3.1.1 Support Doc Paul Poiret Bio
3.1.1 Support Doc Paul Poiret Bio
3.1.1 Support Doc Paul Poiret Bio
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The Berg Companion to Fashion
--------
eBook
Valerie Steele (ed)
Berg Fashion Library
POIRET, PAUL
Caroline Rennolds Milbank
Pages: 569–573
Born into a solidly bourgeois Parisian family (his father, Auguste Poiret, was a respectable cloth merchant), Poiret attended a Catholic lycée, finishing as was typical in his early teens. Following
school came an apprenticeship to an umbrella maker, a mêtier that did not suit him. At the time, it was possible to begin a couture career by shopping around one’s drawings of original fashion
designs. Couture houses purchased these to use as inspiration. Poiret’s first encouragement came when Mme. Chéruit, a good but minor couturière, bought a dozen of his designs. He was still a
teenager when, in 1896, he began working for Jacques Doucet, one of Paris’s most prominent couturiers.
Auspiciously, Doucet sold four hundred copies of one of Poiret’s first designs, a simple red cape with gray lining and revers. And in four years there, the novice designer rose up in the ranks to
become head of the tailoring department. His greatest coup was making an evening coat to be worn by the great actress Réjane in a play called Zaza. The biggest splash fashion could make in those
days was on the stage, and Poiret made sure to design something attentionworthy: a mantle of black tulle over black taffeta painted with largescale iris by a wellknown fan painter. Next came the
custom of more actresses, and then, while working on the play L’Aiglon starring Sarah Bernhardt, Poiret snuck into a dress rehearsal where his scathing critique of the sets and costumes were
overheard by the playwright, costing him his job. (The remarks could not have alienated Madame Bernhardt, as he would dress her for several 1912 films.) He fulfilled his military service during the
next year and then joined Worth, the top couture house as an assistant designer in 1901. There he was given a sous chef job of creating what Jean Worth (grandson of the founder) called the “fried
potatoes,” meaning the side dish to Worth’s main course of lavish evening and reception gowns. Poiret was responsible for the kind of serviceable, simple clothes needed by women who took the bus
as opposed to languishing in a carriage, and while he felt himself to be looked down on by his fellow workers, his designs were commercial successes.
In September 1903 he opened his own couture house on the avenue Auber (corner of the rue Scribe). There he quickly attracted the custom of such former clients as the actress Réjane. In 1905 he
married Denise Boulet, the daughter of a textile manufacturer, whose waiflike figure and nonconventional looks would change the way he designed. In 1906 Poiret moved into 37, rue Pasquier, and
by 1909 he was able to relocate to quite grand quarters: a large eighteenthcentury hôtel particulier at 9 avenue d’Antin (perpendicular to the Faubourg SaintHonoré and since World War II known as
Avenue FranklinRoosevelt). The architect Louis Suë oversaw the renovations; the spectacular open grounds included a parterre garden. Poiret also purchased two adjoining buildings on the
Faubourg St. Honore, which he later established as Martine and Rosine.
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The Poiret Rose
While there are some designers associated with specific flowers (Chanel and the camellia, Dior and the lilyofthevalley) no one can claim the achievement of having reinvented a flower in such a
way as to have it always identified with them. The Poiret rose (reduced to its simplest elements of overlapping curving lines) may have appeared for the first time in the form of a three
dimensional silk chiffon flower sewn to the empire bodice of Josephine, one of the 1907 dresses featured in the 1908 album Les Robes de Paul Poiret.Flat versions of the Poiret rose,
embroidered in beads, appeared on the minaret tunic of the wellknown dress Sorbet, 1913. Poiret’s characteristically large and showy label also featured a rose.
The dresses were no less newsworthy and influential. When Poiret introduced his lean, highwaisted silhouette of 1908, it was the first time (but hardly the last) that a radically new fashion would be
based fairly literally on the past. The dresses, primarily for evening, feature narrow lines, high waists, covered arms, low décolletés. Their inspiration is both Directoire and medieval. In abandoning
the bifurcated figure of the turn of the twentieth century, Poiret looked back to a time when revolutionary dress itself was referencing ancient times. Suddenly the hourglass silhouette was passé.
