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Unit 2, EMD

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Tarun Pradhan
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39 views18 pages

Unit 2, EMD

Uploaded by

Tarun Pradhan
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Methods for cooling of transformer- (The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or PR loss. Although there are other factors contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis and eddy currentlosses but contribution of PR loss dominate themj/If this heat is not dissipated properly, the temperature of the transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in paper insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer. So it is essential to control the temperature with in permissible limit to ensure the long life of transformer by reducing thermal degradation of its insulation system. Basically, there are two types of transformer one is the dry type and another one is oil _immersed type. For the cooling of transformers, the following cooling methods listed below are used Scanned with CamScanner DN ucun ny Air Natural Ol Natural Air Natural (ONAN) Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) “ ll Natural Water Forced _(ONwe) Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF) I | | oll Forced Air Forced (OFAF) Methods of Cooling of Transformer The detailed description of cooling methods, one by one is given below Dry Type Transformer is cooled by the following two methods given below Air Natural (AN) By Air Natural method the generated heat in the transformer is cooled by the circulation of natural air. When the temperature of the transformer becomes higher as compared to the temperature of the surrounding air, thus by the process of natural convection heated air is replaced by the cool air. This method is also known as a self-cooled method. This method is used for cooling the smaller output transformer rating that is up to 1.5 MVA, Ait Forved (AF) or Air Blast In this method, the heat generated is cooled by the forced air circulation method. With the help of fans and blowers, high velocity of air is forced on the core and the windings ofthe transformer. As the temperature inside the transformer goes beyond the standard safe level, an alarm is activated, and the fans and blowers are switched ON automatically this method is used for transformer rating up to ISMVA. i Oil immersed type transformer is cooled b: cooling method. y the oil air cooling method and oil water Oil Natural AirNatural (ONAN) Scanned with CamScanner and passes through the radiator again for the use of the transformer. This t of e used for the transformer rating up to 30 MVA TP eee: Conservator Windings Radiator il Natural Air Natural Cooling of Transformer Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) ONAF method is used for the cooling of the transformer of rating up to 60 Mega volts ampere. As discussed above that in ONAN method, the dissipation of heat iS taking place by the convection process in which air is naturally circulated to cool down, but in this type, the _ forced air is used for the purpose of cooling the transformer. ‘The cooling of oil will be faster if the area of the tank of the transformer is increased finally which result in the increase in heat dissipation level. As the fans and blowers are installed, high velocity of air is forcefully applied to the radiator atid cooling towers which will help in be more and therefore the sensor gave an alarm that the dissipation of heat exceed the safe value and as a result, the fans and pumps are switched on automatically and thus the cooling takes place by OFAF method. il Oil Forced Air Forced Cooling of Transformer Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF) Scanned with CamScanner In Oil Natural Wi immersed in the aver Force cooling method the transformer core and the windings are the oil heats up oil tank. A radiator is installed outside the tank ag,the temperature rises and nd moves upward the heat is dissipated by the nifaral Process of convection and oil is passed through the radiator, but the water is Pumped and passed through the heat exchanger for cooling of the oil. Oil Foreed Water Forced (OFWE) A heat exchanger is installed pump. The level and pre: any leakage occurs in the with the oil. This type of rating as several hundred of cooling is done for the {hrough which both oil and water are passed with the help of a Selene ot are always kept higher than that of water so thet raha {ie ol mixes with the water but water does not get mixed up Method is suitable for large capacity ofthe transformer having MVA or where banks, of transformers are installed. Mainly this type transformer installed at the hydro power plant, Conservator Oil Flow Heat Exchanger Pump. rats Water Outiet Oil Forced Water Forced Cooling of Transformer 4 Scanned with CamScanner NUUO X/ a 0 Fig 587 Initial ltaedistitiy wy fram Voltage distribution an ; i of potentials in leery i re ac hie 541 WINDOW SPACE FacToR ~ (The Window Space factor is dened the total window area\it fhe rai ate et area inthe widow fto rea)Tt depends upon the rela ion and og depends upon the voltape ating ites Phin ed op ge lage rating and out 1 use nay bana aR hte ik ae 1 output Ot transformers, The following ennpincal indow space factor / is the voltage of h