BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. Rules of indices

f(x) =a' isdefined only if a >0

a' =l,ar' =,va=aJa=a,a

a
1
a"

a"a" =a"
a" -=a",{am =an
m

(ab)' =a'b-a =an

2. Rules of proportionality
Ifx= ky, where k>0, then x is directly proportiional to y and it is denoted by x oc y

If xy =k,where k > 0, then x is inversely proportional to y and it is

denoted by X«
3. Identities

(a+b) =a'+ 2ab +b',(a-b) =a- 2ab +b²

a' -b' -(a+b)(a-b)
(a+b)' =a' +3a'b+ 3ab' +b

-(a+b)' +3ab(a +b)

(a-b} =a' -3a b+3ab' -b'

=a'-b-3ab(a -b)
a' +b' =(a+b)(a -ab +b')
a'-=(a-b)(a +ab+b )
Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

Quadratic equaiton
equation
equation of the form ax' +bx +c =0(a0) is called aquadratic
An
-btyb'-4ac
The values of x(roots) are x=
2a

b'-4ac is called the discriminant

If b'-4ac <0(-ve), then its roots are imaginary

-b
If b'-4ac = 0, then itsroots are equalX= 2a

If b-4ac > 0(+ve),then its roots are real and distinct

J100 =10 (V100 +10)

If x' =100, then x= ty100 = +10
Problems

Solve (i) 2x'x+1=0 (ii) x²-6x +8=0

(ii) 4x²-8x-13 =0 (iv) 3x-4x-7=0

Progression
(1) Arithmetic progression (A.P) a, a+d, a+2d,..a is the first term, d is the common difference
nh term t,= a+ (n-1)d

Sum to nterms S, (2a+(n-1)d)

(2) Geometric progression (G.P.) a, ar, ar,....

first term a and common ratio I =2

a,

nth term t, =ar

Sum to first n terms S, =a

a
If -1<r<l then sum to infinity S, 1-r ’0)
 Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I

Problems
1
Find the sum to infinity of (i) 1-;+.o
(6) 1+++...o
39 (ii) 100-50+25.....co
Binomial theorem

For small values of x, (1+x)' =l+nx approximately, (1-x)' =1-nx approximately (-1<x<1)
Problems
Find the approximate values of the following
1) V26 2) /130 3) /980 4) /630
Determinants

a b| a bl
A real number corresponds to a matrix of order 2 x 2 is called a determinant of and
Cd

la b la b
denoted by c d' where a, b, c, d are any numbers. Its value is defined as ad- bc

For 3 x 3 determinants, a b la, la,

For solving system of linear equations

a,x +b,y= C,
a,x + b,y= C, we can use determinants.
a, b,| A, =
C, b,
then x=
and y y this method is called

Crammer's rule is valid only for A 0 and can be extended for more number of variables with sufficient
number of equations.
Problems

|1 -1 0| 1 2 3
12 4 3 -2 4 6
1) Find () (üü) (v)
5 -1 6 -7 -1 8

Solve (i) x+y=3, and 2x -y=3

(ii)3x +y=2 and 5x +2y =3

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Class(XI) [NC-2023 Module-I]

Co-ordiante geometry
Distance between A(x.y)and B(x,.y,),AB=J(x, -x,) +(y,-y.)
Inclination:The angle 9 made by the line p with positive direction of X-axis and measured anticloc
is calledthe inclination of the line (0s0s180°)
Slope : If e is the indination of a line p,then tan 0 is called the slope or gradient of a line

The slope of a line whose inclination is 90° is not defined

The slope of a line is denoted by m
Let p(x,y,) and Q(x,, y;) be two points on non-vertical line whose inclination is 9, the
tan = y Y - y

dy
Slope at a point (X,, y,) is equal to dxat (K1)
Problems
Find the slope of the following lines which passes through the points
() P(2,3),Q(3,-1)(i) A(-1,-2), B(2,4)
(i) R(-1,-1),s(-3,5)
Slope intercept form of a line
y= mx + c is the slope

y=mx+c
m
(0,c)
ey intercept X

intercept forms where m is the slope and y intercept C

 Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I
Problems
Find the slope and y intercept of the following lines
(0) 3x+2y-12=0 (i) 4x-3y=6 (ii) 6x+3y-5=0

TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE
Itis the measure of amount of rotation from one side of the angle to other. If OA and OB are
initial and
final positions of the revolving ray then angle formed will be AOB.