Poiret, Bakst, and Orientalism
Poiret had an affinity with all things Eastern, claiming to have been a Persian prince in a previous life. Significantly, the first Asianinspired piece he ever designed, while still at Worth, was
controversial. A simple Chinesestyle cloak called Confucius, it offended the occidental sensibilities of an important client, a Russian princess. To her grand eyes it seemed shockingly simple, the kind
of thing a peasant might wear; when Poiret opened his own establishment such mandarinrobestyle cloaks would be bestsellers.
The year 1910 was a watershed for orientalism in fashion and the arts. In June, the Ballet Russe performed Scheherazade at the Paris Opera, with sets and costumes by Leon Bakst. Its effect on the
world of design was immediate. Those who saw the production or Bakst’s watercolor sketches reproduced in such luxurious journals as Art et Decoration (in 1911) were dazzled by the daring color
combinations and swirling profusion of patterns. Since the belle époque could be said to have been defined by the delicate, subtle tints of the impressionists, such a use of color would be seen as
groundbreaking.
Although color and pattern were what people talked about, they serve to obscure the most daring aspect of the Ballet Russe costumes: the sheerness (not to mention scantiness) of the materials.
Even in the drawings published in 1911, nipples can be seen through sheer silk bodices, and not just legs, but thighs in harem trousers. Midriffs, male and female, were bare altogether. Whether
inspired or reinforced by Bakst, certain nearEastern effects: the softly ballooning legs, turbans, and the surplice neckline and tunic effect became Poiret signatures.
The cover of Les Modes for April 1912 featured a Georges Barbier illustration of two Poiret enchantresses in a moonlit garden, one dressed in the sort of boldly patterned cocoon wraps for which
Poiret would be known throughout his career, the other in a soft evening dress with high waist, belowthekneelength overskirt, narrow trailing underskirt, the bodice sheer enough to reveal the
nipples.
While Poiret’s claim to have singlehandedly banished the Edwardian palette of swooning mauves can be viewed as egotistical, given Bakst’s tremendous influence, his assertions about doing away
with the corset have more validity. In each of the numerous photographs of Denise Poiret she is dressed in a fluid slide of fabric; there is no evidence of the lumps ands bumps of corsets and other
underpinnings. Corsetry and sheerness are hardly compatible and boning would interrupt Poiret’s narrow lines.
The JupeCulotte
In the course of producing his (hugely successful) second album of designs Les Choses de Paul Poiret (1911), Poiret asked his latest discovery, the artist Georges Lepape, to come up with an idea
for a new look. It was Mme. Lepape who sketched her idea of a modern costume and put it in her husband’s pocket. When Poiret asked where the new idea was, Lepape had to be reminded to fish it
out. The next time they met, Poiret surprised the couple with a mannequin wearing his version of their design: a long tunic with boat neck and high waist worn over dark pants gathered into cuffs at
the ankle. And so, at the end of the album under the heading: Tomorrow’s Fashions, there appeared several dress/trouser hybrids, which would become known as jupeculottes.
The jupeculotte caused an international sensation. The Victorian age had left the sexes cemented in rigid roles easily visible in their dress—men in the drab yet freeing uniform of business, and
women in an almost literal gilded cage of whalebone and steel, brocade and lace. While Poiret’s impulse seems to have been primarily aesthetic, the fact that it coincided with the crusade of
suffragists taking up where Amelia Bloomer had left off, served to bring about a real change in how women dressed. For months anything relating to the jupeculotte was major news. In its most
common incarnation, a kind of highwaisted evening dress with tunic lines revealing soft chiffon harem pants, the jupeculotte was wildly unmodern, requiring the help of a maid to get in and out of
and utterly impractical for anything other than looking au courant. Poiret did design numerous more tailored versions, however, often featuring military details and his favorite checked or striped
materials; these do look ahead (about fifty years) to the highfashion trouser suit.
