Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

Probability and statistics

Exercise II

1. The number of hours worked each week by a certain salesman over the past two months are
52 45 37 54 46 40 42 12 Assuming these are sample data, calculate:
a) The mean working hour for a week
b) Median working hour
c) The third quartile value
d) The range
e) The midrange
f) The variance
g) The standard deviation
h) The cv
Solution:
 x=
∑ x = 328 =¿41
8 8
1 1
 Median= ( 4 thob+ 5th ob ) = ( 42+45 )=43.5
2 2
3 th
 Q3 = ( n+1 ) obs=6.75th ob=6 th+.75 ( 7 th−6 th )=46+.75∗(52−46 )
4
=46+4.5 = 50.5
 Range=54−12=42
 Midrange = Range/2 =21
❑

 Variance =
∑
❑
( x−x )
2
( 52−41 )2+ …+ ( 12−41 )2 1190
= = =170
n−1 8−1 7
 Standard deviation = √ 170 = 13.04
s 13.04
 Cv = ×100 %= ×100 %=31.8 %
x 41

2. Child-Care Community Nursery can continue to be supported by the social services office as
long as the average annual income of the families whose children attend the nursery does not
exceed 3,600 Birr. The annual family incomes (Xi in Birr) of the families of the attending
children are:
4200 1524 2400 1800 3420 2220 3000 4800 4164 6000 5484
a) Does Child-Care qualify now for support?
b) If the answer to (a) is no, by how much must the average family income fall for them to
qualify? If the answer to (a) is yes, by how much can the average family income rise and
Child-Care still stay eligible?
c) Find the median annual family income for the data in question (2).

Solution: ∑ x =39012∧n=11

a) μ=
∑ x = 39012 =3546.55 , the average income does not exceed 3600, Yes it qualifies.
n 11
b) 3600 – 3546.55 = 53.45
c) n=11 ,therefore median= ( )
n+1 th
2
th
observation=6 ob .=3420
3. Consider the following grouped frequency distribution of the monthly water consumption (to
the nearest cubic meter) of 36 households in a certain city.
Monthly water consumption Number of households
1-3 6
4-6 12
7-9 1 10
10-12 5
13-15 3
 a) Find the mean monthly consumption of water b) Find the median consumption of
water.
d) Find the most frequent monthly consumption of water.
Solution
Monthly Freq.(F) CM F*CM Cum.
water Freq.
consumption
<CF
1-3 6 2 12 6
4-6 12 5 60 18
7-9 10 8 80 28
10-12 5 11 55 33
13-15 3 14 42 36

a) Mean=
∑ FcM = 249 =6.92
∑ F 36

( )
n
−F
b) 2 n
Median=Lmed +W ; Lmed =6.5 , F=1 , w=3 , f =10 , =18
f med 2
Hence, Median = 6.5
∆1
c) Mode=Lmod + w × ; L =3.5 , ∆1 =12−6=6 , ∆2 =12−10=2;
∆1 +∆ 2 mod
6
Mode=3.5+3 × =3.5+ 2.25=5.75
6+ 2

4. The average monthly salary of a group of 60 junior experts of a company is 800 Birr and that
of 20 senior experts working in the same company is 1200 Birr.
a) Find the mean salary of all experts of the company.
b) If each expert gets an increment of 40 Birr, then what is the mean salary after increment
of: i) junior experts? ii) senior experts?
c) If each expert gets a 10 percent salary increment, then what is the mean salary after
increment of: i) junior experts? ii) senior experts?
Solution:
x J =800 , x S=1200 n j=60 , ns =20
60× 800+20 ×1200 72000
a) x c = = =900
80 80
b) i) 840 ii)1240
c) 10% increment means multiplying every term by 1,1
i. 800*1.1 = 880 ii. 1200*1.1 = 1320

5. The gross national product (GNP) (in millions of Dollars) of a certain country during the early
1980’s is given below. Year GNP
1981 1915
1982 2050
1983 2229
1984 2423
1985 2581

