() Q) (3) 4 he most Co) lightweli ght, cheap, can be instaljes ort many different types This cable i than others. It is easily, and they SUPP network. Some important points : Its frequency range js 0 to 3.5 kHz. Typical attenuation is 0.2 dB/Km @ 1 kHz. Typical delay is 50 ps/km. Repeater spacing is 2km. A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. One of these wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only as ground reference. The receiver uses the difference between the Bare wire two, Shown in Fig. 2.6.1. Jaket Twisted pair (183)Fig. 2.6.1 : Twisted Pair (5) In addition to the signal sent by the sender on one of = wires, interference (noise) and crosstalk may affect both wires and create unwanted signals.“BumooUUOD YOMIOU OWOY JOJ “20UEISIP SU] & J2A0 sastidaazua | rejndod Azo st pue SOUBISTP JIOYS UIA Jo WoRseuMOD Jo} pesn ATUTEU sI gLs | UoISsstuIsUE.) 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In STP, generation of crosstalk is quite less when compared to UTP. ‘Basis of Comparison UTP 29 ‘Crosstalk Generation In UTP the generation of crosstalk is high when compared to STP. Cost The cost of UTP is lesser when compared | STP is costlier than UTP, to that of STP. Grounding In UTP grounding cable is not required. In STP, grounding cable is required. | 2.7 COAXIAL CABLE (1) Coaxial is called by this name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to cach other. Copper is used in this as center conductor which can be a solid wire or a standard one. It is surrounded by PVC installation, a sheath which is encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid or both. Shown in Fig, 2.7.1 2) Outer metallic wrapping is used as a shield against noise and as the second conductor which completes the circuit. The outer conductor is also encased in an insulating sheath. The outermost partis the plastic cover which protects the whole cable. (3) Here the most common coaxial standards are as follows : © 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11 : used with thick Ethernet. © 50-Ohm RG-S8 : used with thin Ethernet © 75-Ohm RG-59 : used with cable television © 93-Ohm RG-62 : used with ARCNET. Insulater = Raion is conse nen cones Plastic cover (wanFig. 2:7. : Coaxial Cable %® 2.7.1 Coaxial Cable Connectors 2 (1) To connect coaxial cable to the devices, we need coaxial connectors. The most common type of connector used today is the Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector. (2) Fig. 2.7.2 shows 3 popular types of these connectors : (@ the BNC connector, (i) the BNC T connector and (iii) the BNC terminator. (3) ‘The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable to the device, such as a TV set. The BNC T connector is used in Ethernet networks to branch out to a connection to a computer or other device. The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal.D> 2.9 FIBER OPTICS (2) Fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication, (©) Fiber optic is cable that holds the optical fibers coated in plastic that are used to send the data by pulses of light. ) The plastic coating protects the optical fibers from heat, cold, electromagnetic interference from other types of wiring. Fiber optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires. Outer jacket Coating Core (a) Constructional Details of Optical Fiber cable © (1819Fig. 2.9.1 : Fiber Optic Cable Construction Details,Compare different guided Mé 2S 2.9.6 Compare Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable And Fiber O} pels Coaxial Cable Basis of Twisted Pair Cable ‘Comparison 5 Alternative Coaxial cable can also be referred as | Fiber optic cable a, Name coax cable. to as optical fiber cable Description cable isa Kind of | Coaxial cable is designed to transmit | Fiber optic cabje ‘which two | high-frequency signals. It_ is | referred © as op.) ay Conductors. of a single | comprised of a round copper | cable, is. a type of Nis, Circuit are twisted together. | conductor and three layers of | cable which consist op ‘A pair of wires forms accircuit | insulation and shielding which | more optic fibers thy. % that can transmit data. prevents crosstalk from motors, | to transmit data, a lighting and other sources of EMI. | ‘Types Unshielded Twisted Pair | RG59, RG6 Single Mode Fiber " ir i Sy (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair Multimode Fiber (Maggy Mt) (STP) Transmission | Transmission of signals takes | Transmission of signal is _in | Signal transmission takes Of Signal place in the electrical form | electrical form over the inner | in light forms over ae over metallic conducting | conductor of the cable. fiber. | wire. External Tt can be affected due to] It is less affected due to external | It is never affected o> Magnetic Field | external magnetic field. magnetic field. external magnetic field, Made Up Of | It