Lighting Design and Simulation

Lecture 6. Advanced Lighting Design (Additional Lighting

Design Considerations)

TDMU
Lecture overview
• Steps for making a lighting design
• Form, Feeling, Function
• Visual performance
• Well-being

2
Light and the Built
Environment
• Form
• Feeling
• Function
Texture of surfaces

Uplighted arches in a cathedral

Objects appear differently depending

on how they are illuminated

3
 Lighting design

Source: Philips Lighting

4
Light and design
• Basic elements

the receiver the path the source

5
Steps for making a lighting
design
1. Analyze options and limitations 9. Determine the lighting control
2. Determine the objective system and the lighting
scenes
3. Translate or visualize objective
in lighting concept
4. Translate concept in
lighting requirements
5. Visualize in sketch plan
6. Identify light sources,
luminaires, etc.
7. Calculate and validate
8. Change if needed

6
Steps for making a lighting
design
1. Analyze options and limitations
• Type of room
• Room size
• Use of colors
• Windows (orientation, size, view). Use of daylight
• Function or activities that will take place
• Interior organization of the room e.g., position of desk,
kitchen
• Energy use
• Budget
7
Steps for making a lighting
design
2. Determine the main objective(s) and order
• Form (architectural)
• Feeling (atmosphere, ambiance)
• Function (visual and non-visual performance)

8
Steps for making a lighting
design
2. Determine the main objective(s) and order e.g.,
• Office space, main activity desk work computer
and normal reading and writing.
• Light should support work activities of office
worker. Function (visual, non-visual)
• Entrance hall, representative and waiting area
visitors and reception space with computerwork
and welcoming visitors.
• Light should enhance welcoming character while
supporting the work of reception employees.
(Feeling, architecture and function)

9
Steps for making a lighting
design
3. Translate or visualize objectives individually
• Form (architectural)
• Architectural design elements, what to
enhance, composition
• Feeling (atmosphere, ambiance)
• Qualitative (example, pictures, words)
or quantitative
• Function (visual and non-visual performance)
• Qualitative (example, pictures, words)
or quantitative

10
Steps for making a lighting
design
4. Translate concept in lighting requirements
• Form (architectural)
• Architectural design elements, what to enhance,
composition e.g., luminance ratio 1:50 for
dramatic effect, warm color
• Feeling (atmosphere, ambiance)
• Qualitative e.g., cozy, warm or
quantitative (Tcp<3000K, uniformity < 0.5)
• Function (visual and non-visual performance)
• Qualitative or quantitative (E>500lx,
UGR>18, uniformity >0.7, standards)

11
Steps for making a lighting
design
5. Visualize in sketch plan

12
Steps for making a lighting
design
6. Identify light sources, luminaires
• Based on simple calculations
• Light sources (more about light sources, wk 4)
a. spectrum
b. Color temperature
c. Color rendering index
d. Luminous flux (lm)
e. Efficacy (lm/W)
• Luminaires (more about luminaires, wk 5)
a. Luminous intensity (cd)
b. Light distribution

13
Steps for making a lighting
design
7. Calculate and validate
• Calculate (values)
• Simulate (visualization)

14
Estimate the total Luminous flux
when aiming for 500lx on floorlevel
E = Φ/A
A = 21.6
m2 10.800
lm
How much per luminaire
when assuming Light output
ratio of 0.73?
(total lamp flux)* (number
of luminaires)*(Light output
ratio)
~ 2466 lm
15
Steps for making a lighting design
8. Check the results
• If requirements are not met, change and follow
the previous process.
• Calculate (values)
• Simulate (visualization)

