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Chapter 6
A.B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

(Prepared By Ayyappan C,HSST, GMRHSS, Kasaragod)
| A | Ax2  Ay2  Az2
Multiplication of two vectors
i) Scalar product (dot product) – gives a scalar

| B | Bx2  B y2  Bz2
from two vectors
   
ii) Vector product ( cross product ) – gives a
 Also A  A | A || A | cos0  A2
new vector
Scalar product (Dot product) of two vectors A2  Ax2  Ay2  Az2
PROBLEM
 Find the angle between force

F  3iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ unit and displacement

d  5iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ unit.
Solution
 We have
 
Fd
 The scalar product is defined as cos    
    | F || d |
A  B | A || B | cosθ  Thus
 
 Thus F  d  Fx d x  Fy d y  Fz d z

cos  
A.B  3  5  4  4   5  3  16unit
A B 
| F | Fx2  Fy2  Fz2  50
Special cases 
| d | d x2  d y2  d z2  50
 If ϴ=00, the scalar product is maximum,
     Therefore
A  B | A || B | 16
 If ϴ=900, the scalar product is minimum, cos    0.32
  50  50
AB 0
Properties of scalar product
  cos 1 0.32
 Scalar product is commutative. WORK
   
A  B  B A  The work done by the force is defined to be the
 Obeys distributive law product of component of the force in the
       direction of the displacement and the
A  ( B  C)  A  B  A  C)
magnitude of this displacement.
 For multiplication with any real number  The work and energy have the same dimensions
   
   
A  B   A  B [ML-2T-2]
 for the orthogonal unit vectors  The SI unit is joule (J).
Work done by a constant force
iˆ.iˆ  ˆj. ˆj  kˆ.kˆ  1
iˆ. ˆj  ˆj.kˆ  kˆ.iˆ  0
 If A  Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ , B  Bxiˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ

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 The work done by the constant force F , is Solution

W  Fd cos a) Work done on the cycle by the road = the work
  done by the frictional force on the cycle
 Or W  F d  Here =1800, F=200N, d=10m ,thus
 Work done can be zero, positive or negative W  Fd cos   200  10  cos 1800  2000J
Special cases b) The magnitude of the force on the road due to
 If ϴ=0, then maximum work is done given by cycle is 200 N.
W  Fd .  The displacement of the road = 0
 If ϴ=900, then work done =0  Thus, work done by cycle on the road is zero.
 If ϴ is between 00 and 900, the work done is
Force –Displacement graph (F-d Graph)
positive.  A graph drawn with displacement along X –axis
 If ϴ is between900 and 1800, the work done is and force along Y- axis.
negative.  Area under F-d graph gives the work done.
Situations in which Work done = 0 F-d graph of work done by a constant force
 the displacement is zero (d=0):
• A weightlifter holding a 150 kg mass
steadily on his shoulder for 30 s does no
work on the load during this time.
 the force is zero (F=0):
• A block moving on a smooth horizontal
F-d graph of work done by a uniformly varying force
table is not acted upon by a horizontal
force (since there is no friction), but
may undergo a large displacement
 the force and displacement are mutually
perpendicular (ϴ = 900)
• For the block moving on a smooth
WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE
horizontal table, the gravitational force
 The F-d graph of a varying force in one
mg does no work since it acts at right dimension, is given by
angles to the displacement.
Situations in which work done is negative
 A ball is thrown in the upward direction – work
done by the gravitational force is negative.
 The work done by the frictional force, when we
push the book to a distance is negative
 The work done by the gravitational force, when
we are lifting a bucket of water from the well is
 For a small displacement Δx, the force F(x) is
negative
almost costant.
PROBLEM
 Thus the workdone is
 A cyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10 m.
During this process, the force on the cycle due
W  F ( x)x
to the road is 200 N and is directly opposed to  Therefore the total work done is given by
the motion. xf

a) How much work does the road do on the W   F ( x )x

cycle? xi

b) How much work does the cycle do on the  Or , if x  0 , then

road ?
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xf xf ENERGY
W  Lim  F ( x )x   F ( x )dx  Energy is the capacity for doing work.
x 0
xi
 It can be measured by the work that the body
xi

xf
can do.
W  F ( x)dx
xi
 Joule is the SI unit of energy.
Alternative units of Work /Energy
erg 10-7J
electron volt (eV) 1.6 x 10-19 J
calorie (cal) 4.186 J
kilowatt hour (kWh) 3.6 x 106 J

