Physics Lecture
Physics Lecture
Electrostatics
(Surface Charge Density)
Formula:
1. If Q charge is evenly distributed over a surface area A, surface charge density will be = Q
A
2. For sphere, surface charge density, Q 2 [r=radius of the sphere]
4r
3. A and B are two spherical conductors with radii r1 and r2. Q1 and Q2 charges are stored on the
spheres. Surface charge density for A, = Q1 2 ; Surface charge density for B, = Q2 1 Q1r2
2
4r1
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If Q1=Q2, 1 r22
2
4.
2 r1
Note: charge is always distributed on the surface, not on the inside of hollow conductors.
Problem:
1. Determine the necessary charge that makes the surface charge density 2.1210-6 Cm-2 of a sphere
with .04 m radius.
Q
Solve: We know, = Q=2.1210-64(.04)2 Q=4.2610-8C (Ans.)
4r 2
2. Two conducting spheres have the radii .06m and .12m| 16.710-9C and 3310-9C charges has
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COULOMBS LAW
1. Two charges q1 I q2 with separation d has the attraction force
1 q q
Fo= 1 2 2 ... ... ... (i)
4 o d
1
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Problems:
1. How should be a charge q be split in two parts so that repulsion force between them is maximum?
q1q2
Solve: We know, F=9109 , lets split charge, q as qo and (q-qo)
d2
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=
9 109
{- q2
+ q q-q 2
+ q 2 }= 9 109 { q 2 -( q - q )2}
o o o
d2 4 4 d2 4 2
Problems to Solve:
1. Two equal and similar charges are 0.5m apart and repulses each other with 0.1N. Determine the
amount of charge. [Ans: 1.6710-6C]
2. A Styrofoam ball of 0.1g has –6.6710-9C charge on it. From what height can another ball with
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+6.5310-9C charge keep the first ball floating in space? [Ans: 210-2m]
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Electric Intensity
1 q
1. In space, d distance apart from a charge +q, electric intensity Eo= 2
4 o d
2. Relation of intensity with force, F=qE
Note: Electric Intensity is a vector quantity.
Problems:
1. What will be the electric intensity at some place for an electron to feel an equal force of its weight?
Solve: F=Eq mg=EQ 9.110-319.8 = E1.610-19 10-11NC-1
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5. Potential Gradient = dV
dr
6. For the charges q1, q2, q3, q4 ... ... ... qn if the voltages at some point are V1, V2 ... ... ... Vn then
the net voltage of that point,
Note: voltage is scalar. Therefore it can be expressed as V=V1+V2+... ... ... +Vn
Problems:
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9 109
0= (2010-6+2510-6+3010-6+q) q7510-6C (Ans.)
d
3. Voltage difference between to pots separated 0.037m apart is 8624V. Due to electric field and
gravity, a charged oil droplet of radius 10-6m is floating between the pots. Determine (i)Voltage
Gradient (ii) Charge of the oil droplet [Density of oil= 0.91103 kgm-3]
Solve: (i) Voltage Gradient (ii) For the oil droplet, coulomb’s force=gravitational force
= dV dV q=Vg
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Problems to Solve:
1. Determine the voltage difference between two points 15.8cm away inside an electric field of
1.34105NC-1 [Ans: 2.12104V]
2. +610-9C, -1210-9C, and +1410-9C charges are placed at the three corners of a square. What
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charge should be placed at the fourth corner to make potential zero at the center? [Ans: -810-9C]
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1. An uniformly charged sphere has all its charge on the surface. There is no charge inside it. Therefore there
is no field line inside it.
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Problem:
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Capacitance
Q
1. If Q charge is required to increase the voltage of a conductor by V then capacitance, C=
V
Q=CV
2. If a sphere of radius r is placed in a place with permittivity, r its capacitance will be, C=4rr
If the sphere is in air, C=4r
3. If two conductors with capacitance C1 and C2 are connected and their charges are q1 and q2 then,
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4. Two parallel plates at distance d has surface area A. The space between them has a medium with
r o A A
permittivity r. Capacitance, C=
d d
5. Equivalent capacitance of the capacitances C 1, C2, C3, ....., ... ... ... Cn,
(a)Series combination - 1
1
1 + ... ... ... + 1
C s C1 C2 Cn
Solve: let, the capacitances C1 and C2 C1-C2= 92 4 18 =3F ... ... ... (iii)
For parallel combination (i) + (ii) 2C1=12 F
C1+C2 =9 ... ... ... (i) C1=6F
C1C2
For series combination, =2 C2=3F (Ans.)
C1 C2
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v
Formule : Dynamic resistance , R=
I
Problem : Potential difference of a p–n junction is increased from 2.0V to 2.2V so that the current
increases from 200 mA to 300 mA. What is the dynamic resistance?
V 0.2
Solution : V = 2.2V – 2V = 0.2V ; I = 0.3A – 0.2A = 0.1A R = = 0.1 = 2 Ans
I
Problem to Solve:
1. Dynamic resistance of a p–n junction is 40 If the potential difference is charged by 0.2V, find
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I c
(ii)Common emitter format: current amplification factor, = (VcE=constant)
I B
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Number System:
Base of number system:
The base of a number system is the total number of fundamental sign used in that system. In digital
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2 25 resid ue
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2 6 – 0
2 3 – 0
2 1 – 1
0 – 1
∴ 2510 = 110012
Example III: Express Decimal 25.62510 into binary.
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So, 25.62510=11001.1012
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8 56 – residue
8 7–0
0–7
∴ 5610 = 708
8 83 – 5
8 10 – 3
8 1–2
0–1
∴(669)10 = (1235)8
In case of fraction –
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0 .0 4 6 8 7 5
×8
0 0 .3 7 5
×8
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3 000
(0.046875)10 = (0.03)8
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16 55 – 6
16 3–7
0 3
∴(886)10 = (376)16
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F u ll in t e g e r F ra c tio n
0 .8 5 0
× 16
(1 3 ) 0 .6 0
× 16
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× 16
9 0 .6 0
× 16
9 0 .6 0
∴(0.850)10 = (0.0999)16
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∴(123.540)8 = (83.6875)10
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- 0101
0100
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Problems to solve :
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1. In any transistor, IC = 0.95 mA and IE = 1.0 mA, then determine its [Ans: 0.95]
2. In a transistor, due to 8.0 mA change of emitter current, collector current changes by 7.9 mA. Due
to this change base current is changed by 0.1 mA. Determine and . [Ans: 0.99, 79]
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1995. The side of a square is 4cm. 10 coulomb charge is placed at the corners. Determine potential at
the intersection of its diagonals.
1995. A capacitor of 0.2 F has potential difference 100 volt across it. How much energy is stored in it?
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A) 1 Amp and 220 V B) 1 Amp and 0 V C) 0 Amp and 0 V D) 0 Amp and 220 V
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1 1
ii. E = cV2 = (4.427 10–11) (5002) = 5.53 10–6 J
2 2
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2018. If a 30 shunt is connected to a galvenometer of resistance 120 then what fraction of the total
current will flow through the galvanometer? [KUET]
(A) 50% (B) 40% (C) 30% (D) 20% (E) 10%
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30
V30 = VGalvanometer
I30 30 = I 120
1
I = I30
4
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2016. A styrofoam ball of 0.15 gm has 6.68109C charge on it. From what height an object with
6.54109C charge can keep the ball floating in space? [KUET]
(A) 2.0 cm (B) 1.64 cm (C) 1.58 cm (D) 1.5 cm (E) 1.48 cm
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0.98
= 49
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20 20
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20 20
A 20
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