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U Substitution

U-Substitution can be used to evaluate integrals involving the composition of functions, where there is a relation between two functions through derivatives. It involves making a substitution of the form u = g(x) and evaluating the integral in terms of u, and then substituting back to the original variable x. Integration by Parts involves using the formula ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du, and choosing one term to be u and the other dv accordingly. The document provides examples of using both U-Substitution and Integration by Parts to evaluate indefinite integrals involving trigonometric, exponential, and rational functions.

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Relmer dave Hinampas
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32 views1 page

U Substitution

U-Substitution can be used to evaluate integrals involving the composition of functions, where there is a relation between two functions through derivatives. It involves making a substitution of the form u = g(x) and evaluating the integral in terms of u, and then substituting back to the original variable x. Integration by Parts involves using the formula ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du, and choosing one term to be u and the other dv accordingly. The document provides examples of using both U-Substitution and Integration by Parts to evaluate indefinite integrals involving trigonometric, exponential, and rational functions.

Uploaded by

Relmer dave Hinampas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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U-Substitution and Integration by Parts

U-Substitution
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx. This can
R
The general formR of an integrand which requires U-Substitution is
be rewritten as f (u)du.
A big hint to use U-Substitution is that there is a composition of functions and there is some
relation between two functions involved by way of derivatives.

Example
R√ 1
3x + 2dx R√ 1
Let u = 3x + 2. Then du = 3dx and thus dx = 13 du. We then consider u( 3 )du.
1
R√ 1 u3/2 2 3/2
3
udu = 3 3/2 + C = 9 u + C
Next we must make sure to have everything in terms of x like we had in the beginning of the
problem. From our previous choice of u, we know u = 3x + 2.
So our final answer is 92 (3x + 2)3/2 + C.

For indefinite integrals, always make sure to switch back to the variable you started
with.
Example
R2 3 2
4
1
x cos(x + 3)dx
Let u = x4 + 3. So du = 4x3 dx. Then 14 du = x3 dx
From here we have two options. We can either switch back to x later and plug in our bounds
after or we can change our integral bounds along with our U-Substitution and solve.
Option 1: Rb
If we do not change our bounds, we have a 41 cos(u)du. Note that we use a and b as placeholders
for
R b 1now.
a 4
cos(u)du = 14 sin(u)|ba
By substituting back for x using u = x4 + 3, we have 14 sin(x4 + 3)|21 .
Note, we can put our original bounds back once we have everything in terms of x. Thus we
have 14 sin(24 + 3) − 14 sin(14 + 3) = 41 sin(19) − 14 sin(4)
Option 2:
If we change our bounds, we need u = x4 + 3. If x = 1 then u = 4. If x = 2 then u = 19. Now
our
R 19 1problem becomes:
4 4
cos(u)du = 14 sin(u)|19 1 1
4 = 4 sin(19) − 4 sin(4)

In both options we reach the same answer.


Example
R√ 3
1 + x2 x5 dx
Let u = 1 + x2 . Then du = 2xdx and 12 du = xdx. Because we have more x’s than our
substitution
R√ takesRcare
√ of, we2have an additional
R√ step. u = 1 + x2 tells 2
R √ us that x2 = u − 1.
2 5 2 2 1 1
1 + x x dx = 1 + x x x xdx = u(u − 1)(u − 1) 2 du = 2 u(u − 1) du
1
R√ 2 1 u7/2 u5/2 3/2
u(u − 2u + 1)du = 2 (u − 2u + u )du = 2 [ 7/2 − 2 5/2 + u3/2 ] + C
1
R 5/2 3/2 1/2
=2
u7/2 5/2 u3/2 (1+x2 )7/2 2 5/2 (1+x2 )3/2
= 7
− 2u5 + 3
+C = 7
− 2 (1+x5 ) + 3
+C

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