Applications of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics is of use in many areas of engineering and science:-

• Automobiles
• Air-conditioning/ Refrigeration
• Aircrafts
• Hydraulic Power plant
• Steam Power Plants
• Design of pumps, turbines

,
 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Hydraulic Systems
• Transportation by boats,ships
• Lubricants
• Submarines
• Cooling of Electronic Components
• Households
• Biomechanics
• Chemical Industries
• Food Process Industry
 Subject Books
TEXT BOOK
1. A Textbook of Hydraulics Khurmi RS S. Chand Publication, 1983
2. A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Bansal R K S. Firewell Media, 2005
3. Hydraulics Jagdish Lal Metropolitan Publisher, Delhi 1963
4. Fluid Mechanics Fox, Mcdonanld and Pritchard 8 th Edition, Wiley Publishers, 2013

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Fluid Mechanics Frank M. White. 7 th Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,Boston, USA. 2010.
2. Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. Yunus A. Çengel and John M.
3. Cimbala. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, USA.2006.
4. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Bruce R. M.,Donald F. Y. and Theodore H. O. 4 th Ed. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, USA. 2002
5. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications E. John Finnemore and Joseph B.
6. Franzini. 10 th Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, USA. 2002
 Definitions
● Fluid Mechanics
Its a branch of physic deals with mechanics of fluids and the force
on it.
● Statics
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics,
• Dynamics
The branch that deals with bodies in motion considering force and
pressure is called dynamics.
• Kinematics
The study of fluids in motion, where pressure forces are not
considered, is called fluid kinematics
 Fluid
• Fluid is a substance that is capable of flowing. It has no
definite shape of its own. It takes the shape of its container.
• Both liquids and gases are fluids.
Examples of fluids are :
• Water
• Milk
• Kerosene
• Petrol
• Steam
• Air etc
 Difference in Gases and Liquid Fluid
Comparison basis Gas Liquid

• Define It has no definite shape and It has a definite volume but no

occupy the volume of the definite shape
container

• Fluidity Flows in all the directions Always flows from higher to

lower level

• Molecular arrangements Random but more space between Random but less space between
molecules molecules

• Molecular attraction Minimum Medium

• Storage facility Needs a closed container to Needs a container to store

store

• Compressibility Easy Nearly difficult

 Types of Fluids

● Ideal fluid - Practically, no ideal fluid exists.

● Real fluid - Examples: Kerosene, Petrol, Castor
oil,Honey
● Newtonian fluid Examples: water, air, ethyl alcohol,
benzene, Oil emulsions, Glycerin, Kerosene
● Non-Newtonian fluid - Examples: Pastes, Gels &
Polymer solutions.
● Ideal plastic fluid - Examples are: Quick sand,Ketch-up
 Types of Fluids

The slope of a curves indicates the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that stress strain
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 Unit 1 - Content
● Units and Dimensions
● Properties of fluids;
● Static pressure of liquids:
● Hydraulic pressure,
● Absolute and Gauge pressure,
● Pressure head of a liquid;
● Pressure on vertical rectangular surfaces
● Compressible and non- compressible fluids;
● Surface tension and Capillarity;
 Properties of Fluids
Different Properties

● Mass Density
● Specific Weight
● Specific Volume
● Specific Gravity
● Viscosity
● Surface Tension
● Capillarity
 Properties of Fluids
● Mass Density(ρ)
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume i.e amount of
material in unit volume for any form - solid liquid or gaseous

ρ= m/V , Unit is kg/m3

ρ water= 1000 kgm-3
ρair =1.23 kgm-3
● Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by unit mass.

Specific volume =
Volume of a fluid / Mass of fluid

Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. S.I unit: m3/kg.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( Weight Density)(s):
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density or weight of a fluid to the density or
weight of a standard fluidi.e for liquid water & for gas its air.
Density or weight of liquid
Specific gravity =
Density or weight of (Std Fluid) water
For Mercury its 13.6
 Properties of Fluids
● Specific Weight (γ)
Its is defined as force exerted by gravity on unit
volume of fluid

γ = weight/volume = (m x g)/V = ρg
= ρg,
3
Unit - kg/m X m/s2
= N/ m3
 VISCOSITY
• Moving fluid, it develops shearing stress
• For stationary fluid no shear stresses is developed
• Fluid particles in contact with boundary will get stuck
to these boundary and will have no motion or velocity
• We can visualized the Moving of a fluid over boundary
as layers of a fluid moving one above the other.
• The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance
from the solid boundary increases
 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
• In flowing fluid as shear stress is developed we need to
calculate it at different point in fluid
• τ = shear stress
• μ = viscosity of fluid
• du/dy = shear rate or velocity gradient
• The property viscosity μ depends on nature of the fluid,
temperature.
 Types of Viscosity
Dynamic Viscosity
• Dynamic viscosity, µ , is defined as the Shear force per unit area .In order to move one layer
over other the layer is to be pulled with unit velocity at unit distance from it in fluid .
• It give internal friction in fluid
• It’s a Molecular attraction which is cohesive force

μ = τ dy/du
Nsm-2 or kgm-1s-1 or Pa.s or poise(10Poise = 1 Nsm-2)