Angles formed by anticlockwise rotation are taken as positive whereas those formed by clockwise
rotation are taken as negative.

90°

0
X 180°

270°

inone complete revolution, the total angle formed is 360º. Generally we come across angles from 00
to 360°. But there may be problems in which rotation involves more than one revolution. For example,
the rotation of wheel.

fthe revolving line start fromsome initial position and makesn complete revolutions and also afurther
angle of a in thesame direction, then the total angle described, is given by 0=(360° xn)+a.

a -360° + a

Measurement of Angles
Generally angles are measured in degrees. Aright angle is divided into 90 equal parts called Degrees.
tach degree is then divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into
60 equal parts called seconds.
But this system is not very convenient and therefore angles are preferred to be measured in Radians.
9
Class (XI[NC-2023 Module-I|

circla
circle whose length is equal to the radius of the
The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of
is called a Radian.

definition ZAOB =1rad.

If arc length AB =r=radius of the circle, then by
1 Arclength
The angle subtended at the centre by arc length AB will be =r Radius

The conversion formula from Degree to Radians is, 180° = radians

Trigonometric Functions
functions.
The ratio of different pairs of sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric

sine: Ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse, i.e. sin =p/Ih

cosine:Ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse, i.e. cos 0=b/h
*tangent: Ratio of oppositeside to adjacent side, i.e. tan9 =p/b
contangent: Ratio of adjacent side to opposite side, i.e. cot9 =blp
secant : Ratio of hypotenuse to adjacent side, i.e. sec =h/b
cOseccant : Ratio of hypotenuse to opposite side, i.e. co sec0=h/p
Trigonometric ldentities
() sin? 0+ cos 0 =1
1
(ü) tan . cot0 = 1 or, cot 0= tan0

sin 0
(iüü) tan0=.
COs

COs
(iv) cot0=
sin 0
10
 -
Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]
1
(v) sin .cos ece =1 or, cos ec =
sin 0

1
(vi) COS0. sec =1or, sec 0=
COs

(vii) 1+ tan' = sec' 0

(vii) 1+ cot? = cos ec'0
Quadrants
Let XOX and YOY be two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane. The
different regions called quadrants and are respectively 1st, 2nd, 3rd and whole plane is divided into four
4h quadrants.
The angle is said to be in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant according as the
and 4th quadrants. If the terminal side coincides with one of the axis, terminal side lies in 1st, 2nd, 3rd
then angle is called quadrant
angle.
The value of trigonometrical ratios of angles i.e.; (900 - e), (900 + 0), (1800 e), (1800 + 0),
(3600- 0), (3600 + e) can be obtained by using following procedure.

() ()
90° < < 180° 0°<0< 90°
X
180<0<270° 270°<<360°
() (I)

A) When any trigonometric ratio (sin, cos, tan etc.) is operated on angle of the form (180° +0) or,
(360° +0). Then,
(() Trigonometric function remains unchanged i.e.;
(ii) Sign is affixed according to the quadrant in which the angle lies.

() ()
sin (ve) all (+ve)

tan (+ve) cos (+ve)

() (IV)

11
Class (XI) [NC-2023 Module-I]

operated on an angle of the form (90° ±q) or, (270° tq) then.
B) When trigonometric function is
vice versa etc.
()sin cos; tan cot i.e.,sin changes into cos and
(ü) Sign is always considered on the basis of the
operating function.
cos, tan of angles 0°, 30", 45", 600, 900, whict
Students are already quite familiar with values of sin,
have been given in the following table.

