FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
• The central starting point of Fourier analysis is Fourier series. They are infinite series
designed to represent general periodic functions in terms of simple ones, namely, cosines and
sines.

• This trigonometric system is orthogonal, allowing the computation of the coefficients of the
Fourier series by use of the well-known Euler formulas, as shown. Fourier series are very
important to the engineer and physicist because they allow the solution of linear differential
equations and partial differential.

• Fourier series are, in a certain sense, more universal than the familiar Taylor series in
calculus because many discontinuous periodic functions that come up in applications can be
developed in Fourier series but do not have Taylor series expansions.

• The Fourier Transform is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an
alternate representation, characterized by sine and cosines. The Fourier Transform shows that
any waveform can be rewritten as the sum of sinusoidal functions.

• The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that decomposes a waveform, which is a

function of time, into the frequencies that make it up. The result produced by the Fourier
transform is a complex valued function of frequency.

• The absolute value of the Fourier transform represents the frequency value present in the
original function and its complex argument represents the phase offset of the basic sinusoidal
in that frequency.

• The Fourier transform is also called a generalization of the Fourier series. This term can
also be applied to both the frequency domain representation and the mathematical function
used.

• The Fourier transform helps in extending the Fourier series to non periodic functions, which
allows viewing any function as a sum of simple sinusoids.

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

FOURIER INTEGRALS

• Fourier series are powerful tools for problems involving functions that are periodic or are of
interest on a finite interval only.

• Since, of course, many problems involve functions that are non periodic and are of interest
on the whole x-axis, we ask what can be done to extend the method of Fourier series to such
functions. This idea will lead to “Fourier integrals.”

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

From the Fourier complex integral we know that

∞ ∞
1
f(x) = ∫
2 π −∞
e dω ∫ f (t) e dt
−iwx iwt

−∞

we can rewrite the above expression as follows ω=s

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1
f(x) = ∫ e−isxds ∫ f (t) e istdt = [ √ 12 π ∫ e−isxds][ √ 12 π ∫ f (t )e ist dt ]
2 π −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

∞
1
∫ f (t )e ist dt =F(S) in above equation, we get
√ 2 π −∞

∞
1
f(x) = ∫
2 π −∞
−isx
e F(s)ds

Where F(s) is called the Fourier Transform of f(x).

And f(x) is called the Inverse Fourier transform of F(s).

Thus, we obtain the definition of Fourier transform is

∞
1
F(s ) = ∫
2 π −∞
ist
e dt

∞
1
F(x) = ∫ e−isx.F(s)ds
2 π −∞

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

FOURIER SINE TRANSFORMS

We know that from Fourier sine integral

√
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2
f(x) = ∫ sin sx ds ∫ sin st = 2π ∫ sin sx ds[ π2 ∫ f ( t)sin st dt ]
π 0 0 0 0

√∫
∞
2 f (t)sin st dt
Now putting F(s) = 0
π

We have

√
∞
2
f(x) = ∫ sin sx ds F(s)
π 0

In above a equation F(S) is called Fourier Sine transform of f(x)

∞
2
F(s) = F s[f(x)] = ∫ f ( t)sin st dt
π 0

And f(x) given below is known as inverse Fourier Sine transform of F(s)

√
∞
2
f(x) = ∫ f (s) sin sx ds
π 0

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

FOURIER COSINE TRANSFORMS

From Fourier cosine integral we know that

∞ ∞
2
f(x) =
π ∫ cos ωx du ∫ cos ωt dt
0 0

√
∞
2
f(x) = ∫ cos sx ds ¿]
π 0

√
∞
2
Now putting F(s) = ∫ cos st dt
π 0

√
∞
2
f(x) = ∫ f (t )cos sx ds F( s)
π 0

In above equation F(s) is called Fourier cosine transform of f(x)

√
∞
2
F(s) = F c[f(x)] = ∫ cos st dt
π 0

And f(X) given below is known as inverse Fourier cosine transform of F(s)

√
∞
2
f(x) = ∫ cos sx F ( s ) ds
π 0

Chapter 2

Example 1:

