A Handbook of

Statistical Analyses
using SAS
SECOND EDITION

Geoff Der
Statistician
MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, Scotland
and
Brian S. Everitt
Professor of Statistics in Behavioural Science
Institute of Psychiatry
University of London
London, U.K.

CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Preface

SAS, standing for Statistical Analysis System, is a powerful software package

for the manipulation and statistical analysis of data. The system is exten-
sively documented in a series of manuals. In the first edition of this book
we estimated that the relevant manuals ran to some 10,000 pages, but
one reviewer described this as a considerable underestimate. Despite the
quality of the manuals, their very bulk can be intimidating for potential
users, especially those relatively new to SAS. For readers of this edition,
there is some good news: the entire documentation for SAS has been
condensed into one slim volume — a Web browseable CD-ROM. The bad
news, of course, is that you need a reasonable degree of acquaintance
with SAS before this becomes very useful.
Here our aim has been to give a brief and straightforward description
of how to conduct a range of statistical analyses using the latest version
of SAS, version 8.1. We hope the book will provide students and research-
ers with a self-contained means of using SAS to analyse their data, and
that it will also serve as a “stepping stone” to using the printed manuals
and online documentation.
Many of the data sets used in the text are taken from A Handbook of
Small Data Sets (referred to in the text as SDS) by Hand et al., also
published by Chapman and Hall/CRC.
The examples and datasets are available on line at: http://www.sas.
com/service/library/onlinedoc/code.samples.html.
We are extremely grateful to Ms. Harriet Meteyard for her usual
excellent word processing and overall support during the preparation and
writing of this book.

Geoff Der
Brian S. Everitt

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Contents

1 A Brief Introduction to SAS

1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Microsoft Windows User Interface
1.2.1 The Editor Window
1.2.2 The Log and Output Windows
1.2.3 Other Menus
1.3 The SAS Language
1.3.1 All SAS Statements Must End with a Semicolon
1.3.2 Program Steps
1.3.3 Variable Names and Data Set Names
1.3.4 Variable Lists
1.4 The Data Step
1.4.1 Creating SAS Data Sets from Raw Data
1.4.2 The Data Statement
1.4.3 The Infile Statement
1.4.4 The Input Statement
1.4.5 Reading Data from an Existing SAS Data Set
1.4.6 Storing SAS Data Sets on Disk
1.5 Modifying SAS Data
1.5.1 Creating and Modifying Variables
1.5.2 Deleting Variables
1.5.3 Deleting Observations
1.5.4 Subsetting Data Sets
1.5.5 Concatenating and Merging Data Sets
1.5.6 Merging Data Sets: Adding Variables
1.5.7 The Operation of the Data Step
1.6 The proc Step
1.6.1 The proc Statement
1.6.2 The var Statement

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 1.6.3 The where Statement
1.6.4 The by Statement
1.6.5 The class Statement
1.7 Global Statements
1.8 ODS: The Output Delivery System
1.9 SAS Graphics
1.9.1 Proc gplot
1.9.2 Overlaid Graphs
1.9.3 Viewing and Printing Graphics
1.10 Some Tips for Preventing and Correcting Errors

2 Data Description and Simple Inference: Mortality and Water

Hardness in the U.K.
2.1 Description of Data
2.2 Methods of Analysis
2.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

3 Simple Inference for Categorical Data: From Sandflies to

Organic Particulates in the Air
3.1 Description of Data
3.2 Methods of Analysis
3.3 Analysis Using SAS
3.3.1 Cross-Classifying Raw Data
3.3.2 Sandflies
3.3.3 Acacia Ants
3.3.4 Piston Rings
3.3.5 Oral Contraceptives
3.3.6 Oral Cancers
3.3.7 Particulates and Bronchitis
Exercises

4 Multiple Regression: Determinants of Crime Rate in the

United States
4.1 Description of Data
4.2 The Multiple Regression Model
4.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

5 Analysis of Variance I: Treating Hypertension

5.1 Description of Data
5.2 Analysis of Variance Model
5.3 Analysis Using SAS

©2002 CRC Press LLC

 Exercises

6 Analysis of Variance II: School Attendance Amongst

Australian Children
6.1 Description of Data
6.2 Analysis of Variance Model
6.2.1 Type I Sums of Squares
6.2.2 Type III Sums of Squares
6.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

7 Analysis of Variance of Repeated Measures: Visual Acuity

7.1 Description of Data
7.2 Repeated Measures Data
7.3 Analysis of Variance for Repeated Measures Designs
7.4 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

8 Logistic Regression: Psychiatric Screening, Plasma Proteins, and

Danish Do-It-Yourself
8.1 Description of Data
8.2 The Logistic Regression Model
8.3 Analysis Using SAS
8.3.1 GHQ Data
8.3.2 ESR and Plasma Levels
8.3.3 Danish Do-It-Yourself
Exercises

9 Generalised Linear Models: School Attendance Amongst

Australian School Children
9.1 Description of Data
9.2 Generalised Linear Models
9.2.1 Model Selection and Measure of Fit
9.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

10 Longitudinal Data I: The Treatment of Postnatal Depression

10.1 Description of Data
10.2 The Analyses of Longitudinal Data
10.3 Analysis Using SAS
10.3.1 Graphical Displays
10.3.2 Response Feature Analysis
Exercises

©2002 CRC Press LLC

11 Longitudinal Data II: The Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
11.1 Description of Data
11.2 Random Effects Models
11.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

12 Survival Analysis: Gastric Cancer and Methadone Treatment

of Heroin Addicts
12.1 Description of Data
12.2 Describing Survival and Cox’s Regression Model
12.2.1 Survival Function
12.2.2 Hazard Function
12.2.3 Cox’s Regression
12.3 Analysis Using SAS
12.3.1 Gastric Cancer
12.3.2 Methadone Treatment of Heroin Addicts
Exercises

13 Principal Components Analysis and Factor Analysis:

The Olympic Decathlon and Statements about Pain
13.1 Description of Data
13.2 Principal Components and Factor Analyses
13.2.1 Principal Components Analysis
13.2.2 Factor Analysis
13.2.3 Factor Analysis and Principal Components
Compared
13.3 Analysis Using SAS
13.3.1 Olympic Decathlon
13.3.2 Statements about Pain
Exercises

14 Cluster Analysis: Air Pollution in the U.S.A.

14.1 Description of Data
14.2 Cluster Analysis
14.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

15 Discriminant Function Analysis: Classifying Tibetan Skulls

15.1 Description of Data
15.2 Discriminant Function Analysis
15.3 Analysis Using SAS
Exercises

©2002 CRC Press LLC

16 Correspondence Analysis: Smoking and Motherhood,
Sex and the Single Girl, and European Stereotypes
16.1 Description of Data
16.2 Displaying Contingency Table Data Graphically Using
Correspondence Analysis
16.3 Analysis Using SAS
16.3.1 Boyfriends
16.3.2 Smoking and Motherhood
16.3.3 Are the Germans Really Arrogant?
Exercises

Appendix A: SAS Macro to Produce Scatterplot Matrices

Appendix B: Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises

References

©2002 CRC Press LLC