisms in a holistic manner. It emphasizes
the importance of scientific assessment, transparency, and consumer choice while
accommodating different member states' preferences. This approach has set the
stage for a complex yet integrated framework that aims to strike a balance between
fostering scientific innovation and safeguarding human health, the environment,
and ethical considerations.

2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000):

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The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international treaty that supplements

the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It was adopted in 2000 in Cartagena,
Colombia, and came into force in 2003. The protocol addresses the safe handling,
transfer, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) that result from modern
biotechnology and could have adverse effects. The Cartagena Protocol strongly
emphasizes the precautionary principle, which suggests that in cases of potential
environmental and health risks, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a
reason to postpone preventive measures. This principle guides decision-making
when dealing with LMOs that could have adverse effects, even if the risks are not
fully understood on biodiversity and human health.

3. Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 2000 (UK):

In the UK, these regulations set out a framework for controlling the contained
use of genetically modified organisms. They include provisions for risk
assessment, notification, and containment measures when working with GMOs
in laboratory settings. Similar regulations exist in other countries to ensure the
safe handling of GMOs.

4. Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 2002

(UK):
These UK regulations govern the deliberate release of GMOs into the
environment. They require risk assessments and specific authorizations for
releasing genetically modified organisms outside contained settings. Similar
frameworks exist globally to address environmental impacts and potential risks
associated with releasing GMOs.

Key Terms:

Genetic Modification (GM): The alteration of an organism's genetic material using

biotechnology techniques, such as gene editing, to introduce, remove, or modify
specific traits in an organism's DNA.

United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): A principal organ of the
United Nations responsible for promoting international economic and social
cooperation and development. ECOSOC addresses a wide range of issues, including
poverty, inequality, sustainable development, and human rights.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A set of 17 global goals established by

the United Nations in 2015 to address various social, economic, and environmental
challenges and achieve sustainable development by 2030.

CRISPR-Cas9: A revolutionary gene editing technology that enables precise

modification of DNA by using RNA molecules to guide an enzyme called Cas9 to
specific target genes, allowing for modification, deletion, or insertion of genetic
material.

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LDCs (Least Developed Countries): Refers to countries with low-income economies,

limited industrialization, and relatively low Human Development Index (HDI) scores.

LMOs (Living Modified Organisms): Organisms that have been genetically modified
through modern biotechnology techniques, often used in the context of plants and
crops.

Questions A Resolution Must Answer (QARMAs):

1) How would the resolution address the growing disparities between countries
vis-à-vis accessibility to genetic modification mechanisms and output material?
Take into consideration both resource-rich and constrained countries.

2) How should the resolution encourage the establishment of ethical review

mechanisms and regulatory frameworks that evaluate the long-term effects of
genetic modifications on various stakeholders, including ecosystems,
indigenous communities, and vulnerable populations?
3) Would the resolution encourage multi-lateral cooperation with the regard to a
shared pool of resources? If so, how would it ensure that the diplomacy trade
is equitable to all involved stakeholders.
4) Does the resolution accentuate the need for a regulatory framework within the
international community? If so, define the nature, formation and jurisprudence
of aforementioned framework.

Bibliography:
https://www.wur.nl/en/dossiers/file/genetic-modification-
1.htm#:~:text=What%20is%20genetic%20modification%3F,organism%20to%20a%20differe
nt%20organism.
https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/types-genetic-modification-methods-
crops
https://www.who.int/
https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-who-issues-new-recommendations-on-human-
genome-editing-for-the-advancement-of-public-health
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/food-genetically-modified

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