9. Determine the lighting control system and the

light scenes

16
 Kiasma Museum of Modern Art,
Helsinki
• Design criteria
Light source Illuminance Luminance Color Height Density Direction/distribution
Light pocets: 20-50 lx Medium Warm 4m Linear Indirect, multidirectional,
Fluorescent diffuse
2nd floor
Accent lighting: 0-1000 lx Medium Warm 4m Organized Direct, down,
galleries Halogen pattern concentrated
Light pockets: 20-250 lx Medium Warm 4.7 m Linear Indirect, multidirectional,
Fluorescent diffuse
3rd floor Accent lighting: 0-1000 lx Medium Warm 4.7 m Organized Direct, down,
galleries Halogen pattern concentrated
Sky light: Fluorescent 20-100 lx Medium Warm 8m Linear Indirect, multidirectional,
diffuse

th
Indirect light on top of 20-200 lx Medium Warm 5m Linear Indirect, multidirectional,
5 floor wall: Fluorescent diffuse
galleries
Accent lighting: 0-1000 lx Medium Warm 7m Organized Direct, down,
Halogen pattern concentrated

17
Kiasma Museum of Modern Art,
Helsinki
• Light calculations

Fifth floor

Third floor

18
Form

19
 Kiasma Museum of Modern Art,
Helsinki
• Light pockets to focus the eye of the viewer
upwards and enhance the curved architecture

20
Architecture,
form

21
Form

22
Lighting Design -
form
• Supporting architecture
• Strengthening
• Contrasts
• Shapes
• Creating accents

Christ the King Church, Albany NY Chapelle du Haute, Ronchamp

23
Lighting design – Form
• Supporting architecture
• Difference between day and night

Seattle Public Library (Office of Metropolitan Architecture OMA)

24
Lighting design – Form
• Supporting architecture
• Difference between day and night

Reformed Municipality De Ark, Urk (EGM architecten)

25
Light
requirements
• Quality of light
• Form
• Feeling
• Function
• Visual
• Non-image forming

Shoebaloo

26
Light and people
• Feeling/Psychological
• Mood
• Behavior
• Atmosphere
• Expectation

Shoebaloo

27
Feeling

28
Feeling/expectation

Shoebaloo

29
Lighting design – atmosphere
• Associations
• Restaurants, cafés
• Low light levels and warm colors:
evening, cozy, relaxing, old-
fashioned
• High light levels and cool / bluish
colors: chilly, detached, modern

30
Lighting design – atmosphere
• Dynamic, movement, guiding
• Theater, club

31
 Lighting design – atmosphere
• Experience
• Public (exterior) spaces

Studio Roosgaarde – Dune

GLOW Light festival, Eindhoven

32
Lighting design – atmosphere
• Light level
• Choice of color
• Choice of materials
• Distribution of light

Diverse, active, interesting Uniform, boring, without contrast,

without colors

33
Feeling/behavior

34
Behavior

35
Behavior

36
Behavior

37
Light and people
• Visual performance for the task and the
environment
• Functional
• Safety
• Well-being
• Mood
• Alertness
• Performance
• Biological clock
Shoebaloo

38
Visual performance
• Brightness
• Adaptation by the pupil
• Adaptation by
chemical processes in
the eye
• Contrast
• Difference between points

Emotional Non-Image
forming

39
Visual performance
• Visual tasks (NEN-EN 12464)
• Enough light
• No discomfort
• Spectrum of light
• Support the non-visual aspects

40
Visual performance
• Visual tasks
• Safety and orientation

41
Visual performance
• Standards – NEN-EN 12464
• Light and lighting – workspaces Part 1: interior
work spaces
• Terms and definitions
• Criteria for design
• Visual comfort
• Visual performance
• Safety

42
Visual performance
• Standards – NEN-EN 12464
• Parameters:
• Luminance distribution, illuminance
• Color
• Ranges – light flickering
• List of tasks/workspaces
• e.g., work space in an office

43
Visual performance
• Standards – NEN-EN 12464, specific
• Illuminance necessary for performing a certain
visual task expressed in
• Maintaned illuminance Ēm
• Distribution (Emin/ Egem)
• Luminance and luminance distribution
• UGR (measure for glare)
• Minimum shielding angle
• Color Rendering Index (Ra)