30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1/W2 V3/2 1

COS 1 V3/2 1/2

1N3 V3 undefined

The value of trigonometric functions of angles 1200, 1350, 1500...... etc. can be found, as discussed
below:

Ind quadrant (900 + 0)

sin(90° +e) =cos0
cos(90°+0) =-sine
tan (90° +e) =-cote
lind quadrant (180- 0)
sin(180° - e) =sin 9
cos(180° -e)=-cos0
tan(180°- e)=-tan
Illrd quadrant (1800 + 0)

sin(180° +0) =-sin®

cos(180° +0) =-cose
tan(180° +0) =tan
llrd quadrant (2700- 0)

sin(270° -e)= -cos0

cos(270 -6) = -sin 9
tan (270°-0) =cote
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 Class(XI)[NC- 2023 Module-I)
IVth quadrant (2700 + 0)

sin(270° +0)=-cose
cos(270° +0)= sin 9
tan(270° +e)= -cot9
IVth quadrant (3600 - 0)

sin(360° -e) =-sin8

cos(360 -0)= cos 0
tan(360° -e)=-tan
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE OF COMPOUND ANGLES
The Addition Formula

() sin (A+ B) = sin A. cos B + cos A. sin B

(i) cos (A +B) = cos A.cos B- sin A. sin B
Subtraction Formula
() sin (A-B) = sin A. cos B- cos A. sin B
(i) cos (A-B) =cos A. cos B+ sin A. sin B
Production Formula
() 2 sin A. cos B = sin (A +B) + sin (A-B)
(ü) 2cos A.sin B = sin (A +B) sin (A-B)
(i) 2 cos A. cos B= cos (A- B) + cos (A + B)
(iv) 2 sin A. sin B= cOs (A- B) cos (A +B)
C+D
(v) sinC +sinD =2sin .COs C-D
2 2

(vi) sinC- sinD = 2 cos C+DsinC-D

2 2

(vii) Cos C-cosD =2 cos C+D .cos C-D

2 2

(vii) cos C- cosD = 2sin+D.cosD-C

2 2

13
 SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES
TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE OF MULTIPLE IAND
Multiple Angles
1) sin 2A = 2 sin A. s A
3) cos 2A2 osA -1
5) os 2A=1-2sinA
2tanA
7) an 2A
1-tar? A
Submutiple Angles

(6sin 2A s2 sin A, asA, putting 2

sin A-2sin
(ü) cos 2A= 208A-1, putingin placs A

coSA -20s1,
2
1+8h-2s
A
() cos 2A=1-2 sirA, putting 2 in placs A

coSA 1-2sir? 2 ,1-ssA 2sir? 2

Some Important Deductions

1, ; cOs 2A=1-2sir? A. -sir?A1-cos2A

2

2. os 2A =2IA-1 .cos' A 1+co82A

Problems

Find z () coS 2 () tan z=1 (óM) sin z = 2 (v) Tan z =3 (v) sin z=
2
Find (i) sín 24Y () 120° (6M) in 150*
Using sin 29 2 sín 6 cos6 find (0) Sirn 30 (2) sin 120° (3) sin 60

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 Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

3
0 f cos x=Evaluate (i) sin x(i) tan x(x lies in I" quadrant)
4
() If tan x = 3 .xlies in III" quadrant, Find sin x and cos x

CALCULUS
FUNCTION

Function is a rule of relationship between two variables in which one is assumed to be dependent and
the other independent variable, for example:
e.g. The temperatures at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling point
drops as youascend). Here elevation above sealevel is the independent &temperature is the dependent
variable

e.g. The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of time the investment is held. Here
time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.
In each of the above example, value of one variable quantity (dependent variable), which we might cal
y, depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable), which we might call x.
Since the value of y is completely determined by the value ofx, we say that y is afunction of x and
represent it mathematically asy= f(x).
Here f represents the function, x the independent variable &y is the dependent variable.

f(x)
Input Ouput
(Dormain) (Range)
All possible values of independent variables (x) are called domain of function.
All possible values of dependent variable (y)are called range of function.
Think ofa function fas a kind of machine that produces an output value f(x) in its range
feed it an input value x from its domain (figure) whenever we
DIFFERENTIATION
Concept of Limit
Why do we need limit of a function?