Martine
In the space of five years, Poiret had become a worldrenown success. Now came another influential act. Martine, named after one of Poiret’s daughters, opened 1 April 1911 as a school of
decorative art. Poiret admitted to being inspired by his 1910 visit to the Wiener Werkstätte, but his idea for Martine entailed a place where imagination could flourish as opposed to being disciplined in
a certain style. Young girls, who, in their early teens had finished their traditional schooling, became the pupils. Their assignment was to visit zoos, gardens, the aquarium, and markets and make
rough sketches. Their sketches were then developed into decorative motifs. Once a wall full of studies had been completed, Poiret would invite artist colleagues and wallpaper, textile, or embroidery
specialists for a kind of critique. The students were rewarded for selected designs, but also got to see their work turned into such Martine wares as rugs, china, pottery, wallpaper, textiles for interiors,
and fashions. The Salon d’Automne of 1912 displayed many such items made after designs of the École Martine and Poiret opened a Martine store at 107, Faubourg SaintHonoré.
Within a few years, a typical Martine style of interior had been developed, juxtaposing spare, simple shapes with largescale native designs inspired in the main from nature. A 1914 bathroom
featured micromosaic tiles turning the floor, sink case, and tub into a continuous smooth expanse punctuated by murals or tile panels patterned with stylized grapes on the vine. There were Martine
departments in shops all over Europe; although more decorative than what would become known as art deco and art moderne, Martine deserves an early place in the chronology of modern furniture
and interior design.
Also in 1911 Poiret inaugurated a perfume concern, naming it after another daughter, Rosine, and locating it at the same address as Martine. Poiret’s visionary aesthetic was perfectly suited to the
world of scents and he was involved in every aspect of the bottle design, packaging, and advertising, including the Rosine advertising fans. He was also interested in new developments of synthetic
scents and in expanding the idea of what is a fragrance by adding lotions, cosmetics, and soaps. Fellow couturiers like Babani, the Callot Soeurs, Chanel, and Patou were among the first to follow
suit; thanks to Poiret, perfumes continue to be an integral part of the image (and business) of a fashion house.
Poiret the Showman
At a time when the runway had yet to be invented and clothes were shown on models in intimate settings in couture houses, Poiret’s 1911 and 1914 promotional tours of Europe with models wearing
his latest designs made a tremendous splash.
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His last truly notable bit of showmanship was his display at the 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels. Rather than set up a display in an approved location in an official building,
Poiret installed three barges on the Seine. Decorated in patriotic French colors, Delices was a restaurant decorated with red anemones; Amours was decorated with blue Martine carnations; and
Orgues was white featuring fourteen canvases by Dufy depicting regattas at Le Havre, Ile de France, Deauville; and races at Longchamps, showing some of Poiret’s last dress designs under his own
label. It was clear that his zest for ideas was being directed elsewhere other than fashion. Typically over the top, he also commissioned a merrygoround on which one could ride figures of Parisian
life, including him and his midinettes, or shopgirls.
The Poiret Milieu
Poiret’s interest in the fine, contemporary arts of the day began while he was still quite young. His artist friends included Francis Picabia and André Derain, who painted his portrait when they were
both serving in the French army in 1914. His sisters were Nicole Groult, married to Andre Groult, the modern furniture designer; and Mme. Boivin, the jeweler; another was a poet. Besides
discovering Paul Iribe and Georges Barbier, he reinvigorated the career of Raoul Dufy by commissioning woodcutbased fabric designs from him and starting him off on a long career in textile
design and giving new life to his paintings as well. Bernard Boutet de Monvel worked on numerous early projects for Poiret, including, curiously, writing catalog copy for his perfume brochures. While
quite young, Erté saw (and sketched) Poiret’s mannequins in Russia in 1911; after emigrating to Paris he worked as an assistant designer to Poiret from the beginning of 1913 to the outbreak of war
in 1914. His illustrations accompanied articles about Poiret fashion in Harper’s Bazaar and reveal a signature Erté style that might not have developed without the inspiration of Poiret. He also
launched the careers of Madeleine Panizon, a Martine student who became a milliner, and discovered shoemaker Andre Perugia, whom he helped establish in business after World War I.
