GROUP 1

BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF
THERMODYNAMICS
 WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics - is that branch of physical sciences that treats of various
phenomena of energy and the related properties of matter, especially of the laws of
transformation of heat into other forms of energy and vice versa.
 Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy
and work of a system. It was born in the 19th century as scientists
were first discovering how to build and operate steam engines.
Thermodynamics deals only with the large scale response of a system
which we can observe and measure in experiments. Small scale gas
interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gasses. The methods
complement each other; some principles are more easily understood in
terms of thermodynamics and some principles are more easily explained
by kinetic theory.
Engineering Thermodynamics is a branch of
thermodynamics which is focused on the
engineering analysis and design of processes,
devices and systems which is involved the
beneficial utilization of energy and material.
 In general, thermodynamic
properties can be divided into two
general classes.

A. Extensive Property
B. Intensive property

CLASSIFICATION
OF
THERMODYNAMICS
PROPERTIES
Extensive
Property
 Extensive
Property
An extensive property depends on the amount of mass present
or upon the size or extent of a system. For example, the
following properties are extensive:
 Extensive
Property
- Enthalpy - Internal Energy
- Entropy - Mass
- Gibbs Free Energy - Volume
 Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Thus A
unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass.

Where:
acceleration
final velocity
initial velocity
final time
initial time
Example 1. A truck is moving with a constant velocity, v = 5 m/s. The driver
stops for diesel and the truck accelerates forward. After 20 seconds, the
driver stops accelerating to maintain a constant velocity, v = 25 m/s. What is
the truck’s acceleration?

Given:
5 m/s Solution:
25 m/s
t = 20 s
Find: a=?
Mass &
Weight
The mass (m) of a body is the measure of the amount of material
present in that body. The weight (wt) of a body is the force
exerted by that body when its mass is accelerated in a
gravitational field.

Where:
weight (lbf)
mass (lbm)
acceleration of gravity
gravitational constant
Example 1: What is the weight of 66 kgm man at standard
condition? Express your answer kg in and in Newton.
 Specific
Weight
Specific weight is defined as the ratio between weight and volume. It can also be defined
as the product between density and gravitational acceleration.

Formula: (eq. 1)

Where:
weight
volume
mass
gravitational acceleration
 The density is the ratio between mass (m) and volume V (eq. 2)

Replacing the expression of the density (eq. 2) in the formula of specific weight (eq. 1),
we get:
 Unit of measurement
The symbol used for specific weight is the Greek letter (gamma). The SI unit of
measurement for specific weight is .

The unit of measurement for specific weight can easily be demonstrated from
equation (eq. 3). The unit of measurement for density is . The unit of
measurement for gravitational acceleration is . Multiplying them as per
equation (eq. 3) gives:

We know that 1 N (Newton) is defined as:

Replacing (eq.5) in (eq. 4) gives the unit of measurement for specific weight as .
Example 1. The density of water at 10 °C is 999.75 kg/m³. Knowing that gravitational
acceleration is 9.81 m/s², calculate the specific weight of water at 10 °C.

Applying the formula of specific weight (eq. 3), we get:

Intensive
Property
 Intensive
Property
An intensive property is independent of amount of mass
and may vary from place to place within the system at
any moment. For example, the following properties are
extensive:
 Intensive
Property

- Compressibility - Specific Heat Capacity - Thermal Expansion

- Density - Pressure - Vapor Quality
- Specific Enthalpy - Temperature - Specific Volume
- Specific Entropy - Thermal Conductivity
Specific
Volume
The specific volume (v) of a substance is the total volume (V) of
that substance divided by the total mass (m) of that substance
(volume per unit mass). It has units of cubic feet per pound-mass

Where:
Volume
Specific Volume
Mass
Specific
Gravity
Specific gravity (S.G.) is a measure of the relative density of a
substance as compared to the density of water at a standard
temperature. Physicists use 39.2°F (4°C) as the standard, but
engineers ordinarily use 60°F. In the International System of
Units (SI Units), the density of water is 1.00 g/cm3 at the
standard temperature. Therefore, the specific gravity (which is
dimensionless) for a liquid has the same numerical value as its
density in units of g/cm3 . Since the density of a fluid varies with
temperature, specific gravities must be determined and specified
at particular temperatures.
Density
The density (ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that
substance divided by the total volume (V) occupied by that
substance (mass per unit volume). It has units of pound-mass per
cubic feet (lbm/ft3). The density (ρ) of a substance is the
reciprocal of its specific volume (ν).