2
 a) Calculate the average annual percentage growth in GNP over that period.
b) Estimate the GNP for 1986 (assume the same rate of increment).
Solution:
The Growth rates are :
r1 2050/1915 1.070  GM = √4 1.07∗1.087∗1.087∗1.065=1.0775
r2 2229/2050 1.087 The annual percentage growth is 7.7%
r3 2423/2229 1.087  Estimate the GNP for 1986 = 2581*1.0775
r4 2581/2423 1.065 =2781

6. If the geometric mean of two positive numbers is 16 and their arithmetic mean is 20, then find
the two numbers.
Solution: Let the numbers be x and y. From the given information
x+ y
GM =16= √ xy ∧AM =20= → 256=x ( 40−x ) → x 2−40 x +256=0 solving the quadratic
2
equation, the numbers become 32 and 8.

7. The mean monthly salary of female employees of a company is 750 Birr, while the mean
monthly salary of male employees is 600 Birr. It is known that the mean monthly salary of
male and female employees combined is 690 Birr.
a) What is the ratio of the number of female employees to male employees?
b) What percentage of employees are females?
Solution:
x F =750 , n F=number of female , x M =600 ,n M =number of male and
❑ x F × nF + x M × n M
xc = =690 →690 n M +690 nF =750 n F +600 n M
nF +n M
3 n
→ 90 n M =60 n F → = F
2 nM
n
a) F M :n =3 :2
b) Percentage of female = 3/5*100 = 60%

8. The mean grade of 100 students was calculated to be 65 with a standard deviation of 5. It was
later discovered that a grade of 19 was misread as 90. What are the correct mean and standard
deviation?

Solution: x w =mean with wr . obs .=65,

x −x
o x c =x w + c w =65+ 19−90 =65−.71=64.29
n 100
n n−1

o ∑x 2
i
n 2 i=1
∑ x 2i
x 2w n 2
2 i=1
S =
w − xw = + − x
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 w
n−1

n 2 x
2 ∑ x2i
2 w i=1
⟹ Sw + x − =
n−1 w n−1 n−1
n−1

x
2
n 2 x
2
n 2 xc
∑ x 2i 2
2 2 w i =1 c
⟹S +x −
w −
w xc+ = − x+
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1 c n−1

3
 n

∑ x 2i
( )
2 2
n x x n 2 2
⟹ S 2w +
n−1
( x 2w −x 2c ) + c
− w = i=1 −
n−1 n−1
x =S
n−1 n−1 c c

( )
2 2
100 ( 2 19 −90
65 −64.29 ) +
2 2
Therefore , S c =25+ =25+ 92.72−78.20=39.52,∧¿
99 99
 Hence , S❑c ≅ 6.29

9. The sales (in hundreds of Birr) of two shops A and B were recorded for 30 days and the
following summary was drawn:
Shop A Shop B
Mean sales 45 50
Standard deviation of sales 5 5
Firm A Firm B
Which shop has less variation in its sales?
mean 54 48
s 20 10 Solution: The CV of shop B is less than that of A,
hence Score 56 50 less variation is observed in sales in shop B.
z_scor
10. An e 0.1 analysis of the weekly wages (in Birr) paid to workers
0.2
in two textile firms A and B gives the following results:
Firm A Firm B
Average weekly wage 54 48
Standard deviation of weekly wages 20 10
Fikru, who belongs to Firm A, gets a weekly wage of 56 Birr, while Abdissa, who belongs to Firm
B, receives a weekly wage of 50 Birr. Which of the two workers is relatively paid better as
compared to the workers in his firm?
Solution: The standard score for both Fikru and Abdisa is as indicated in the table:

 Relative to the workers in his firm,

11. Students’ ages in the regular daytime BA program and the evening BA program of a certain
university are described by the following two samples:
Regular BA 23 29 27 22 24 21 25 26 27 24
Evening BA 27 34 30 29 28 30 34 35 28 29
If homogeneity of age is a positive factor in teaching, use a measure of relative variability to
suggest which of the two groups will be easier to teach.
Solution
R d dd E d dd
1 23 -1.8 3.24 27 -3.4 11.56  CvR= 2.49/24.8 *100 =10.02%
2 29 4.2 17.64 34 3.6 12.96  CVE =2.88/30.4 *100% =9.5%
3 27 2.2 4.84 30 -0.4 0.16
4 22 -2.8 7.84 29 -1.4 1.96  CvR > CvE. The age distribution
5 24 -0.8 0.64 28 -2.4 5.76 of regular daytime students is
6 21 -3.8 14.44 30 -0.4 0.16 more heterogeneous. It seems
7 25 0.2 0.04 34 3.6 12.96 it is difficult to teach regular
8 26 1.2 1.44 35 4.6 21.16 daytime students as compared
to Evening students.

4
 9 27 2.2 4.84 28 -2.4 5.76
10 24 -0.8 0.64 29 -1.4 1.96
S 248 55.6 304 74.4
m 24.8 30.4
v 6.2 8.3
std 2.49 2.88

12. An electronic company is considering a new type of training program for its employees.
Previously, it took an average of 29.75 hours to train each employee with a standard deviation
of 8.5 hours. The new training program, which is computer-aided, is believed to reduce each
employee’s training time by half. If the belief turns out to be correct, what is the standard
deviation in the training time after applying the new training program?
Solution:
 Let X be training time using customary method; E(x) =29.75, Sd(X) =8.5. Y be the
computer aided training time. If Y =1/2X, Sd(Y) = ½*Sd(X) = ½*8.5 =4.25

13. The mean life of 100-watt bulbs is 1050 hrs, and the standard deviation is 100 hrs.
a) If a new process adds 50 hrs to the life of each bulb, find the standard deviation and the
coefficient of variation.
b) If the life of each bulb is doubled, find the new standard deviation and coefficient of
variation.
Solution:
o Let T be life time of a bulb. E(T) =1050 and Sd(T)=100
o Y= life time of bulbs produced by new process.
a) If Y=T+50, E(Y)=E(T+50) =E(T)+50 = 1100 and Sd(Y)=Sd(T+50) = Sd(T) =100
b) If Y = 2*T, E(Y)=2E(T) = 2100 and Sd(Y)=2*Sd(T) =200. Cv(Y)=Sd(Y)/E(y)
=200/2100 = 9.5%

14. Given and , find the mean and standard deviation. If each value of the
variable is multiplied by 5 and then increased by 12, find the mean and standard deviation of
the new set of values.
Solution:

o E(x) = ∑ =12
2

Var(x) = ∑
x 10 x 2−( ∑ x ) 24000−14400
= =106.7
10 n( n−1) 90
o If Y =5(X) +12, E(Y) =5*12 +12 = 72, Sd(Y) =Sd(5X+12) =5*Sd(X) =60
15. The following are the grade point averages of 30 students recently admitted to the graduate
program in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research at the
University of California at Berkeley.
3.46, 3.72, 3.95, 3.55, 3.62, 3.80, 3.86, 3.71, 3.56, 3.49, 3.96, 3.90, 3.70, 3.61, 3.72, 3.65,
3.48, 3.87, 3.82, 3.91, 3.69, 3.67, 3.72, 3.66, 3.79, 3.75, 3.93, 3.74, 3.50, 3.83
a) Calculate the sample mean x̄. 3.72
b) Calculate the sample standard deviation s. 0.15
c) Determine the proportion of the data values that lies within x̄ ± 1.5s and compare with
the lower bound given by Chebyshev’s inequality. 80%, 55%
d) Determine the proportion of the data values that lies within x̄ ± 2s and compare with the
lower bound given by Chebyshev’s inequality. 100% 75%

16. The fuel capacity in gallons of 50 randomly selected 1995 cars is shown here:
Class Frequency
10-12 6
13-15 4
5
 16-18 14
19-21 15
22-24 8
25-27 2
28-30 1
Find
i. mean
ii. median
iii. Modal value
iv. 6th decile value
v. nter quartile range
vi. Variance
vii. Standard deviation
viii. Coefficient of variation