is made up of a pair of | It is made up of four components | They are made up of very gj= insulated copper wire. ‘moving from inside to the outside: a | optical fibers bundled togege solid conductor wire, a layer of | into a single cable. The f insulation, a grounding conduetor | can be made of glass or pla, and a layer of exterior insulation. . Price They are comparatively low | The cost of coaxial cables is higher | Fiber optic cable is mq] in price when compared to | than that of twisted pair cables. expensive than copper case both Coaxial and Fiber optical due to its high performance aj| cables. capacity cables. ‘Noise Rejection | it is usually not effective in | They are relatively good at rejecting | It has highest noise immuniy rejecting this noise noise when compared to twisted pair | as the light rays are unaffecej cables. by the electrical noise. Attenuation _| Attenuation is very high. ‘Attenuation is low. ‘Attenuation is very much lo. Installation and | Installation and Installation and implementation of | Installation and implementatca Implementation | implementation of twisted _} coaxial cable is relatively difficult. | of optical fiber is dificult. pair cables is simple and easy. ‘Bandwidth Low Bandwidth. ‘Moderately high bandwidth, Very high bandwidth. Security The security of transmitted | The security of transmitted signal is | It is hard to tap fiber-optt signal is not guaranteed. not guaranteed. cables without also disrupting the system. Security! transmitted signal guaranteed.Physical Layor...Pago no. (2-21) Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable Basis of Comparison | g 3 ‘They are generally used in| They are used in feedlines | They are installed to support telephone “networks, data | connecting radio transmitters and | tong distance — connections networks and cable | receivers with their antennas, | between countries and cit shielding. computer network (Internet) | They are also used in data (S/PDIF) | centers where large volume of connections, digital audi data needs to be transmitted and distributing cable television signals. They transmit television, | They transmit television, telephone | They transmit television, telephone and data at a| and data at a relatively low speed | telephone and data’ at relatively High speed when relatively low speed when | when compared to fiber optical compared to twisted pair and compared to fiber optical | cable. cable. coaxial cable. Diameter They are larger in diameter | They are larger in diameter than | They are small in diameter than fiber optical cables fiber optical cables. Weight ‘They are heavier in weight when | They are lighter in weight when compared to fiber | compared to fiber optical cables. | when compared to twisted pair optical cables and coaxial cables. ‘Type Of Loss | Resistive loss, Dielectric loss, | Resistive Toss, Dielectric loss and | Dispersion, bending, absorption Occurring In Radiated loss and Loss over | Radiated loss. and attenuation. The Cable | time. DH 2.10 UNGUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA. 2(b), May 1: Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication. Signals are normally broadcasted through free space and thus are available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them. Q) Wireless signals are spread over in the air and are received and interpreted by appropriate antennas. @) Wireless communication has a advantage, that at some places like between building, mountains, terrains, under water where itis difficult wired/guided media, wireless communication can be easily used. (4) The Fig. 2.11.2 shows the part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from 3 kHz to 900 THz, used for wireless ‘communication. Do 2.11 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION is energy that travels and (1) The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation, Radiation spreads out as it goes. @ Example : of electromagnetic radiation © The visible ight that comes from a lamp in your house and ©The radio waves that come from a radio station.have wavelength ranging from 1 mm 2.15.2 Micro Wave Transmission Microwaves ca a g from 3 2 to ay Above 100 MHz, the waves travel in nearly straight = 1 meter and frequency ranging from 300 MIV tines and can therefore be narrowly focused. 300 GHz. 2) Concentrating all the energy into a small beam by | (4) In addition, this directionality allows multiple means of a parabolic antenna (like the familiar satellite transmitters lined up in a row to communicate with aS oe ree el tn olee ra multiple receivers in a row without interference, he transmitting and receiving antennas mus les are observed. ot % ane Be | provided some minimum spacing rules are observed. nites for decades these microwaves listance telephone accurately aligned with each other. Fig. 2.1 eA 3.3 : Line-of-sight Microwave Communication = Before fiber optics, formed the heart of the Iong-di transmission system. csmnFig. Ya 2.13.2(A) Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwaves Advantages 1, They require no right of way acquisition between towers. 