Consider the function y = x-4

X-2

It is desired to evaluate the function at x = 1. We put x=1 then, y : (0'-4-=3 (Real value)
1-2

Now we put x = 2, we have y= 4-4 0

2-2 0:which is meaningless or an indeterminate form. Thus the

15
Class(XI) [NC-2023 Module-I]
forms
substituting x= 2. There are several other which are
value of y cannot be obtained directly by
0°, o0
-,0 x o, 1", oo - o,
0
also meaningless or indeterminate. These forms are
we have to look for an
in one of indeterminate forms at a point, therefore, exacty we do
A Tünction may appear
limits of function. But the question arises what functins
alternative method, i.e., determining the
reference to the above example we have learnt that the
mnain9 the limit of afunction, With
x' -4
X-2
is not defined at x=2.
value of the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2. If we
Butstill, we want to know the tne limit of
the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2, then we Say tnat
COuld define lim.
approaches 2. In mathematics it is represented by the symbol X’2
TUnction exists as X

x*-4 at x = 2
Now we determine the limit of function y =-X-2

x'-4 (x+2)(x-2) when X+2

We know that X-2
(x-2)
x* 2).
We can cancel out x-2, then we get y = x+2 (when
of y will be greater than 4 and xgets closer to
2, y
Nowif x is slightly greater than 2, then the value
Comes closer to 4.
y will be smaller than 4 and as x gets closer
Alternatively, asxis slightly lesser than 2, then the value of
be explained as:
to 2, y comes closer to 4. Numerically, it can

x> 2 For x<2

For

2.1 4.1 1.9 3.9

4.01 1.99 3.99
2.01
4.001 1.999 3.999
2.001
2.0001 4.0001 1.9999 3.9999

is 4 as x tends to 2
Hence, as x approaches 2, y approaches 4, then the limit of y

Themathematical operationof determining limits is

expressed as: lim
X’2 X-2-44
quantities
Infinitely small and Infinitely larger
AVariable whose limit is zero Is termed as ininitely smallquantity (infinitesimal), Mathematically, it may
be written as, x’0.

16
 Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

Avartable that constantly increases in absolute magnitude is termed as infinitely large quantity. Although
intinitely large quantities do not have any limits but it is conventional to say that an infinitely large
quantity "ends to an infinite limit": and we may write lim X = 00
x’2 X -2

DIFFERENTIATION
Let y=f(0) ...0. where xis an independent variable and yis a dependent variable.
Let Ax be a small increment in the value of x, then Ay is the corresponding change in the value of y.
such that y+Ay =f(x+ Ax) (1)
Subtracting eq(i) from (ii), we get, Ay =f(x+ Ax)-f(x)

Now; Ay_f(x+Ax)-f(x)
Ax Ax

If the limit of this ratio exists as AX ’0,then it is defined as the derivative of y with respect to x and

denoted by dy or f'(x). In other words, dy

dx dx is also known as differential co-efficient of y w.r. to x.

Differentiation of some important functions

d
1.)=nx 2.()=1
1
3 4.
x?

-n d
5. yhTiXz0 6
dx
(sin x)= coS X

d
7.
dx
(cos x) =- sin x 8. e)-e
d
9.
dx
(log, x) - X
10.
dx
(C) =0

dv du
-or(fg) =fg' +gf'
Product Rule
dx
-(uv)=dx +V
dx

du dv

Quotient Rule
- dx dx

17
Class(\1)|NC-2023 Module-1]

Chain Rule (Function of afunction Rule), If y-f(u)

dy dy du
and u =g(x),then dx du dx

dy
dx
=f'(u)g'(x)
Problems
Differential the following with respect to x
(i) 6x' +2x'+1 (ii) 3sin x4cos x+x*
2
X

(iii) 4sin 2x (iv) 5 cos 2x ()(x'+1)' sin x (v) ' sin 3x (vii) Sin x

logx sin 3x
(vii) (ix) x? (x) x' coSx (xi) x' sin 2x

Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation

The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in the analysis of graphs in physics. To
understand the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and tangenl
to acurve
Secant and tangent to a curve
Secant: Asecant toa curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any two points.

Secant

Tangent:A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular point. Tangent is a limiting
case of secant which intersects the curve at two overlapping points.
tn the figure shown, if value of Ax is gradualy reduced then the point Q willmove nearer to the point P.
If the process is continuously repeated value of Ax willbe infinitely small and secant PQ to the given
curve will become a tangent at point P.