PROBLEM MEHANICAL ENERGY

 A woman pushes a trunk on a railway platform  The energy of an object due to its motion or
which has a rough surface. She applies a force position.
of 100 N over a distance of 10 m. Thereafter,
 Total mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic
she gets progressively tired and her applied
force reduces linearly with distance to 50 N. The and potential energy
total distance through which the trunk has been KINETIC ENERGY
moved is 20 m. • The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of
a) Plot the force applied by the woman and the work an object can do by the virtue of its
the frictional force which is 50 N. motion
b) Calculate the work done by the two forces
• Kinetic energy an object of mass m moving with
over 20 m.
velocity v, is
Solution
1  1 2
a) The graph is K mv .v   mv
2 2
• Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
• In terms of momentum , p
p2
K
2m
 The dimensions are [ML2T-2]
b) The work done by the women is  The SI unit is joule (J).
WF= Area of rectangle ABCD + area of the WORK- ENERGY THEOREM FOR A CONSTANT FORCE
trapezium CEID  The change in kinetic energy of a particle is
1 equal to the work done on it by the net force
WF  100  10  (100  50)  10  1750 J
2 Proof
Work done by frictional force is We have , v  u  2ad ,
2 2
•
Wf= Area of rectangle AIHG • Where u – initial velocity , d – displacement, v –
W f  50  20  1000J final velocity
NB: The area of trapezoid is • Multiplying both sides by m/2,
1 1 2 1
A
2
( a  b)  h mv  mu 2  mas  Fs
2 2
• In general
 
v 2  u 2  2a  d

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1 2 1      Thus the kinetic energy = gravitational potential

mv  mu 2  ma  d  F  d  W
2 2 energy.
 This is known as work-energy theorem Conservative Force
POTENTIAL ENERGY • A force is conservative if
• Potential energy is the ‘stored energy’ by virtue 1) it can be derived from a scalar quantity
of the position or configuration of a body. V(x).
• Eg: energy in a stretched string 2) the work done by the force depends
• The potential energy is released in the form of only on initial and final positions.
kinetic energy.  Examples are, gravitational force, electric force ,
• It is a scalar quantity. spring force etc
• The dimensions of potential energy are [ML2T-2]. • The work done by a conservative force in a
• The SI unit is joule (J). closed path is zero.
Gravitational Potential Energy (V) • The change in potential energy of a
• Gravitational potential energy of an object at a conservative force is equal to the negative of
height h, is the negative of work done by the the work done by the force.
gravitational force in raising the object to that V   F ( x)x
height. Show that the work done by a conservative force
V (h)  mgh depends only on end points.
 If the force F(x) is conservative, we can write
 The gravitational force can be written as
dV
dV (h) F ( x)  
F   mg dx
dh  Thus
 Thus the gravitational force F equals the F ( x )dx  dV
negative of the derivative of V(h) with respect xf Vf


to h.
The negative sign indicates that the
 F ( x)dx    dV  V  V
xi Vi
i f

gravitational force is downward.

 Therefore work done depends only on end
Show that the gravitational potential energy of the points.
object at height h, manifests itself as kinetic energy of Non conservative forces
the object on reaching the ground.  The forces in which the work done depends on
the factors like velocity or path taken.
Proof  Example: frictional force, viscous force etc.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL
 The speed of an object released from a height
ENERGY
h, when it just hits the ground is given by
 The total mechanical energy of a system is
v 2  0 2  2 gh  2 gh conserved if the forces, doing work on it, are
v 2  2 gh conservative.
 Multiplying this equation with m/2 on both  If forces are conservative
sides K V  constant
1 2 m Proof
mv   2 gh  mgh
2 2  If a body undergoes displacement Δx , under
1 2 the action of conservative forces, F(x), from
mv  mgh
2 work – energy theorem,
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K  F(x)x 1
 The change in potential energy is given by
K  mv 2
2
V  F(x)x  But we have
 Adding the two equations v 2  0 2  2 gH
K  V  F(x) x  F(x) x  0
v 2  2 gH
(K  V)  0  Thus
K  V  constant 1
Conservation of Mechanical Energy in a Freely Falling K  mv2  mgH
2
Body
 The potential energy at C is, V = 0
• Consider a ball of mass m being dropped from a
 The total energy at C
cliff of height h.
E  K  V  mgH  0  mgH
 Therefore total energy at A = total energy at B
= Total energy at C = mgH = a constant
Graph of the variation of kinetic energy and potential
energy of a freely falling body

