Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006

Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

Tutorial 7 – Viscous Pipe Flow/Laminar and turbulent flow

1. Water (ρ=999 kg/m3 and µ=1.138 x 10-3 kg/m.s) flows steadily at 0.34m3/min through
a 5 cm diameter horizontal pipe. Determine the pressure drop, head loss, and the input
power required for flow over a 61m pipe length.(Pipe roughness ε = 0.002 mm )
( Ans : 88.9 kPa, 9.07m, 503.77 W )

2. Calculate the pressure drop along 1 m length (horizontal) of a smooth 25 mm diameter pipe
when water flows through it at 735 l/hr. What is the average shear stress at the pipe wall?
(Ans : 108.2 N/m2. 0.673 N/m2)

3. Oil of s = 0.87 and ν = 2.2x10-4 flows through the vertical pipe shown in Figure at 4x10-4 m3/s.
Determine the manometer reading h. (Ans : 18.5 m)

P1

y
P2

4. For laminar flow, show that the pressure drop in a pipe can be expressed as:

64 l V
∆p = µ
d d 2

where d = diameter , l = length of pipe and µ = dynamic viscosity

Water flows in a smooth pipe of diameter d = 0.01 m and has a velocity, V = 0.1 m/s.
Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Determine the maximum pressure drop over a distance
of l = 10m if the flow is to remain laminar. ( Ans: 672 Pa )
 Tutorial 7

}
1)
f= 999kg / m
U 1.138×10-3
kg /
=
m -
s

① =
0.34m
}
/ min

=
3m31s
-

5.67×10

D= 0.05M 0.002×10-3 4×10--5

→ § =

0 . 05
=

E- -
O - 002mm

Energy Balance Equation : p.gg ÷g+z ,

,
- h, =

÷g+¥g + £2

(5.67×10-3)
✓ = =

( 0.0572
a
IT
[ ]
4

888m15
=
2.

)
Re =
FVD =
( 999 ) ( 2.888 )( 0.05

µ
(1.138×10-3)

=
126762.39

Re > 4000 i. turbulent flow

,

friction factor ,
f- I 0.0168 ( Based on § .
Re )

op
-
-

ff ,

999×2.8882
☐P =
( 0.01737 ) ( #g) ( 2 )

=
88.3 KPa

hit !÷g
2.8¥
= ( 0-01737 )( ÷,) ( 2×9.81 )

=
9.01M

m =
FAV
=

fQ =
999×5.67×10-3

5.664kg
=

10h -9 "9÷ I
"
N)= 1%1
power input (
Ig
fghi 9% , power
- .
= .

in

999 ✗ 5.67×10-3 × 9.01 ✗ 9.81

-

=
500.66W ( if use 9.07 as hi , power
=
503.77W )

( friction factor differs )

2) Q= 7351 / hour → %}?m÷
4m31s
-

=
2.04×10

L = 1m
, D= 0.025m

2. 04×10-4
V :
¥ea =
( ñC0)

=
0.4156 MIS

999×0.4156×0.025
Re = f =

1. 138×10-3

9120.9
=
> 4000 ( Turbulent flow )

op
-
-
f- (F) (E)

smooth pipe ,
Rea 105 ,
f- = fÉ÷
=
0.03233

999×0.41562
☐ P= ( 0.03233 ) ( g) ( 2 )

=
111.57Pa

- ( 2TLrl)I
P , Ai
→ C- PzAz

PIA , =
( 2TLrl)I + (P ,
-
OP ) Az

A, -
-
Az

RA , -
PIA , t DPA , = ( 2hr1 ) I

⇐
÷÷
(111.5731*10.04252)-1
=

21-40%-5 )( 1)

=
0.697 NIMZ
3) SGOI ,
= 0.87 ⇒
f= 870kg / m3

4m31s
-

① = 4×10 D= 0.02m

✓ = 2.2×10-4 L = 4m

"
÷a=(÷÷¥
=
1. 273m15

# =
=
r

115.73 flow
=
L 2100 Laminar
,

"
Tc(oPtfgDZ ) D it
-
-

fr =
870×2.2×10-4
① , 1

128µL
= 0.1914

4×10-4 ×
12810.1914)( 4) -
(870×9.81×4) = DP
"
E( 0.02 )

DP= 43.84 kPa

method
travelling
Sy 1300191ms Use to
-
-

* ssh , n=Fg=%÷ find h .

=
4) Smooth pipe

D= 0.01m

✓=

O.IM/SRe=fId-=00?EE.I?Y--
878.73 < 2100 . laminar flow

✓ =WtS9¥÷÷ Max OP
drop ,
max v
,
V= ( Re ✗ u ) / SD

(0.239×32×1.138×10 -3×10 )
=
(2100×1.138×10-3) / (1000×0.01)
=
op
0.012 i
0.239m IS

0Pa 870Pa

¥gtz- hi -
. +
¥-2T
%÷=h ,
:
f§V¥
f- =
6¥ laminar flow Re -
.