Therefore xo Ax dy tan 0
Ay
dx

y+ y

R
y

x+ Ax

18
 Clas(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e., is equal to slope of the tangent at point

P (x, y)or tan =dy

dx

ytdy

P
y
Ax

x+AX

(From first figure the average rate of change of y from x to x+ Ax is identical with the slope of secant
PQ)
DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE

dy is rate of change of y' with respect to 'x':

dx
For examples:
dx
) v= this means velocity v' is rate of change of displacement 'x' with respect to time 't
dt

dv
(i) a = this means acceleration 'a' is rate of change of velocity v with respect to time 't
dt

(ii) F= dp this means force 'F is rate of changeof momentum 'p' with respect to timet'
dt

dL
(iv) t= this means torque't'is rate of change of angular momentum 'L' with respect to time 't
dt

dW
(v) Power = this means power 'P' is rate of change of work 'W' with respect to time t
dt

this means current "' is rate of flow of charge 'q' with respect to time t
dt

Problems
(1) Find the rate of change of the area ofacircle with respect to its radius r when r=5 cm
(2) Astone is dropped in to a quiet lake and waves more in a circle at a speed of 4cm per second. At the
instant. when the raius of the circular wave is 10cm, how fact is the enclosed are increasing
(3) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y=x'-X at x=2

19
 Class (XI)[NC-2023 Module-1]

(9) Aparticle moves along the curve s = 3(2+6(+5. Find the velocity of particle after 2 sec
(5) S= 4t-8t +5t +3 Find the velocity and acceleration after 2sec
INTEGRATION
Definition

Let y = f(x) and, dy-=f'(x) or, dy =f°(x) dx

dx

Dimerentiation means to divide the function into infinite number of small elements. Now we want to
Sum up all smallelements. We can not add like in algebra, as it involves infinite terms. Further each
term is infinitely small.
Integration is the method of summation of an infinite series in which each term tends to zero. Later on
it was found that it is just an inverse process of differentiation.

:y=f(x)
Antiderivatives or Indefinite Integrals

Definitions :Afunction F(%) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if F'() =f(%) for all xin the domain df #
f. The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by

The function Is the integrand.

Integral sign x is the variable of Integratlon

Integral of f

The symbol is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable of
integration.
Definite integration or Integration with limits

The function is the integrand.

Upper limlt of integratlon x ls the variable of integratlon
b
Intogral sign.
|f(x)dx
Lower limit of integrauonteoral of ffrom a to b

where g(x) Is the antlderlvatlveof (x) l.e. g'(*) =f(x)

20
 Class (XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

able of standard elementary integrals

=-1

x)=1 :fox=x
1
(ii) logx) - X
-dx=logx
(M) (sin x) =cosx cosx dx =sinx

d
()(cosx) =-sinx :.(sin xdx = - coSX
dx

() dx :fe'dx =e'
Applications of Integration
The integration technique finds numerous applications in the study of physics.

Average of a varying quantity

calculate the average
In study of physics, many times we come across a situation where we need to
of a varying physical quantity. For example,
() Average speed and acceleration of a particle
(iü) Average force acting on a particle
(iii) Calculation of average power

(iv) Average life of aradioactive element

(v)Average kinetic and potentialenergies of an oscillating particle
Problems

Indefinite integrals

Find (1)sin 2x dx (2) cos 3x dx (3) *+x' +ldx

(4) 3x-5x +8 dx (5) (3sin x-4sin2x dx

(6)3sin 2x -6cos 4x +e"dx () *-x-dx (8) x-x+ 2dx

X

21
 Class(X1)NC-2023 Module-I]

(9) -3x++8e`dx
X

(10) sin x-4 cos x+3x +2dx (1)[x'-4x' +edx

Definite integrals

Finds [x-4x+ldx
2

(2) cos xdx (3)sin xdx

-1

(4) sin 2x dx (5) 0

2x dx (6) **-4x +3dx ).

( fx-7x+ldx (8)
sin x dx
(9) | cos2x dx 2.
-1
2
3
2

(10) [4*'+3x+ 3dx

-1

LOGARITHM

If N= an then 'n' is the logarithm of Nwith respect to 'a', and 'a' is called base of the logarithm
N=a n=log, N, a >0, a#1 and N>o (log9, N reads log Nto the base a)
When a = 10, logarithm is known as common logarithm usually denoted log N. and it is used
calculations.