Total Energy at the point A

 Kinetic energy at A is zero (K=0), since v=0
 Potential energy at A is , V = mgH
 Thus total energy at A, is
E  K  V  0  mgH  mgH THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING
Total Energy at the point B  The work done by an external force to compress
 Kinetic energy at B is or extend a spring is stored as the potential
1 energy in it.
K  mvh
2
Spring Force (Fs)
2
 The restoring force developed in a spring ,when
 But we have a force is applied on it is called spring force.
vh  0 2  2 g ( H  h )  The spring force is a variable force which is
2

conservative.
vh  2 g ( H  h )
2
Force law of spring ( Hooke’s law )
 Thus  In an ideal spring, the spring force Fs is
1 proportional to the displacement.
K  mvh  mg( H  h )
2
Fs  -kx
2  Where k – spring constant
 Potential energy at B is , V = mgh
 Unit of spring constant is N/m.
 The total energy at B is

E  K  V  mg(H - h)  mgh  mgH The negative sign shows that spring force is
opposite to the displacement.
Total Energy at the point C  Spring is stiff – k is large
 The kinetic energy at C is  Spring is soft - k is small.

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 Area under the graph = work done by the spring

force
 Thus
1
Area   kxm  Ws
2

2
 Thus work done by the applied force is
1
Ws   kxm
2

2
 Therefore potential energy of the spring is
1
V  kxm
2

Equation for the potential energy of a spring 2

i) Integration method Show that spring force is a conservative force

Proof
 The work done by spring force for a
displacement from xi to xf , is
xf
1 2 1
Ws    kxdx  kxi  kx f
2

 The work done by the spring force for an xi

2 2
extension of xm is
xm xm  Thus the work done by spring force depends
Ws   Fs dx    kxdx only on end points.
0 0  Also the spring force can be derived from a
1 scalar function V(x).
Ws   kxm
2

2 kx2
 Thus work done by the applied force will be V ( x) 
2
1
Ws   kxm
2
 That is
2
dV ( x )
 Therefore this work done is stored as the   kx
potential energy in the spring. dx
 Potential energy of spring is  Thus spring force is a conservative force.

1
V  kxm
2 Conservation of energy in a spring
2  When the block attached to the spring is
ii) Graphical method extended to xm and released, the block
 The force – displacement graph of the spring is oscillates between - xm and + xm .
 Thus the kinetic energy at any point x is given
by
1 2
K mv
2
 The potential energy at x is
1 2
V kx
2
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 Thus the total mechanical energy is THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

 Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed
1 2 1 2 1
E mv  kx  kxm
2
but may be transformed from one form to
2 2 2 another. The total energy of an isolated system
 Thus the speed and the kinetic energy will be remains constant.
maximum at the equilibrium position, x = 0.  The total energy of the universe is constant. If
 Therefore at x = 0, v = vm one part of the universe loses energy, another
part must gain an equal amount of energy.
1 1 POWER
mvm  kxm
2 2
 Power is defined as the time rate at which work
2 2 is done or energy is transferred.
k  Average power is given by
vm  xm
m
W
Graph of variation of potential energy and kinetic Pav 
t
energy of a spring with displacement
 Where W – total work done , t – total time

 The instantaneous power is given by

dW
P
dt

 Power is a scalar quantity

VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY
Heat Energy  SI unit – watt (W)
 Work done by resistive forces like friction etc, is
transferred as heat energy.  Dimensions are [ML2T-3]
Chemical Energy  Another unit of power is horse – power (hp)
 Chemical energy arises from chemical reactions.
1hp  746W
 Chemical reactions may be
 Horse –power is used to describe the output of
i) Exothermic – heat released
automobiles, motorbikes, etc.
ii) Endothermic – heat absorbed
Relation connecting power, force and velocity
Electrical Energy
 Energy associated with electric current.  We have the work done
 