P, Pz

;÷i÷÷,
-

*
=

op= °¥uÉ¥ [ proven ]

1,
Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006
Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

Tutorial 8 – Pipe Flow – Frictional Losses

1. A pipeline carrying natural gas is 10 cm in diameter. The two points A and B, 30 m apart, are
connected to a water-kerosene manometer. Given f = 0.016, ρ of natural gas = 0.6 kg/m3, ρ of
kerosene = 800 kg/m3, calculate the mass flow rate of natural gas. (Ans : 0.053 kg/s)

Gas
B

10 m

hm 36 mm
Kerosene
10 mm

Water

2. A centrifugal pump draws water from a well 3 m below its centreline through 7 m of 100 mm
diameter pipe. It delivers freely at 15 m above pump centreline through 30 m of 75 mm diameter
pipe. Both pipes are smooth. What are the pressures at the pump inlet and delivery flange when
the flow rate is 30 l/s ? (Ans : -43.6 kPa, 264 kPa)

3. A pipe 900 m long and 200 mm diameter discharges water to the atmosphere at a point 10 m
below the level of entrance to the pipe. With a pressure at the upstream end of the pipe (pipe
entrance) of 40 kN/m2 above atmospheric, the steady discharge from the pipe is 49 l/s. At a
point half way along the pipe, a tapping is made from which water is to be drawn off at a rate
of 18 l/s. If conditions are such that the pipe is always flowing full, to what value must pressure
at the pipe entrance be raised so as to provide an unaltered discharge from the end of the pipe?
The friction factor of the pipe can be assumed to remain the same and minor losses may be
neglected. (Ans : 97.2 kN/m2)
Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006
Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

4. Two reservoirs A and B have a difference in level of 9 m, and are connected by a pipeline 200
mm in diameter over the first part AC, which is 15 m long, and then 250 mm diameter for CB,
the remaining 45 m length. The entrance to and exit from the pipe are sharp edged and change
of section at C is sudden. The friction factor f = 0.01 for both pipes. Calculate the flow rate in
m3/s.
(Ans : 0.263 m3/s)

A
9m
C

5. The three tanks in Figure are connected by pipes as indicated. If minor losses are neglected,
determine the flow rate in each pipe. (0.0284, 0.0141, 0.0141 m3/s)

V1

HJ
V3
V2
Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006
Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

Tutorial 9 – Pumps and system I

1. A centrifugal pump having an impeller diameter of 1 m is to be constructed so that it will supply

a head rise of 200 m at a flow rate of 4.1 m3/s of water when operating at a speed of 1200 rpm.
To study the characteristics of this pump, a 1/5 scale, geometrically similar model operated at
the same speed is to be tested in the laboratory. Determine the required model discharge and
head rise. Assume both model and prototype operates with the same efficiency and hence same
flow coefficient. (Ans : 0.0328 m3/s, 8 m)

2. A centrifugal pump with a 0.30 m diameter impeller requires a power input of 44.7 kW when
the flow rate is 0.2 m3/s and the head is 18.3 m. The impeller is changed to one with a diameter
of 0.25 m. Determine the expected flow rate, head and input power if pump speed remains the
same. (Ans : 0.116 m3/s, 12.71 m, 17.96 kW )

3. In the figure below, liquid is pumped from an open tank through a 0.1 m diameter vertical pipe,
into another tank. A valve is located in the pipe, minor loss coefficient for the valve as a function
of valve setting is as shown. The pump head-Q relationship is given by the equation: ha = 52.0
– 1.01x103 Q2, ha in m and Q in m3/s. Assume friction factor for pipe f = 0.02, and minor losses
except for the valve are negligible, determine the flow rate when the valve is fully open (assume
K =1.0), and the required valve setting to reduce the flow rate by 50 %. Tank levels remain
constant. (Ans: 0.0529 m3/s, 10 % open)

4. Oil with SG 0.85 is pumped from Tank A to Tank B over a pipe length of 80m, diameter of
pipe 80mm ( suction and discharge ), frictional factor 0.012 , and total loss factor K=10. The
elevation of tank A and B is 15m and 10m respectively. Characteristic of pump is:

Flow rate ( m3/s ) Discharge head (m) Efficiency (%)

0 50 0
0.02 45 54
0.03 41 70
0.04 35 78
0.05 26 78
0.06 8 69

Determine the system characteristics, discharge and power required by the pump
If an identical pump is added in series, what will be the new flow rate?
( Ans: Hp = -5 + 44380 Q2 ; 0.032 m3/s, 40m, 71%, 15.03 kW; 0.041 m3/s )

I
Co. =

WD
3

CH = 9¥
2
WZ ☐

Cp
Wf
=

W3 ☐5
 - -
-

=
-

E. i. =
¥" D= Im

hi 200m

}
Q, =
Q , 1%-11 ¥) Q= 4. 1m31s

=
( 4. 1) ( I (E)
3
°=
1200
rpm =
240017 rad / s

Dilm I Expected
=
0.0328
Dz = 0.2 A model

c§÷.si cI÷i .