For theoretical functions a=e, where 'e' is exponential constant and

the logarithm isknown as nalu
logarithm and denoted by 'In'. Inx = log, x
Rulesof logarithms
1. log,N is defined only for N> 0, a > 0, a1
2. log,a = 1
3. log,1 = 0
4. log,MN = log,M + log,N

M
5. loa -log, M-Hog N
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 Class(XI) [NC-2023 Module-I]
log, M" =nlog, M

log,M= og, M
log, N
1
log, M=
log, N

log, M=log, M
n

10. og, M= log, N

I1. -N
12. log, M>log,NM>N if a>1

13. log, M>log,NM<N if 0<a<1

Common Logarithms and Use of Log Tables
Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms. The logarithm of a
two parts: number consists of
() Characteristic : [The integral part of the logarithm]
(ii) Mantissa : The fractional or decimal part of the logarithm]
For Example: In log 273 = 2.4362, the integral part is 2and the
characteristic = 2 and mantissa = 0.4362. decimal part is 0.4362; therefore the
To find Characteristic

(i) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is

one less than the number of digits before the decimal point.
non-negative and is numerically
For Example: Innumber 475.8; the number of digits before the decimal point is three.
:. Characteristic of log 475.8 =2 [3-1= 2]
similarly,
Characteristic of log 4758 = 3 (4-1=3]
Characteristic of log 47.58 =1 [2-1=1]
Characteristic of log4.758 = 0 [1-1 =0]
(i) The characteristicof the logarithm of a number less than one is negative and numerically one more
than the number of zeros immediately after decimal point.
23
 Class (XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]

ror Example : The number O.004758 is less than one and the number of zeros immediately after de
point in it is two.

.i. Characteristic of log 0.004758 =(2+1)=-3 which is also written as 3.

Similarly, Characteristic of log 0.4352 =-1 = 1
[Since the number of zeros after decimal point = 3 and 3 + 1=4]
To Find Mantissa

The mantissa of the logarithm of a number can be obtained from the logarithmic table.
A logarithmic table consists of three parts:

()A column at the extreme left contains two digit numbers starting from 10to 99
(ii) Ten columns headed by digits 0, 1, 2, ......9.
(ii) Nine more columns headed by digits 1, 2, .....9.
1. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of one digit number: Let the number be 3.
:. Mantissa of log 3 =value of the number 30 under zero =0.4771
2. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of two digit number : Let the number be 32.
.:. Mantissa of log 32 = value of 32 under zero = 0.5051

3.To find the mantissa of the logarithm of three digit number: Let the number tbe 325.
. Mantissa of log325 = value of 32 under 5 = 0.5119
4. To find the mantissaof the logarithm of a four digit number: Let the number be 3257.
. Mantissa of log 3257 = value of 32 under 5 plus the difference under 7= 0.5128 15119 +9=E
Antilogarithms
Flog 5274 = 3.7221, then 5274 is called antilogarithm of 3.7221 and we write : antiloa 3.7221 =
We findan antilogarithm from antilogarithm tables. The antilogarithm tables are used in the sam
2sthelogarithm tables. The only diference between the two tables is that column at theextreme
the logtable contains all two digit numbers starting trom 10 to 99; whereas an antilog table co
pumbers from 0.00 to 0.99 (.e. allTractlonal numbers with only two digits after decimal) in the ex
left column of it.

Note

(i) Antilog tables are used only to tind the antlogarithm of decimal part
) To fnd the antilog of 2.368 means to ina he number whose log is 2 3AR

24
 Class(XI)NC-2023 Module-I]

Problems

In chemistry pti =-log,o| H

(1) Evaluate p" =-1log(2x10)
(2)pH =-log(0.001)
(3) If -log| H]=2.4471 thÁn f)nd [H"]
(4) Find antilog

2.3745
(5)Find antilog 3

(24771)
(6)Find antilog 3
(7) Find antilog
GRAPHS
STANDARD GEOMETRICAL CURVES

(1) Straight line: ax + by +c=0 represents general equaton of straightline. when X =0, y = and when
b
y*0, xC
a mark P)and a) joining these two points we get required line
o.cb)