Ref, no Type of area, task Em [lx] UGR [L] [-] U0 [-] Ra [-] Specific
or activity requirements

44
Visual performance
• Ēm Maintained illuminance NEN-
EN 12464
• Minimum average
illuminance specified working
area [lx]

Ref, no Type of area, task Ēm [lx] UGR [L] [-] U0 [-] Ra [-] Specific
or activity requirements
5.36.1 Classrooms, 300 19 0.6 80 Lighting should be
tutorial rooms controllable
5.26.3 Technical drawing 750 16 0.7 80

45
Visual performance

46
Visual performance

47
Visual performance

48
Visual performance
• Glare
• Bright areas within the visual field
that are perceived as
uncomfortable or even as disabling
work.
• Can result in
• Tiring
• Errors
• Accidents

49
Lighting design – functional
• Creating lighting conditions that consider adaptation
time
• Luminance ratios in the work environment
• Rules of thumb
• Working space 1:3:10
• Daylight opening 1:3:10:40
• Artificial lighting 1:3:10:20

50
 Lighting design – functional
10
• Luminance 1 3

• Absolute
• Ratios

1000

100
300

51
Visual performance
• Glare
Luminance [cd/m2]
Direct light source

Source Indirect via reflections Observer

52
Visual performance
• Glare from direct light source
• Depends on screen quality*
• Good screen quality: < 1000 cd/m2
• Bad screen quality: < 200 cd/m2
L 650

*According to iso 9241-7

53
 Visual performance
• Glare, UGR, Unified Glare Rating

Ref, no Type of area, task Ēm [lx] UGR [L] [-] U0 [-] Ra [-] Specific
or activity requirements
5.36.1 Classrooms, 300 19 0.6 80 Lighting should be
tutorial rooms controllable
5.26.3 Technical drawing 750 16 0.7 80

NEN 12464-1: 2009 (E)

54
Visual performance
• Glare, UGR

55
Visual performance
• UGR quality limits

UGR Example of activities

16 Technical drawing
19 Reading, writing, computer aided drawing,
conferencing
22 Reception desk
25 Archives, stairways, hallways
28 Routes
NEN 12464-1: 2009 (E)

56
Visual performance
• Glare, Unified Glare Rating

UGR
 8log 10
 0,25  L ω 2

 Lb
p  2

 luminaire

Lb= Background luminance[cd/m2] ω

L = Luminance of light source (in the viewing
direction) [cd/m2]
ω = Solid angle of source [sr]
p = Guth position index
Viewing

57
Visual performance
direction

58
Visual performance

59
 Visual performance
• UGR determination
• Table per luminaire
• UGRR
• Reference for standard room size and reflection factors
• Graphs
• Calculate e.g., in DIALux

60
Visual performance
• Color
• Correlated Color
Temperature
(CCT/Tcp)
• Color Rendering
Index (CRI/Ra)

61
Visual performance
• Correlated color UV
Visible
IR
temperature 7000 K

Relative spectral Power

6000 K
• Thermal radiator 5000 K

• Incandescent lamp
4000 K
~2800 K
• Halogen lamp 3000 K
~3000 K
2800 K
• Sun ~6000 K

2000 K
400 800 1600 2400

62
Visual performance
• Correlated color temperature
• Most electric lightsources: correlated
Color Temperature, CCT or Tcp [K]

63
Light spectrum
• Correlated Color temperature (CCT or Tcp in Kelvin)
• Color rendering index (CRI or Ra)

64
Correlated color
temperature

65
 Correlated color
temperature

3000 Kelvin

4000 Kelvin

5000 Kelvin

6500 Kelvin

66
Visual performance -
Correlated
color temperature

67
Visual performance -
Correlated
color temperature
The choice of color temperature is about psychology,
aesthetics and what is regarded as natural.