tween 50 to 200 kVA. se Ae Space factor is larger for large outputs and smaller for sl} outputs Por a transformer of about 1000 kVA rating K =\12(80 + kV) and for transformers of about 20 KVA rating X= 8190 + kV). The values of space factor f enmediate ratings can be interpolated 440 VINDOW DIMENSIONS. The leakage reactance is af © tlativetv omall tha width. of the win 527 : 67 in kiloolt The above formula is for transformers of ce between adjacent limbs, Iihis distance i cing is limited and this must be counter balanced iy Scanned with CamScanner DESIGN OF TRANSFORMERS Vor rectangular sectic yokes, Ar sof yoke Ay = depth Dy x Hy. = width of larg 1.16 to 1.25) A,, using hot rolled’ =A,, for tr F yoke « height of yoke where L est core ata " for transformers stool nsformers using grain oriented steel, 2 5.38 OVERALL DIMENSIONS When deali “transfo! with overall dimensions in *r problems, refer to the following details and diagrams a = width of largest stamping, = diameter of circumscribing circle, = distance between, centres of adjacent limbs, W,, = width of window, Height of window, Hy = height of yoke, . H = Overall height of transformer over yokes or overall height of frame, pransforme: 5.70. Three phase core tyPe aoe i Scanned with CamScanner DESIGN OF TRANSFORMERS angular section yokes, Area of yoke Ay = depth of yoke x height of yoke = Dy Uy vidth of largest core stamping where Dy =a Ay 1.15 to 1.26) 4, for transformers using hot rolled'steol 4,, for transformers using grain oriented stool, - 5.45-OVERALL DIMENSIONS <" When dealing with overall dimensions in transformer problems, refer to the following details and diagrams : a = width of largest stamping, d = diameter of circumscribing circle, istance between centres of adjacent limbs, W,, = width of window, H,, = Height of window, length of limb, Hy = height of yoke, . H = Overall height of transformer over yokes or overall height of frame, ee Scanned with CamScanner ‘dno load for supplying the iron re and a very small amount of co is responsible in the primary winding. The angl F le of lag depends upon the losses in the transf The ae factor is very low and vaties from tap i Rees a el Primary | Tanga” winding [wincing - vi fa I ie i a Transformer The no load current consists of two components + Reactive or magnetizing component In > (it is in quadrature with the applied voltage V,_ It Produces flux in the core and does‘nova> consume any power) + Active or power component [ Iy, Jalso know as (It is in phase with the applied primary copper loss) working component voltage V1. It supplies the iron losses and a small amount of ‘The following steps are given below to draw the phasor diagram 1. The function of the magnetizing component is to produce the magnetizing flux, and thus, it will be in phase with the flux, 2. Induced emfin the primary and the secondary winding lags the flux by 90 degrees. 3. The primary copper loss is neglected, and sec 0 Therefore, the current Ip angle called no-load power ‘ondary current losses are zero as Ip lags behind the voltage vector V, by an factor angle shown in the phasor diagram above. “Scanned with CamScanner 4. The applied voltage V, is drawn equal and opposite to the induced emf E;because the difference between the two, at no load, is negligible. 5. Active component Iy is drawn in phase with the applied voltage V). 6. The phasor sum of magnetizing current Ip and the working current Iygives the no load v1 Ba current Ip. 7. From the phasor diagram drawn above, the following conclusions are made Working component 1,, = IpCos@o e No load current l= VIZ + 12 Magnetizing component — Im = Ip Sing _, Ty Ms, 1 Power factor Cos @yp = lo No load power input Py = ViloCoseo 2. Voltage Regulation of a Transformer Scanned with CamScanner efinition: The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of receiving and sending the voltage of the transformer. The voltage regulation determines the ability of the "transformer to provide the constant voltage for variable loads When the transformer is loaded with continuous supply voltage, the terminal voltage of the transformer varies. The variation of voltage depends on the load and its power factor. Mathematically, the voltage regulation is represented as Voltage Regulation = % Voltage Regulatior where, secondary terminal voltage at no load secondary terminal voltage at full load The voltage regulation by considering the primary terminal voltage of the transformer is expressed as, % Voltage Regulation = 3. Characteristics of Power Transformer: A Low operation costs: The low losses in the magnetic core and in the windings reduce the costs of operation. + High overload performances: It is possible to increa of Forced Air system. High reliability: The high technology employed in the manufacturing process of windings gives the product a high level of reliability + Maximum safety: The cooling is carried out exclusively by means of dielectric. se the power in continuous operation by means and therefore without Characteristics Of Ideal Transformer Zero winding resistance: [tis assumed that, resistance of primary as well as secondary winding of fn ideal transformer is zero. That is, both the coils are purely inductive in nature. ‘+ Infinite permeability of the core: Higher the permeability, lesser the mmf required for flux establishment. That means, if permeability is high, less magnetizing current is required to ‘magnetize the transformer core. + No leakage flux: Leakage flux is a part of magnetic flux which does not get linked with secondary ‘winding. In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked with secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux). Scanned with CamScanner + 100% efficiency: An ideal transformer does not have any losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal transformer is exactly equal to the input power. Hence, 100% efficiency. 