2. They can carry high quantities of information due to their high operating frequencies. 3, Low cost land purchase, each tower occupies only a small area. 4. High frequency/short wavelength signals require small antennae. 5. They can carry 1000's of voice channels at a time 1. Attenuation by solid objects birds, rain, snow and fog. Reflected from flat surfaces like water and metal. 3. Diffracted (split) around solid objects. 4. Refracted by atmosphere, thus causing beam to be projected away from receiver. 6. They can be used for Longer distance. 2.13.3 Infrared Wave Communication Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz, can be used for short-range communication, Shown in Fig. 2.13.4, Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate walls. This advantageous characteristic prevents interference between one system and another, a short-range communication system in one room cannot be affected by another system in the next room. When we use infrared remote control, we do not interfere with the use of the remote by our neighbours. However, this ‘same characteristic makes infrared signals useless for long-range communication. a @ @Computer Network (MU-Sem. 5-Comp.) 4) © 2), 3. a iden In addition, use of infrared waves is restricted outst F ed waves building because the sun's rays contain infrared that can interfere with the communication. ely used controls nfrared Application : Unguided infrared waves ae wit for short-range communication. The remote ions, VCRs, and stereos all use it used for televi Ini communication, Shown in Fig. 2.13.4. ine a oT 192) ig. 2.134 : Application of 18 comm, Mt 2.13.3(A) Applications of Infrared Waves ‘The infrared band, almost 400 THz, has an excellent potential for data transmission. Such a wide andi it, used to transmit digital data with a very high data rate. 4, The Infrared Data Association (IrDA), an association for sponsoring the use of infrared waves, has a standards for using these signals for communication between devices such as Keyboards, mouse, PCs ang iy Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation, 2.13.4 Compare Radio Wave, Microwave and Infrared Wave Communication 1. | Direction ‘These are omni-directional in | These are unidirectional in | These are unidirectiony nature. nature. in nature, 2. | Penetration ‘At low frequency, they can| At low frequency, they can | They cannot pentin penetrate through solid | penetrate through solid | through any sold vige objects and walls but high | objects and walls. at high | and walls. | frequency they bounce off the | frequency, they cannot obstacle. penetrate. 3. | Frequency 3 KHz to 1GHz. 1 GHz to 300 GHz. 300 GHz to 400 GHz range 4. | Security ‘These offer poor security. ‘These offer medium security. _| These offer high secur 5. | Attenuation Attenuation is high. Attenuation is variable. Attenuation is low. 6. | Government | Some frequencies in the radio | Some frequencies in the | There is no med 4 License waves require government | microwaves require | government license license to use these. government license to use | these waves these. geese Basis Radio wave Mi : icrowave Infrared wave 7, | Usage Cost Setup a ant Cost is very ctup and usage Cost is is | Setup and usage Cost i en up and usage Cost is high. | Usage Cost is very less. 8. | Communication | These are used in long | These are used in long distance | These are not used in long hes are used in long | These are used in long dis ese are not used in I distance wunication, i distance commenicatioy communication, communication, listance e* peation! >| 2.14 COMPARE GUIDED AND UNGUIDED MEDIA. Parameter Guided Media Unguided Media Medium used The signal energy propagates through wires in guided media. ‘The signal energy propagates through air in unguided media. ‘Type of Communication Guided media is used for point to point communication. Unguided media is generally suited for radio broadcasting in all directions. Network Topologies Discrete network topologies are formed by the guided media. Continuous network topologies are formed by the unguided media. Signal Type ‘Signals are in the form of voltage, current or photons in the guided media. ‘Signals are in the form of electromagnetic waves in unguided media. are microwave or Example Examples of guided media are twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, optical fiber cables. Examples of unguided media, radio links and infrared light. Enhancement capacity By adding more wires, the transmission capacity can be increased in guided media. tis not possible to obtain additional capacity in unguided media. [ne