1
Find Fourier Sine transform of .
x

1
We know that Fourier sine transform of f(x) =
x

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

√
∞
2
F s[f(x)] = ∫ f (s) sin sx dx
π 0

1
Now using the value of f(x) = , we get,
x

√
∞
F s[f(x)] = 2 ∫ 1 sin sx dx
π 0 x

dt
now using sx =t=dx =
s

√ √
∞
2 sint
we get = ∫ dt = 2 ¿)
π 0 t π

∞
π
∫ sint
t
dt =
2
0

Hence , F s[f(x)] =
√ π
2

Example 2:

Find the Fourier cosine transform of the function.

{
4 x , 0< x >1
f(x) = 4−x ,1< x > 4
0x>4

∞
Fourier transform is given by F c (u) = ∫ f ( x ) cos ux dx
0

1 4 ∞

=∫ f (x )cosux + ∫ f (x )cosuxdx +∫ f (x )cosuxdx

0 1 4

1 4 ∞
F c (u) = ∫ 4 x cosux + ∫ (4−x )cosuxdx +∫ 0. cosuxdx
0 1 4

Applying Bernoulli’s rule to the integrals we have,

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

[
F c(u) = 4 x .
sinux
u
−4
−cosux 1
u
2
0 ] [
+ ( 4−x )
sinux
u
−(−1)
−cosux 4
u
2
1
+0 ]
4 4 1 1
= [ xusinx ] 1 + 2 [ cosux ] 1- [ (4−x)sinux ] 4 - 2 [ (4−x)sinux ] 4
u 0 u 0 u 1 u 1

4 4 1 1
= ( sinu−0 ) + 2 (cosu−1) + ( 0−3 sinu)- 2 ( cos 4 u−cosu)
u u u u

4 4 4 3 1 1
= sinu + 2 cosu - 2 - sinu- 2 cos 4 u+ 2 cos 4 u
u u u u u u

Example 3:

Find the sine and cosine transforms of f(x) =e−ax , α >0.

∞
F s(u) = ∫ f (x ) sinuxdx
0

∞
F c(u) = ∫ f (x )cosuxdx
0

∞
F s(u) = ∫ e−ax sinux
0

F s(u) =
[ e−ax
(−α 2 ) +u 2
(−αsinux −ucosux) ∞
0]
By using the standard formula ,

−ax
e ( asinbx−bcosbx)
∫e ax
sinbxdx = 2
a +b
2

But, e−ax →0 x → ∞ e 0 =1, sin 0 = 0

u
Thus, F s(u) =
a +b2
2

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

∞ ∞
F c(u) = ∫ f ( x )cosuxdx = ∫ e−ax cosuxdx
0 0

[ ]
−ax
e ∞
= (−αcosux +usinux)
(−α ) +u
2 2
0

α
=
a +b2
2

−ax
e ( acosbx +bsinbx )
By using ∫ e cosbxdx =
ax
2 2
a +b

α
Thus F c(u) = 2
2
a +b

APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Fourier transform can be applied to many fields, a few of them are:

 Image analysis
 Image restoration
 Image filtering
 Image compression
 Image reconstruction
 Distinguishing notes in a musical chord
 Approximation theory
 Signal processing
 Control theory
 Application to IBVP
 Circuit Analysis
 Cell Phones

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

 Image Processing
 Signal Processing and LTI System
 Seismographs
 Eigen modes of the Earth.

CONCLUSION

The main drawback of Fourier series is, it is only applicable to periodic signals. There are
some naturally produced signals such as non periodic or a periodic, which we cannot
represent using Fourier series. To overcome this shortcoming, Fourier developed a
mathematical model to transform signals between time (or spatial) domain to frequency
domain & vice versa, which is called 'Fourier transform'.

Fourier transform has many applications in physics and engineering such as analysis of LTI
systems, RADAR, astronomy, signal processing etc.

REFERENCES

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FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

1) Engineering Mathematics Dr. K.S. Chandrashekar

2) Fourier Series and Integral Transforms Dr.S.Sreenadh

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