4. Temperature rise in Transformers Losses dissipated in transformers in the core and windings get converted into thermal energy and cause heating of the corresponding transformer parts. The heat dissipation occurs as follows: i) from the internal heated parts to the outer face in contact with oil by conduction ii) from oil to the tank walls by convection and iii) from the walls of the tank to the atmosphere by radiation and convection. Q = Power loss(heat produced ), J/s or W G = weight of the active material of the Machine, kg h = specific heat, J/kg-»C cooling surface area, m2 2.= specific heat dissipation, W/ m2 -»C c=1/d ‘ooling coefficient, m2 -»C / W 6m = final steady temperature rise,-C The temperature of the machine rises when it is supplying load. As the temperature rises, the, heat is dissipated partly by conduction, partly by radiation and in most cases largely by ab cooling. The temperature rise curve is exponential in nature. Assuming the theory of heating of homogeneous bodies , Heat developed = heat stored + heat dissipated ‘Transformer temperature rise is defined as the average temperature rise of the windings above the ambient (surrounding) temperature, when the transformer is loaded at its nameplate rating. It is best to obtain the actual load and no-load losses in watts from the transformer manufacturer, but sometimes those data are not available. In that case, temperature rise is a rough indicator of transformer efficiency. For example, a transformer with an 80C temperature rise uses 13-21% less operating energy than a 150C rise unit. Scanned with CamScanner A more efficient transformer generates less waste heat in the first place, but transformer "temperature rise results from not only how much heat is generated but also how much heat is removed, Be careful that a unit carrying a low temperature rise figure is not also inefficient, using fans to remove the excess heat. 5. Design of Wee tank- “onall capacity transformers the surrounding air willbe in-a’position to cool t keeps the temperature rise well the permissible limits. As the capacity of the transformer increases. the losses and the temperature rise increases. _have-to-be-blewn- over the transformer. This is not advisable as the “atmospheric air containing moisture ail jospheric hazards, the transformer is may affeet the insulation _To overcome the problem of nducts the heat from core and coil to the tank walls. From the ig atmosphere due to radiation and convection. Further as the capacity of the transformer increases, the increased loss demands a higher dissipating area ofthe tank or sized tank. These calls for more space, more volume of oil and inereases the cost and transportation Ficuliies, the dissipating area is to be increased by artificial means without ipating area can be increased by Ee aaicwella the heat g 1 <—Thitting fins to the tank walls a, —Titting tubes to the tank and A: (-ssing corrugated tank _ sing aur rato anks 4 Gince the fins are not effective in dissipating heat and corrugated tank involves constructional di ‘hey are not much used now a da¥s)fThe tanks with tubes are much used in practiGe)Tubes in more muaaber of rows are to be avoided as the sereening of the tank and tube surfaces decreases the dissipation. Hence, ulti Scanned with CamScanner | when more number of tubes are to be provided, a radiator attached with the tank is considered. For much Targer sizes foreed cooling is adopt.) iensions of the Tank i = Uhe-dimensions of tank depends on the type and capacity of transformer, voltage rating and electrical ciearance to be provided between the transformer and tank, clearance to accommodate the connections and taps, clearance for base and oil above the transformer etc.,. These clearances can assumed to be between (30 and 60) em in respect of tank height (10 and 20) cm in respect of tank length and (10 and 20) em in respect of tank width or breadth, ) 123 i 36 oOo. 185 Tubes spaced at S em apart ‘Tank height Ht = [ Hw + 2Hy or 2a + clearance (30 to 60) em J for single and three phase core, and single p) phase shell type transformers. = [3(Hw + 2Hy or 2a) + clearance (30 to 60) em ] for a three phase shell type transformer. Tank length Lt = [ D + Dext + clearance (10 to 20) em J for single phase core type transformer = [ 2D + Dext + clearance (10 to 20) cm ] for three phase core type transformer = [ 4a + 2Ww + clearance (10 to 20) em J for single and three phase shell type transformer. Width or breadth of tank Wt =[ Dext + clearance (10 to 20) cm ] for all types of transformers with a circular coil. = [ b + Ww + clearance (10 to 20) cm ] for single and three phase core type transformers having rectangular coils. [ b + 2Ww + clearance (10 to 20) em J for single and three phase shell type transformers. Eee eee Scanned with CamScanner When the tank is pl ed on the ground, there