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    Lesson No.4 in ES 65

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    Zamanoden D. Unda
    1. The document discusses relative equilibrium of liquids, which occurs when a liquid is at rest within its container but in motion relative to the earth. This represents an intermediate state between static hydrostatics and dynamic hydrokinetics. 2. Two cases of relative equilibrium are described: 1) When a vessel containing liquid experiences constant linear acceleration. The free surface of the liquid will be inclined at an angle related to the acceleration. 2) When a vessel containing liquid rotates at constant angular speed, centrifugal force causes the free surface to form a parabolic shape. 3. Sample problems are provided to calculate properties like pressure, spillage, and uncovered area for rotating vessels containing liquids undergoing relative equilibrium.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lesson No.4 in ES 65

    Uploaded by

    Zamanoden D. Unda
    20 views6 pages
    1. The document discusses relative equilibrium of liquids, which occurs when a liquid is at rest within its container but in motion relative to the earth. This represents an intermediate state between static hydrostatics and dynamic hydrokinetics. 2. Two cases of relative equilibrium are described: 1) When a vessel containing liquid experiences constant linear acceleration. The free surface of the liquid will be inclined at an angle related to the acceleration. 2) When a vessel containing liquid rotates at constant angular speed, centrifugal force causes the free surface to form a parabolic shape. 3. Sample problems are provided to calculate properties like pressure, spillage, and uncovered area for rotating vessels containing liquids undergoing relative equilibrium.

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    1. The document discusses relative equilibrium of liquids, which occurs when a liquid is at rest within its container but in motion relative to the earth. This represents an intermediate state between static hydrostatics and dynamic hydrokinetics. 2. Two cases of relative equilibrium are described: 1) When a vessel containing liquid experiences constant linear acceleration. The free surface of the liquid will be inclined at an angle related to the acceleration. 2) When a vessel containing liquid rotates at constant angular speed, centrifugal force causes the free surface to form a parabolic shape. 3. Sample problems are provided to calculate properties like pressure, spillage, and uncovered area for rotating vessels containing liquids undergoing relative equilibrium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    20 views6 pages

    Lesson No.4 in ES 65

    Uploaded by

    Zamanoden D. Unda
    1. The document discusses relative equilibrium of liquids, which occurs when a liquid is at rest within its container but in motion relative to the earth. This represents an intermediate state between static hydrostatics and dynamic hydrokinetics. 2. Two cases of relative equilibrium are described: 1) When a vessel containing liquid experiences constant linear acceleration. The free surface of the liquid will be inclined at an angle related to the acceleration. 2) When a vessel containing liquid rotates at constant angular speed, centrifugal force causes the free surface to form a parabolic shape. 3. Sample problems are provided to calculate properties like pressure, spillage, and uncovered area for rotating vessels containing liquids undergoing relative equilibrium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Lesson No.

    RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

    The liquid is then in equilibrium and at rest with respect to the vessel, but it is neither in equilibrium
    nor at rest with respect to the earth. In this condition a liquid is said to be in relative equilibrium.
    Hydrokinetics deals with liquids that are in motion with respect both to the earth and to their containers.
    Relative equilibrium may be considered as an intermediate state between hydrostatics and
    hydrokinetics. Two cases of relative equilibrium:

    1. Vessel Moving With Constant Linear Acceleration

    a. Horizontal Motion a =0 Forces acting at any mass at pt.C are: W = mg

    Weight W = mg A A F = ma Inertia Force F = ma C → a

    Normal Reaction N which must be perpendicular B N To the surface

    Applying the conditions of static equilibrium:

    The slope that surface AB will assume for any constant acceleration of the
    vessel, tan �� =���� = ����
    or tan �� = ���� ����

    Therefore, the surface and all planes of equal hydrostatic pressure must be inclined at this angle ��
    with the horizontal.

