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Baddeley

The document provides an overview of human memory, including theories of short-term and working memory, visual and auditory memory, organization and learning, habit formation, forgetting, retrieval, autobiographical memory, knowledge representation, amnesia, and treating memory problems. It covers multiple memory systems and cognitive models including the modal model, working memory model, and levels of processing theory.

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74 views5 pages

Baddeley

The document provides an overview of human memory, including theories of short-term and working memory, visual and auditory memory, organization and learning, habit formation, forgetting, retrieval, autobiographical memory, knowledge representation, amnesia, and treating memory problems. It covers multiple memory systems and cognitive models including the modal model, working memory model, and levels of processing theory.

Uploaded by

courursula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HUMAN MEMORY

Theory and Practice


Alan Baddeley
MRC Applied Psychology Unit
Cambridge, UK

LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS


, Hove and London (UK) Hillsdale (USA)
CONTENTS

Preface xi

1 Why Do We Need Memory? 1


Understanding learning and memory 1
What is memory? 4
Laws, principles, theories and models 8

2 Perceiving and Remembering 13


Sensory memory 13
Visual memory 14
Auditory memory 28
Overview 37

3 How Many Kinds of Memory? The Evidence


for STM 39
The capacity of short-term memory 40
Short-term forgetting 42
One or two memory stores? 50
The modal model 59
The rise of levels of processing 64
Overview 65

4 The Role of Memory in Cognition:


Working Memory 67
Testing the working memory hypothesis 68
A working memory model 70
The phonological loop 71
What use is the phonological loop? 87
Overview 95

5 Visual Imagery and the Visuo-spatial


Sketchpad 97
Visual memory 97
Imagery and working memory 102
The neuropsychology of visual imagery 109
What use is the sketchpad? 113
Overview 116
viii CONTENTS

6 Attention and the Control of


Memory 117
The study of attention 118
The control of action 125
The SAS as a central executive 132
The central executive and fluent reading 135
Overview 140

7 When Practice Makes Perfect 143


What is learning? 143
Learning as the acquisition of new information 145
Learning and practice 150
Massed and distributed practice 152
Levels of processing 160
Subsequent developments 165
Levels of processing: Current interpretations 168
Overview 173

8 Organizing and Learning 175


The role of organization 175
The waitress's dilemma 176
Experimental studies of organization 180
Mnemonics 186
Programs to improve memory 193
Overview 199

9 Acquiring Habits 201


Conditioning in animals 201
Behavior modification 210
Conditioning and advertising 218
Changing habits 221
Token economy systems 225
Reflections on behavior modification 229
Overview 231

10 When Memory Fails 233


The forgetting curve 233
Why do we forget? 243
The role of interference 246
Forgetting to do things 256
Overview 261
CONTENTS ix

11 Retrieval 263
The concept of retrieval 263
Forgetting as retrieval failure 265
Recall and recognition 271
Models of retrieval 275
Tulving's synergistic ecphory theory 281
Recall: One process or two? 286
Enhancing eyewitness memory 289
Overview 291

12 Recollection and Autobiographical


Memory 293
Probing autobiographical memory 293
The feeling of knowing 298
Strategies of recollection 301
Forgetting autobiographical events 306
Retrograde amnesia (RA) 310
Overview 318

13 Knowledge 319
Semantics 320
Models of semantic memory 325
Schemas and frames 335
The neuropsychology of semantic memory 347
Overview 354

14 Where Next? Connectionism Rides


Again! 357
The roots of connectionism 357
Perceptrons and parallel processing 360
Distributed representation 370
PDP and cognitive psychology 372
Overview 377

15 Memory, Emotion and Cognition 379


Repression 379
Mood and memory 390
Anxiety, memory and perception 397
Overview 406
CONTENTS

16 Understanding Amnesia 407


Amnesia 407
Closed head injury and memory 411
The amnesic syndrome 414
Explaining the amnesic syndrome 419
Alzheimer's disease 428
Overview 432

17 Treating Memory Problems 433


Assessing memory deficits 433
Treatment and its evaluation 439
Treatment designs 440
Overview 451

References 453
Author Index 499
Subject Index 509

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