68
Visual performance – Visual
acuity
and CCT
• Research question: Does CCT influence the visual
performance?

69
Visual performance

70
Visual performance
• Visual acuity and CCT
• At 200 lx, significant better visual performance at
higher CCT
Near visual acuity 200 lx

80

75

2700
score

70 5000
11000

65

60
22-76 22-40 40-65 65-76
age group

71
 Visual performance
• Color rendering index CRI or Ra

Ref, no Type of area, task Ēm [lx] UGR [L] [-] U0 [-] Ra [-] Specific
or activity requirements
5.36.1 Classrooms, 300 19 0.6 80 Lighting should be
tutorial rooms controllable
5.26.3 Technical drawing 750 16 0.7 80

NEN 12464-1: 2009 (E)

72
Visual performance
• Color Rendering Index
• For the visual performance, comfort and wellbeing it is
important that the colors in the environment of
objects and the human skin is naturally and properly
displayed
• The measure is Color Rendering Index [-]

Ra = 90 Ra = 70

73
Visual performance
©Digital LuminationTM

74
Color rendering index
• Color appearance of a surface depends on the
spectral distribution of the illuminating light source

75
Visual performance -
CRI
• Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Ra= 0
• High pressure mercury lamps, some high pressure
sodium lamps (a few Ra >60 or Ra >80) Ra= 20-59
• Some methalhalide lamps Ra= 60-79
• Most fluorescent lamps and some methalhalide
lamps, most white LED‘s Ra= 80-89
• Incandescent lamp, halogen lamp Ra= 90-100

Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp

76
Visual performance –
CRI
• Most interior applications
• Ra > 80
• Examples
• Hallways, stairways Ra > 40
• Parking area Ra > 20
• Several treatment rooms
• In a hospital Ra > 90
• Intensive care Ra > 90
• Industrial color inspection Ra > 90

77
Visual performance
• Low pressure sodium lamp
• Efficacy low pressure sodium lamp: < 200 lm/W

400 500 600 700 (nm)

78
 Color rendering index
• Color appearance of a surface depends on the
spectral distribution of the illuminating light source

High pressure sodium High pressure metal halide

Ra = 25 Ra > 80

79
Visual performance
Brown textile

80
Visual performance
Brown textile under daylight

81
Visual performance
Brown textile under 3 bands fluorescent

400 500 600 700

(nm)

82
Visual performance –
CRI

Ra 25 Ra 100 Ra > 80

83
Visual performance –
color
• Color Rendering Index

84
Light and people
• Visual performance for the task and the
environment
• Functional
• Safety
• Well-being
• Mood
• Alertness
• Performance
• Biological clock

85
Non-image forming
• Light for
• Preventing
(Winter)
depression
• Controling sleep –
wake cycle
• Being alert during
the day / night
• Preventing jet-lag
• Dementia disease
• …..

86
Non-image forming
• Suggested design bedroom lighting
• Dusk/wake up light

87
Non-image forming
• Suggested design living room lighting
• Morning peak, high illuminance, high CCT

88
Lighting design examples
Lighting design, electrical
lighting

88
Lighting design

89
Room
surfaces
• Walls: 90% reflection • Walls: 15% reflection
→ E average = 835 lx → E average = 579 lx
→ ~30% less

90
Lighting Design -
Scheepvaartmuseum
Amsterdam
• Requirements
• Innovative
• Theatrical
• 70% LED
• Support the exposed museum pieces
• Low explotation costs
• Principals
• Rijks Gebouwen Dienst
• Het Nederlands
Scheepvaartmuseum, (for exhibitions
etc.)
• Light designers
91
• Kees van de Lagemaat, Niko van
der Klugt (lichtontwerpers.nl)

92
Lighting design
• Aspects often depend on each other
• Swimming pool: functional, atmosphere, shape
• Kitchen: functional, atmosphere

93
Lighting design
• Aspects often depend on each other
• Meeting rooms have different requirements than
office spaces
• Presentations
• Body language
• Space needs to be stimulating!

94
Questions?