Viscosity of Water is – 1.14 X 10-3 kgm-1s-1

Viscosity of Air is - 1.78 X 10-5 kgm-1-s-1

 Types of Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity,
● Its ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density of fluid
Where-
μ - dynamic viscosity
ρ - mass density
● Its considered for significant viscous and gravitational forces if exist.
● Unit - kinematic viscosity; m2/s
● Value for water = 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s
for Air = 1.46 x 10-5 m2/s
 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
Compressibility is the reciprocal of Bulk
Modulus of Elasticity, K which is defined as the
ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain

Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston

Let V= Volume of a gas enclosed in the cylinder
p =Pressure of gas when volume is V
Let the pressure is increased to p+ dp,
The volume of gas decreases from V to V – dV.
 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
Then increase in pressure = dp
Decrease in volume = dV
Volumetric strain = - dV/V
Bulk Modules(K) = Increase of pressure /Volumetric strain
= dP/dV/V = (dPXV)/dV
- ve sign means the volume decreases with increase of pressure.

Compressibility is given by = 1/K

 Surface Tension
● Surface tension is defined as the tensile force
acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a
gas or on the surface between two immiscible
liquids such that the contact surface behaves
like a membrane under tension.
● Surface tension is created due to the unbalanced
cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at
the fluid surface.
● Molecules in the interior of the fluid mass are
surrounded by molecules that are attracted to
each other equally. However, molecules along
the surface are subjected to a net force toward
the interior.
 Surface Tension
● A tensile force is acting in the plane of the surface along line on
the surface.
● The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along
any line on the surface is called the surface tension.
● It is denoted by Greek letter σ (called sigma).
● The SI unit is N/m.
● Surface tension σ is the force per unit contact length
● σ = F/L, where
● σ = surface tension, force/length,
● F = surface force at the interface, and
● L = length of interface.
 Surface Tension Examples & Factors
Examples
● Formation of soap bubble
● Formation of water droplet
● Breakup of liquid Jet
● Collection of dust particles on water surface
● Capillarity
Factors
● Depends on cohesive force
● Temperature
● Nature of liquid
● Nature of surrounding fliud
● Kinetic energy of liquid
 Surface Tension on liquid Droplet σ
● Consider a small spherical droplet of a
liquid of radius ‘R'.
● On the entire surface of the droplet, the
tensile force due to surface tension will
be acting.
● Let σ = surface tension of the liquid
P= Pressure intensity inside the droplet
(in excess of the outside pressure
intensity)
● R= Radius of droplet. Let the droplet is 25

cut into two halves. The forces acting

on one half (say left half) will be
 Surface Tension on liquid Droplet σ
(i)Tensile force due to surface tension acting around the
circumference of the cut portion as shown and this is
equal to
= σ x Circumference = σ x 2πR
(ii) pressure force on the area (π/4)d 2 and = P x πR2
These two forces will be equal and opposite under equilibrium conditions, i.e.,

(2πR) X σ = P x (πR2),
P= 2σ/R
 Surface Tension on liquid Bubble σ
● A hollow bubble like a soap
bubble in air has two
surfaces in contact with air,
one inside and other
outside.
● Thus two surfaces are
subjected surface tension. 2(2πR) X σ = P x (πR2), 27

P= 4σ/R
 Surface Tension on liquid Jet σ
Consider a Jet of water of Dia. d and Length l
● Let σ = surface tension of the liquid
P= Pressure intensity inside the jet above
outside pressure intensity
● For equilibrium of jet two forces will be
equal and opposite
● ,Tensile force due to surface tension acting
along the cut portion length as shown and
σ x 2l =
this is equal to = σ x length = σ x 2l
● (ii) pressure force on the area l x d and = P x (l x d),
● Pxlxd P= 2σ/d
 CAPILLARITY
The rise and fall of liquid above the general level is capilllarity
•When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
• - Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
• - Cohesion forces: forces within liquid
•If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube will take a
shape as in figure (b) .Referance -slide share ppt of OR FAIZA ABD RAHMAN
N

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 Capillarity Examples
● The absorption of ink by a blotting paper is due to
capillary action, as the blotting paper is porous. When
it is placed over the ink, the ink raises into the pores.
● Also rise of oil in the wick of a lamp is due to capillary action.

● Supply of water to the leaves at the top of even a tall tree is through capillary rise.
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 Capillarity Rise Derivation
Consider a thin tube is inserted in a container
h = the height of the liquid in the vertical tube,
d = the diameter of the capillary tube
σ = the surface tension
θ = the angle made by the liquid with the
wetted tube wall
ρ = density of fluid
Upward force = Downward force
Upward force is due to surface tension force that is vertical component = σcosθ
so total Upward force is due to surface tension = πdx σcosθ
Downward force = weight of liquid column in tube = m x g = Vxρxg
Volume in tube = (π x d2)/4 Xh
Downward force = weight of liquid column in tube = (π x d2)/4 x h xρxg
πdx σcosθ = (π x d2)/4 x h xρxg
h = (4σcosθ )/(ρxg xd)