Complex Numbers

Engr. Jomar Llanto

 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to :
•Define Complex Numbers
•Differentiate Imaginary from Real Numbers
•Perform Algebraic Manipulations with Complex
Numbers
•Identify Properties of Complex Numbers
•Perform Trigonometric, Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions of Complex Numbers
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
The first to use complex numbers for solutions to equations was
the Italian mathematician Girolamo Cardano, who found the
formula for solving cubic equations.

The term “complex number” was introduced by the great

German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also paved the
way for a general and systematic use of complex numbers.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
DEFINITION:
A number of the form of ,
a+bi
with a and b are real constants and

i = −1

is called a complex number.

The number a is called the real part,

and b is called the imaginary part .
 EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
PROPERTY:
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if the real
parts are equal and the imaginary parts are also equal.
That is,
a + bi = c + di
if and only if a = c and b = d
Example:
If 3x – 5 + ( 4x + 3)i = y – 4 + ( 3x + y)i, find x & y.
Solution:
Real: 3x-5 = y -4
Imaginary: 4x+3 = 3x+y
Hence solving for x and y: x= 2 and y = 5
 EXAMPLES
Solve the following equations for x and y.
1. 4 – xi = 2y – 3i
Answer: x = 3 and y =2
2. 2y – 3 + ( 4x + 8)i = 0
Answer: x = -2 and y =3/2
3. 3x + ( y – x)i = 6
Answer: x = 2 and y =2
4. x + 2y + 3i = 3 + ( 2x – y)i
Answer: x = 9/5 and y =3/5
5. 2x + i log y = 8 + 3i
Answer: x = 3 and y =1000
 POWERS OF (i)
From
i = −1 i 3 = −i i =i5

i = −1
2
i =1
4
i 6 = −1
In general,
i n = 1 if n is divisible by 4
in = -1 if n is divisible by 2 but not divisible by 4
= i if n is divided by 4, the remainder is 1
= -i if n is divided by 4 the remainder is 3
 EXAMPLES
Simplify:
378
(a). i 561 (b). i (c). i 3571
Answers:
(a). i (b). -1 (c). -i

Simplify:
(a). i234 - i2789 (b). i2563 + i346465 (c). 3i22415+2 i2536
Answers:
(a). -1-i (b). 0 (c). 2-3i
 OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let z = a +bi and w = c + di be elements of the set of
complex number. Then the following operations are:
ADDITION
z + w = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d )i

SUBTRACTION
z − w = (a + bi) − (c + di)
= (a − c) + (b − d )i

MULTIPLICATION
z • w = (a + bi) • (c + di)
= (ac − bd ) + (ad + bc)i
 OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let z = a +bi and w = c + di be elements of the set of
complex number. Then the following operations :
CONJUGATE
z = z ' = (a + bi) = (a + bi)'
= a − bi

DIVISION
z a + bi a + bi c − di
= = •
w c + di c + di c − di

ac + bd cb − ad
= + i
c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2
 OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Perform the indicated operations, leaving each result in
the form a + bi.
1.( 5 – i) – ( 3 + 2i) + ( 2 + i) 2. i + ( 8 – 3i) + (- 2 +7 i)
Answer: 4- 2i Answer: 6+5i
3. ( 3 + 2i)( 2 -3 i) 4. ( 4 – 5i)( 4 + 5i)
Answer: 12-5i Answer: 41
5. ( 4 – 3i)2 6. ( 4 - 3i)3
Answer: 7-24i Answer: -44-117i
7. i 8. 2+i
3 − 4i 2 + 3i
Answer: (-4+3i)/25 Answer: (7-4i)/13
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
When a rectangular coordinate plane is used to
represent complex numbers, the x-axis is called the real
axis, the y-axis the pure imaginary axis and the plane
the complex plane.
iy
P(a, b)=a+bi

Consider the rectangular form of the

complex number
r
b
z = a + bi


then z = r cos  + r sin  i
a x z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) = r cis ,

Fig 1 this is called the polar form of z.

Argand Diagram
 RECTANGULAR TO POLAR FORM
The Rectangular Form of the Complex Number is of the form:
z= x+yi
Since :
x = r cos  y = r sin 

This can be expressed equivalently as

z = (r cos ) + i (r sin )
z = r ( cos  + i sin )
z = r cis  = r 
where r = a 2 + b 2 is called the modulus
and  = Tan-1 (b/a) is called the argument of z
 POLAR TO RECTANGULAR FORM
The Polar Form of the Complex Number is of the form:
z = r cis  = r 
Since :
 = Tan-1 (b/a) and z = a 2 + b 2
 EXPONENTIAL FORM
The Exponential Form of the Complex Number is of the form:

z = r e i
Proof:
The Euler’s Formula
eui = cos u + i sin u
 2 4   3 5 
cos = 1 − + − ... sin  =  − + − ..
 2! 4!   3! 5! 

e i = 1 + i +
(i )2
+
(i )3
+ ...
2! 3!
i   2
 4
   3
 5

e = cos + i sin  = 1 − + − ... + i  − + − ...
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
 PRODUCT or QUOTIENT IN EXPONENTIAL FORM
When the complex number is expressed in polar form:
i 1
z1 = r1e z 2 = r2 ei 2
The product can be expressed as:
i1
z1 z2 = r1e  r2e i 2 = r1r2ei (1 +2 )
And the quotient as:
z1 r1ei1 r1 i (1 − 2 )
= i 2 = e
z2 r2 e r2
When the complex number is expressed in exponential form:
z1 = r11 z2 = r22
The product and the quotient can be expressed as:
z1 r1
z1 z2 = r1 * r2(1 +  2 ) = (1 −  2 )
z2 r2
 EXAMPLES
Express the results in a + bi

( Z1 + Z 2 ) Z 2 Z1 = 8cis0.96
Z 2 = 3cis0.25

− i 0.45
1.230e
i 2.45
0.27e