BATCH MATATAG 2026

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

PRINCIPLE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2

PHLEBOTOMY
DEXTER GIOVANNI A. ANDALES RMT, MD, MBA, FPCP, FPSGIM | AUGUST 26, 2022

2nd SEMESTER
BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
and external conditions, is an essential function
BASIC ANATOMY ANF PHYSIOLOGY referred to as homeostasis.
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body,
whereas physiology is the study of how the body ANATOMIC DESCRIPTION OF THE BODY
functions.
- Knowing the location and the function of each body - The anatomic position for the body is standing erect, the
part helps the phlebotomist to communicate head facing forward, and the arms by the sides with the
effectively with coworkers in the medical setting. palms facing to the front.

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF THE BODY

- The human body develops into a complex organism
through different levels of structure and function,
from the simplest to the most complex.
o Each level includes the previous level to
build on.
o These levels of organization, in ascending
order, are cells, tissues, organs, body
systems, and the organism.
Cells
- The smallest functioning unit of the body.
o Over 30 trillion cells provide the basic
building blocks for the various structures
that make up the human body.
Tissues
- Groups of specific cells with similar structure and
function form the different types of body tissue and
together perform specialized functions.
- There are four basic types of tissue:
o Epithelial tissue: flat cells in a sheet-like
arrangement that cover and line body
surfaces. Body Planes
o Connective tissue: blood, bone, cartilage, - An anatomic plane is an imaginary flat surface that
and adipose cells that support and connect divides portions of the body or an organ into front,
tissues and organs and provide a support back, right, left, upper, and lower sections.
network for the organs. o Frontal (coronal) plane—divides the body
o Muscle tissue: long, slender cells that into the anterior (front or ventral) and
provide the contractile tissue for movement posterior (back or dorsal) portions.
of the body. -
o Nerve tissue: cells capable of transmitting o Sagittal plane—divides the body vertically
electrical impulses to regulate body into right and left portions.
-
functions. o Midsagittal plane—vertically divides the
Organs body into equal right and left portions.
- are body structures formed by the combination of -
two or more different types of tissue. o Transverse plane—cross-sectional
o Each organ is a specialized component of division separating the body horizontally
the body (e.g., the heart, brain, skin, and into upper (superior) and lower (inferior)
kidneys) and accomplishes a specific portions.
function.
Body Systems
- Groups of organs functioning together for a
common purpose make up the body systems.
- The major body systems are the integumentary,
skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, digestive,
urinary, endocrine, reproductive, circulatory, and
lymphatic.
Organism
- Several body systems make up a complete living
entity called an organism.
- The ability of these body systems to work together
to sustain life and keep the body functioning
normally, in spite of constantly changing internal

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 CHAPTER 6: BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY| YEAR 1

Body Cavities
- hollow spaces containing the internal organs.
- Classified into two major groups depending on their
location, the anterior and posterior cavities enclose
five sub cavities.
o The ventral cavity (anterior) consists of
the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and
pelvic cavity. Pleural membranes line the
organs of the thoracic cavity. A muscular
wall called the diaphragm separates the
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
o The dorsal cavity (posterior) contains the
-
cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Table 6-3
lists the main organs contained in these INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
cavities.
Function
- skin covers the outer surface of the body and
provides the functions of protection, regulation,
sensation, and secretion.
- Skin protects the body against invasion by
microorganisms and environmental chemicals,
minimizes the loss or entry of water, helps block the
harmful effects of sunlight, and helps produce
vitamin D.

- Skin regulates temperature by insulating the body

and raising or lowering body temperature in
response to environmental changes.
Abdominopelvic Cavity o Blood vessels in the skin dilate to bring
- combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. blood to the surface when the body needs
to lose heat and constrict to allow blood to
o An imaginary cross formed by a
flow to the muscles and organs when the
transverse plane and a midsagittal body needs to conserve heat.
plane that cross at the umbilicus -

divides the abdominopelvic cavity into - Millions of glands under the skin produce secretions
four quadrants for clinical evaluation to lubricate the skin and produce sweat to keep the
body cool.
and diagnostic purposes.
Components
- The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair,
nails, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous
glands, hair, and nails.
- The skin is the body’s largest organ. On the
average adult, it weighs about 7 pounds and, when
stretched out, would cover about 18 square feet.
o The skin consists of three layers, the
epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous
layer.
- EPIDERMIS is the thinnest layer of skin and
contains no blood vessels or nerve endings.
o Four or five layers of squamous epithelial
cells make up the epidermis.
 The outer cells produce the hard
protein keratin that prevents the
loss or entry of water and resists
-
o The four divisions are the right upper the entry of pathogens and
harmful chemicals.
quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant
 Melanocytes, the cells that
(RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), and produce the skin pigment
left lower quadrant (LLQ) melanin, are located in the
epidermis.
 The amount of melanin produced
by exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
light determines the darkness of
skin color.
- DERMIS lies below the epidermis. The dermis is
thicker than the epidermis, and this irregular fibrous
connective tissue contains capillaries, lymph

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 CHAPTER 6: BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY| YEAR 1

vessels, nerve fibers, sudoriferous glands,

sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.
- A LAYER OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE connects
the skin to the underlying organs, protects and
cushions the deep tissues of the body, stores fat for
energy, and acts as a heat insulator.

- SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS are small, coiled

glands with ducts extending up through the
epidermis to small pores on almost all body
surfaces.

- SEBACEOUS GLANDS are the oil-secreting

glands of the skin.
o Secreted through tiny ducts into hair
follicles or directly to the skin surface to Diagnostic Tests
prevent drying of the hair and skin is an
oily substance called sebum.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 7 HAHHAHHAHAHAH

Disorders

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