    b. Inclined Motion

    From the inclined surface: ��

    tan �� =������
    ��
    ����+������ = ��

    ��+ ���� W + Fy = mg + may


    use + if the acceleration is upwards Fx = max use - if the acceleration is downwards
    N ��
    1|Page

    c. Vertical Motion

    Consider a mass of fluid accelerated upwards or downwards with an acceleration of a as shown in the
    figure. The forces acting at a point h below the liquid surface are the weight of the liquid above the
    point, mg, the inertia force , ma , and the pressure force F = �� ����, then,
    ∑ Fy = 0
    F – mg- ma = 0
    �� ���� = �� (�� + �� )
    But m = W/g
    W = �� ������������
    m = W/g = �� ��
    ��, V = h dA inertia force = ma y
    W = mg m = �� ℎ ����
    ��, substitute to the equation above; p = 0
    �� ���� =�� ℎ ����
    ��( a + g ) , dA h
    �� ℎ
    �� =
    ��
    ��( a + g ) = �� ℎ ( 1 + �� )
    ��
    Or �� = �� ℎ ( 1 ± ��) F = �� ����

    Use (+) if the acceleration is upwards.


    Use (-) if the acceleration is downwards.

    Sample Problems:

    1. A truck mounted open-top water tank is 10 m long, 2.75 m wide and 2.5 m deep and is 3/5 full of
    water. a. Find the greatest horizontal acceleration which the truck may be given w/o spilling the water.
    b. Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass.
    c. If the acceleration is increased to 6 m/sec 2, how much water is spilled out?

    2. A vessel containing oil ( sp.gr. 0.70 ) moves in a vertical path with an acceleration of 8 ft/sec 2. Find the
    intensity of pressure @ a point in the oil 3 ft. beneath its surface when:
    a. moving upward with positive acceleration.
    b. moving upward with negative acceleration.
    c. moving downward with positive acceleration.

    3. A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15° with the horizontal @ 1.2 m/sec2.
    Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the acceleration is ;
    a. upwards. b. downwards.
    2|Page
    II. Rotating Vessels

    When a liquid mass is rotated about a vertical axis at a constant angular speed of �� ( in radians per
    second ), every particle experiences a normal acceleration of an which is equal to ��2��= ��2 ��
    where �� is the distance of the particle from the axis of rotation. This acceleration causes an inertia
    force (centrifugal force or reversed normal effective force) which is equal to ������
    ����������2 ��.

    tan �� =���� ��
    ��(���������� ���� ��ℎ�� ������������
    �������������� ���� ������ ���������� ��
    �������� ��ℎ�� ��������)

    but tan �� = ����/���� (slope of the curve at any point)

    ��2
    ����=
    ����
    ���� → ���� =��2 ���� ����

    ∫ ���� =��2
    ��
    0∫ �� ���� 0
    ��
    ��

    �� =��2 ��
    2
    �� 2

    Equation of paraboloid at (��, ℎ)

    ℎ =��2 ��2 2��

    3|Page
    4|Page

    Liquid Surface Conditions:


    • For open cylindrical vessels partly filled :
    5|Page

    • For closed cylindrical vessels partly filled :


    6|Page
    • For closed cylindrical vessels completely filled with liquid :

    Sample Problems.
    1. An open cylindrical tank, 2m in diameter and 4m high contains water to a depth of 3m, It is rotated
    about its own vertical axis with a constant angular speed ��.

    a. If �� = 3 ������/������, is there any liquid spilled?


    b. What maximum value of �� in rpm can be imposed without spilling any liquid? c. If �� = 8
    rad/sec, how much water is spilled out and to what depth will the water stand when brought to rest?
    d. What angular speed �� ( in rpm ) will just zero the depth of water at the center of the
    tank? e. If �� = 100 rpm, how much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered.

    2. A closed cylindrical vessel, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high is filled with water to a depth of 3 m and
    rotated about its own vertical axis at a constant angular speed ��, the air inside the vessel is under a
    pressure of 120 kPa.

    a. If �� = 12 rad/sec, what is the pressure at the center and circumference at the bottom of the
    tank. b. What angular speed �� will just zero the depth of water at the center?
    c. If �� = 20 ������/ sec, how much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered.

    7|Page

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