Poiret’s Clientele
Not surprisingly, Poiret’s clients were more than professional beauties, clotheshorses, or socialites. Besides the very top actresses of his time, Réjane and Sarah Bernhardt, the entertainer
Josephine Baker, and the celebrated Liane de Pougy, one of the last of the grandes horizontales, there were: the Countess Grefulhe, muse of Marcel Proust, and Margot Asquith, wife of the English
prime minister, who invited him to show his styles in London, creating a political furor for her (and her husband’s) disloyalty to British designers. Nancy Cunard, ivory bracelet–clad icon of early
twentiethcentury style, recalled that she had been wearing a goldpanniered Poiret dress in 1922 at a ball where she was bored dancing with the Prince of Wales but thrilled to meet and chat with T.
S. Eliot.
The international cosmetics entrepreneur Helena Rubinstein met Poiret while he was a young design assistant at Worth and followed him as he struck out on his own. She was photographed in one
of his daring jupeculottes in 1913 and wore a Poiret Egyptian style dress in her advertisements in 1924. The quintessentially French author Colette was a client. Boldini painted the Marchesa Casati
in a chic swirl of Poiret and greyhounds. The American art patrons Peggy Guggenheim and Gertrude Whitney dressed in high bohemian Poiret and Natasha Hudnut Rambova, herself a designer and
the exotic wife of the matinee idol Rudolf Valentino, went to Poiret for her trousseau.
Postwar Poiret
Poiret was involved for the duration of the war as a military tailor, and although he occasionally made news with a design or article, when he was demobilized in 1919 he had to relaunch his fashion,
decorating, and perfume businesses. His first collection after the war, shown in the summer of 1919, was enthusiastically received and fashion magazines like Harper’s Bazaar continued to regularly
feature his luxurious creations, typically made in vivid colors, lushpatterned fabrics, and trimmed lavishly with fur. Poiret’s work perfectly suited the first part of the 1920s. The dominant silhouette was
tubular, and fairly long, and most coats were cut on the full side with kimono or dolman sleeves. Such silhouettes were perfect for displaying the marvelous Poiret decorations, either Martineinspired
or borrowed from native clothing around the world. He continued to occasionally show such previous greatest hits as jupeculottes and dresses with minaret tunics. In 1924 he left his grand quarters
in the avenue d’Antin, moving to the Rond Point in 1925. He would leave that business in 1929.
Obscurity
By 1925 Poiret had begun to sound like a curmudgeon, holding forth against chemise dresses, short skirts, fleshcolored hose, and thick ankles with the same kind of ranting tone once used by M.
Worth to criticize Poiret’s trouser skirt. Financially, he did poorly too, and he sold his business in 1929.
While Gabrielle Chanel is credited with being the first woman to live the modern life of the twentieth century (designing accordingly), it is Poiret who created the contemporary idea of a couturier as
widereaching arbiter. His specific fashion contributions aside, Poiret was the first to make fashion frontpage news; to collaborate with fine artists; develop lines of fragrances; expand into interior
decoration; and to be known for his lavish lifestyle. Poignantly he was also the first to lose the rights to his own name.
Poiret’s earliest styles were radically simple; these would give way to increasingly lavish “artistic” designs and showmanlike behavior. By 1913 Harper’s Bazaar was already looking back at his
notable achievements: originating the narrow silhouette, starting the fashion for the uncorseted figure, doing away with the petticoat, being the first to show the jupeculotte and the minaret tunic. That
the fashion world was already nostalgic about his achievements proved oddly prescient: his ability to transform how women dressed would pass with World War I.
See also Doucet, Jacques; Fashion Designer; Orientalism; Paris Fashion; Worth, Charles Frederick.
Bibliography
Deslandres Yvonne, with Dorothée Lalanne. Poiret Paul Poiret 1879–1944. New York: Rizzoli International, 1987.
Remaury Bruno, ed. Dictionnaire de la Mode Au XXe Siecle. Paris: Editions du Regard, 1994.
Sweeney Johnson. ““Poiret Inspiration for Artists, Designers, and Women”.” Vogue, 1 September 1971, 186–196.
White Palmer. Poiret. New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1973.
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