P(-C/a.ð)

Ifc =0, then ax+ by = 0 represents the straight line

passing through the origin

ax+by=0

25
Class(XI)[NC-2023 Module-I]
(2) Gircle
() x*+y =r represents the standard equation of acircle whose centre is at (0,0) and radiuS

(x.y)
(0,0)

(ü) Centre (a,b) radius r, equation of the circle is (x-a)' +(y-b)´ =r

(x,y)

(a,b)

(i) General equation of a circle is x²+y'+2gx+ 2fy +c =0 whose centre

(-g,-f) and rad
r=g+f' -c
(3) Parabola

(0) (y-k)» =4a(x -h) is a prabola vertex (h,k)

(h,k)

(i) (y-k)=-4a(x-h) vertex(h, k) -(hk)

(ii) (x-h) =4a(y-k) vertex (h,k)

"| (h.k)

yl(h.k)
(w) (z-h - -4aly-k),vertez (h,k)
26
 Clas(X1) [NC-2023 Module-I]
4. Graph of an Ellipse

A. Standard equation of ellipse is x* y? =1. Centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). It cuts X-axis at (a, 0) and
(a, 0)and y axis at (0, b) and (0, -b).

a>b
B(0, b)
JB(0, 6)
b>a

+X
A'(-4, 0) A(a, 0) A(-4, 0)
>X
(0,0)| A(4, 0)
B'(0, -b)
|B(0, -b)

B. General equation of ellipse is X-a),(y-)

a -=1when a>b, then the length of semi major and
minor axes willbe aand brespectively. Equations of major and minor axes are y-B=0 and x-a =0,
respectively. Centre of the ellipse will be (a,p).
YA
iB (c. B+ b)
y=B
(a-a, B)

B(C, B- b)
>X

5. Graph of Hyperbola
x?
A. Standard equation of hyperbola is a? =1or;

() When the equation is a =1, Centre of hyperbola is (0, 0) and the vertices of the hypertbola are
(a, 0) and (-a,0). Graph of the hyperbola willbe as shown in the following figures.

A(a, 0) X
A(-4,0)

27
Class(XI)NC-2023 Module-I]

When the equation of hyperbola is y?

=1. Centre is at origin (0, 0) and their vertices a,
a?
(0, b) and (0,-b).

X
o0,0)
a s y m p t o t e

asymptoe
B.General equation of hyperbola is (x-a_
a
(y-B1 or
-(x-&),(--1
a'
Centre of hyperbola willbe (a,ß). Equations of its two axes are x-a=0and y-ß=0.
Rectangular Hyperbola (Equilateral hyperbola)
when b= a, equation is
x*-y =a or xy =¢*
6. Graph of Trigonometrical Functions
()) y=sin x
It is defined for allvalues of xand -1s sin xs1 ie; ye[-11 and periodic function with period 2r.

21/
32 -o2 0 ’X
3d2

(i1) y= cos x
It is defined for allvalues of xand -1s cos xs1i.e.; ye-11| and periodic function with period 2

-27 23
-302 2 302

28
 Class (X) [NC-2023 Module-I]

(ii) Draw the graph oy= sin

Hirstof allfwe draw the graph of y=sin xand translate it along the negative direction of x-axis througn
4 scale units. The graph will be as shown in
figure.
Y

3z
4
4 4
X
4

(iv) Draw the graph oy =sinx

First of all we draw the graph of y= sin xand translate it along the
positive direction of X-axis through 4
scale units. The graph will be as shown in figure.

1 y= sin x y= sin|-*
A

37 5r
4
4 2

9x
4

(v) Plot y=sin x and y =sin 2x

Here; y = sin 2x, is to shrink (or contract) the graph of sin x by 2 units along x-axis, shown in figure.
Y
y= sin xy= sin 2

2r
2

From figure it is clear that sin x is periodic with

period 2r and sin 2x with period n,
(vi) Plot y= sin x ancy = sin

Here; y = , is tostretch (or expand) the

graph of sinx2 times along x-axis, shown in
figure, It
is clear that sin x is periodic with period 2n and
Sin is periodic with period 4n,

29