The Equivalence of Matter and Energy dW  F  dr
 Albert Einstein showed that mass and energy
are equivalent and are related by the relation  Where F – force , dr – displacement.
E  mc2  Thus the instantaneous power is given by
 Where c, the speed of light in vacuum is 
dW  dr
approximately 3 x 108m /s. P F
dt dt
 A large amount of energy is associated with
matter.  That is
Nuclear Energy  
P  F v
 Energy associated with nuclei of an atom.
Unit of electrical energy
 Energy can be released by
i) Nuclear fission  Electrical energy is often expressed in kilowatt
ii) Nuclear fusion
hour ( kWh)
1kWh  3.6 106 J
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PROBLEM
 An elevator can carry a maximum load of 1800  If u1 > u2 , the bodies collides each other.
kg (elevator + passengers) is moving up with a  According to principle of conservation of
constant speed of 2 m s–1. The frictional force momentum
opposing the motion is 4000 N. Determine the
minimum power delivered by the motor to the
m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2v2  (1)
elevator in watts as well as in horse power.
 According to principle of conservation of energy
Solution

 Downward force on the elevator is 1 1 1 1

m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2v2  (2)
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

 The power is  From equation (1)

m1 (u1  v1 )  m2 (v2  u2 )  (3)
COLLISIONS
 A collision is an isolated event in which, two or  From equation (2)
more bodies exert strong forces on each other
m1 (u1  v1 )  m2 (v2  u2 )  (4)
2 2 2 2
for a short time.
Types of collisions  Dividing equations (4) and (3)
(u1  v1 ) (v2  u2 )
2 2 2 2
 Elastic collisions 
 The momentum and kinetic energy are (u1  v1 ) (v2  u2 )
conserved.  On simplification
 It is an ideal collision.
(u1  v1 )(u1  v1 ) (v2  u2 )(v2  u2 )
 Completely inelastic collisions 
 Collision in which the two particles move (u1  v1 ) ( v 2  u2 )
together after the collision.
 The momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy (u1  v1 )  (v2  u2 )  (5)
is not conserved
 Inelastic collision
 The momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy (v1  v2 )  (u2  u1 )  (u1  u2 )  (6)
is not conserved.
 Most of the collisions are inelastic.  Thus the relative velocity after collision is
 One dimensional collision ( head- on collision ) numerically equal to relative velocity before
 Velocity of particles before collision and after collision.
collision is directed along the same straight line.  From equation (5)
 Two dimensional collision v2  u1  u2  v1
 Velocities of particles lie in a plane.
 Substituting this in equation (1)
ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION
m1u1  m2 u2  m1v1  m2 (u1  u2  v1 )
 m1u1  m2 u1  m2 u2  m2 u2  m1v1  m2 v1
m1  m2 u1  2m2 u2  m1  m2 v1
 Therefore
 m  m2   2 m2 
v1   1 u1   u2
 1
m  m 2   1
m  m 2 

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 According to principle of conservation of

 Similarly momentum
m1u1  0  (m1  m2 )v f
 m  m1   2m1  
v2   2 u2   u1 Thus
 1
m  m2   1
m  m2   m1 
v f   u1
Special cases
 1
m  m2 
i) If m2 is initially at rest ( u2 = 0), then  The loss of kinetic energy in collision is

m1u1  m1  m2 v f
1 1
K 
2 2

 m  m2  2 2
v1   1 u1  Substituting for vf ,
 1
m  m2  2
 m1  2
K  m1u1  m1  m2 
1 1
2
 u1
 2m1   m1  m2 
v2   u1 2 2
 1
m  m 2  1 1  m1  2
2
 m1u1   u1
2
ii) If m1 = m2 = m 2 2  m1  m2 
1 2  m1  
 2m  K  m1u1 1    
v1  0  u1   u2  u2 2   m1  m2  
 2 m 
1  m1m2  2
K   u1
 2m  2  m1  m2 
v2   u1  u1
 2m   Thus change in kinetic energy is a positive
 Thus the velocities are exchanged. quantity.
COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
iii) If m1 = m2 = m and u2 = 0

 2m 
v1  0  u1   0  0
 2 m 
 2m 
v2  0  u2   u1  u1
 2 m   In a two dimensional collision momentum along
 Thus the first body comes to rest and second x and y direction should be conserved.
body attains the velocity of the first body  Along x – direction ,
m1u1  m1v1 cos 1  m2v2 cos 2
COMPLETELY INELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE
 Along y – direction
DIMENSION
0  m1v1 sin 1  m2v2 sin 2
 If the collision is elastic , the conservation f
kinetic energy gives
1 1 1
m1u1  m1v1  m2 v2
2 2 2

2 2 2

*****
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