'
Hz =
Hi / %-)
2
=
200 / E)

8m
-

- -
-

¥3 ) ,
=
¥3 ) ,
Q2 = ?
D= 0.3m
Dz = 0.25

P= 44.7kW
Q2 :
Qi 13
①= 0.2m 31s
=
0.21%5-13
Hi 18.3m
=
0.1157 m3 / s

c¥÷h=¥÷i
-

. (
GIF ) ,
=

(¥s)a
"
Hz = H,
( ¥)
iv. =
iv. ( ¥1s
18.318¥)
2
=

'

2
12.71M
=
44.718¥)

=
17.96kW
 -

of
Eanergycm
)

EGL

HGL

Ending point
0
0
must be
higher
than
starting point

¥¥g
← because
energy

\ is
higher at top

-45
than at bottom

>
s

Pit
59
¥ + Z, -

he t
hp -

hvaive =
Pat
Jg
?Ég 1- 2-2

0
0

Vi-g¥+
,

hp -
hi -
h valve =

PJg¥+ Zz -
Zi

(52-1.01×1030,2) -

f
, f- ¥ -
K
,
= 33
=

40¥

(52-1.01×10307) -

( 0.0211¥ ) ( ( ) -

if ) = 33

C- 1.01×1031-16111"É¥) (
'
} ÷
- -

-
6793.88 =
-1£
}
Q :
0.0529m Is

Reduce flow rate

by 50%

① =
0.02645m 31s

(52-1.01×1030,2) -

f , f- ¥ -
K
,
= 33

✓=
÷ = 0.026452 = 3.3677m / s

( 7¥31 )

(52-1.01×103×0.026452) -

( 0.02×3.0-0 ,
✗ ??% ) -
33 =
KL ( )

%
" " '

K a
,

2
25.646

÷ 10% valve
setting
-
- -

f
= 850m 31kg

l =
80m

D= 0.08m

f- = 0-012

K= 10

-
- - -

on
Qf
Pipe ,
l :

D= 0.08m
som
wD3

gH_
^
WZDZ

15m
10m gw÷s
v v
 Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006
Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

Tutorial 10 : Turbomachine II

1. Oil with specific gravity 1.08 is to be transferred a tank at elevation 0 m to another tank at
elevation 5 m though a piping system. The pipe diameter is 400mm, overall length of pipe is
80m and frictional factor is 0.032, and minor loss coefficient of the piping system is K =4.0. A
selected pump has the following characteristics : Hp = 15 – 100 Q2 where Hp is pump head in
metre and Q is flow rate in m3/s. Determine the system characteristics, operating pump head,
discharge and power required. Pump efficiency is 80%

The elevation between the two tanks is increased to 20m. Write down the new system
characteristics equation. Can the same pump work? How would you overcome this deficiency?
If two similar pumps are to operate in series, determine the new operating pump head and
discharge.
( Ans : 5 + 33.56Q2 ; 0.2736 m3/s ; 7.512m ; 27.2 KW ; 0.207 m3/s 21.43m )

2. Two reservoirs are connected by a 800m long pipe with an internal diameter of 0.4m and wall
roughness is 0.16mm. Reservoir A has an elevation of 32m. Reservoir B has an elevation of
2m. Neglect minor losses and assume flow is in wholly turbulent regime, what is the expected
steady flow discharge rate from higher to lower reservoir?

If a pump of characteristics; H = 40 -24Q2 , is used to reverse the flow ( from lower to higher
reservoir ), what would be the expected steady pumping rate. H is the pump head in metre and
Q is the flow rate in m3/s. If the efficiency of the pump is 75%, what is the power required?
Is the flow (during reverse flow ) in the wholly turbulent regime ?
( Ans : 0.539 m3/s ; 0.28 m3/s 139.5 KW ; close to fully turbulent )

3 A pump is used to draw water from a well with a difference in elevation of 3m. Suction pipe
diameter is 10 cm and length of pipe is 10 m. Frictional factor is 0.015 with total minor loss K
= 2.5. The pump rotates at 2500 rpm and cavitation was detected when the flow velocity in the
suction pipe was calculated to be 4 m/s. Determine the NPSH of the pump. If a larger
geometrically similar pump is used, will the NPSH of the pump increased?
Vapour pressure of water = 2340 Pa ( Ans : 3.795 m )

4. A Radial flow type pump, 260mm diameter, is used to deliver water at a rate of 300m3/hr. The
NPSH required by the pump at this operating flow rate is 8 m. The pump is located at an
elevation, z, above the suction level of the reservoir. The overall loss at the suction side of the
pump is 1m. What is the maximum suction lift possible? What happen if this pump is located
2m above the suction level? Atm pressure = 101 kPa and vapour press to be 1700 Pa.
( Ans : 1.122m )