will not be any heat dissipation from the bottom surface of the not filled up to the brim of the tank, heat transfer from the oil to the top of the tank is ‘ipation from the top tank. Since the oil is less and heat dis: area of the ta nee: surface of the tank is almost negligible. Hence the effective surface St from which heat is getting dissipated can assumed to be 2Ht (Lt-+ WO) m2, Heat goes dissipated to the atmosphere from tank by radiation and convection. It has been found by experiment that 6,0W goes radiated per m2 of plain surface per degree and ambient air temperature and 6,5W goes dissipated by convection / m2 of plain surface / degree centigrade difference in temperature between tank wall and ambient air. Thus a total of 12.5W/m2/0C goes dissipated to the surroun ntigrade difference between tank nal steady temperature condition, losses 2. If is the temperature rise, then at responsible for temperature rise is losses dissipated or transformer losses = 12.5 St ‘Number and dimensions of tubes If the temperature rise of the tank wall is beyond a permissible value of about 500C, then cooling tubes are to be added to reduce the temperature rise. Tubes can be arranged on all the sides in one or more number of rows. As number of rows increases, the dissipation will not proportionally increase, Hence the number of .. rows of tubes are to be limited. Generally the number of rows in practice will be less than four. ) yn from a part of the tank surface screened by With the tubes connected to the tank, dissipation due to rac the tubes is zero. However if the radiating surface of the tube, dissipating the heat is assumed to be equal to the screened surface of the tank, then tubes can assumed to be radiating no heat. Thus the full tank surface ‘can assumed to be dissipating the heat due to both radiation and convection & can be taken as 12.5 St watts: Because the oi] when get heated up moves up and cold oil down, circulation of oil in the tubes will be more. Obviously, this circulation of oil increases the heat dissipation. Because of this siphoning action, it has been found that the convection from the tubes increase by about 35 to 40%. ‘Thus if the improvement is by 35%, then the dissipation in watts from all the tubes of area At= 1.35 x 6.5At 0 =8.78 At 0.. “Thus in case of a tank with tubes, at final steady temperature rise condition, Losses = 12.5 St@ + 8.78 Ard Round, rectangular or elliptical shaped tubes can be used. The mean length or height of the tubes is generally taken as about 90% of tank height. In case of round tubes, 5 em diameter tubes spaced at about 7.Sem (from centre to centre) are used. If dt is the diameter of the tube. then dissipating area of each tube at = xpdt x 0.9HIt. if nt is the number of tubes, then At=atnt. Now a days rectangular tubes of different size spaced at convenient distances are being much used, &s it provides a greater cooling surface for a smaller volume of oil. This is true in case of elliptical tubes also, The ‘tubes ean be arranged in any convenient way ensuring mechanical strength and aesthetic view Scanned with CamScanner 6. Overall dimensions The main dimensions of the transformer are @ Height of window(Hw) (ii) Width of the window(Ww) The other important dimensions of the transformer are @ width of largest stamping(a) Gi) diameter of circumscribing circle As the iron area of the leg Ai and the window area Aw = (height of the window Hw x Width of the window Ww) increases the size of the transformer also increases. The size of the transformer increases as the output of the transformer increases. A ‘Age Scanned with CamScanner 1 Output-kVA Voltage-V1/V2 with or without tap changers and tapings 3. Frequency-f Hz 4. Number of phases ~ One or three 53 Rating — Continuous or short time G Cooling — Natural or forced 7. Type — Core or shell, power or distribution 8% Type of winding connection in case of 3 phase transformers - star-star, star-delta, delta-delta, delta-star with or without grounded neutral 9. Efficiency, per unit impedance, location (i.e, indoor, pole or platform mounting etc.), temperature rise etc., 7. Output Equations Single phase core type transformer Rating of the transformer in kVA = Vil. x 10-3 = (1) Ela x 10-3 = 4.44 hm f T1x 11 x 10-3 Scanned with CamScanner Note: Ch leg carri f Note: Each leg carries half ofthe Ly and HY turn , Atea of copper in the window A safiewh 2 Ly BE tM etal, = ied +— 2 Lay, 8 6 , AuKy ‘ Therefore i ~ Q) 3 After substituting (2) in (1), KVA = 444 ABuEx AgKyS x 10° a HPmt XApKyd x 10 2 = 2.2218 AiBm AwKy x 10° Single phase shell type transformer Rating of the transformer in kVA =Vjl, x 102 = Eyl, x 10° = 4.44 0, 0T, x1,x 10? ...(1) S] HV |LV Ly|HV @®© | al a Note : Since there are two windows, it is sufficient to design one of the two windows as both the windows are symmetrical. Since the LV and HV windings are placed on the central leg, each window accommodates T1 and T2 turns of both primary and secondary windings. Area of copper in the window Area of copper in the window Ay = aT: + Therefore T)=A.K.5 «... (2) 2 After substituting @)in (1) KVA=4.44 ABuf x AgKy3 x 10° = 2.22 £5 AB AKy x 10° Three phase core type transformer Rating of the transformer in kVA = Vila x 10-3 = E1l1 x 10-3 = 3 x 4.44 cm f T1 x 1x 103...(1) Scanned with CamScanner

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