Where:
p = density
m = mass
V = volume
 Temperature
Discussion Point

Temperature is a measure of the molecular activity of a substance. The greater

the movement of molecules, the higher the temperature. It is a relative measure
of how "hot" or "cold" a substance is and can be used to predict the direction of
heat transfer.
 Temperature Scales

The two temperature scales normally employed for measurement

purposes are the Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius (C) scales. These
scales are based on a specification of the number of increments
between the freezing point and boiling point of water at standard
atmospheric pressure. The Celsius scale has 100 units between
these points, and the Fahrenheit scale has 180 units. The zero
points on the scales are arbitrary.

The freezing point of water was selected as the zero point of the Celsius scale.
The coldest temperature achievable with a mixture of ice and salt water was
selected as the zero point of the Fahrenheit scale. The temperature at which
water boils was set at 100 on the Celsius scale and 212 on the Fahrenheit
scale. The relationship between the scales is represented by the following
equations.

°F = 32.0 + (9/5)°C
°C = (°F - 32.0)(5/9)
 It is necessary to define an absolute temperature scale having only positive
values. The absolute temperature scale that corresponds to the Celsius scale is
called the Kelvin (K) scale, and the absolute scale that corresponds to the
Fahrenheit scale is called the Rankine (R) scale. The zero points on both
absolute scales represent the same physical state. This state is where there is
no molecular motion of individual atoms. The relationships between the
absolute and relative temperature scales are shown in the following equations.
Example 1: Temperature Scale Conversion
What is the Rankine equivalent of 80°C?
Given:
T= 80°C
Find:
Rankine equivalent of 80°C.
Solution:
°F = (9/5) °C + 32
= (9/5)(80) + 32
= 176 °F

R = °F + 460
= 176 + 460
= 636 R
Example 2: Temperature Scale Conversion
What is the Kelvin equivalent of 80°F?
Given:
T= 80°F
Find:
Kelvin equivalent of 80°F.
Solution:
°C = (5/9) (°F - 32)
= (5/9) (80 - 32)
= 26.7°C

K = °C + 273
= 26.7 + 273
= 299.7 K
 Pressure
Pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a substance
(or system). It is caused by the collisions of the molecules of the substance with the
boundaries of the system. As molecules hit the walls, they exert forces that try to push
the walls outward. The forces resulting from all of these collisions cause the pressure
exerted by a system on its surroundings.
 If the pressure is below that of the atmosphere, it is designated
as a vacuum. A perfect vacuum would correspond to absolute zero
pressure. All values of absolute pressure are positive, because a
negative value would indicate tension, which is considered
impossible in any fluid. Gauge pressures are positive if they are
above atmospheric pressure and negative if they are below
atmospheric pressure. Figure 2 shows the relationships between
absolute, gauge, vacuum, and atmospheric pressures, as do
Equations 1.7 & 1.8.
Figure 2. Pressure Relationships
Patm is atmospheric pressure, which is also called the barometric pressure.
Pgauge is the gauge pressure, and Pvac is vacuum.
 Hydrostatic Pressure Equation
Pressure within a fluid when it is at rest.
It acts equally in all directions.
It acts at a right angle to any surface in contact with the fluid.

Using:

Where:
P= Pressure
= Density
g= acceleration due to gravity
h= height
Example 1: Pressure Relationships
How deep can a diver descend in ocean water (density = 64 lbm/ft3) without damaging
his watch, which will withstand an absolute pressure of 80 psia? (P = density • height)
Given:
Solution:

Find:
H=?
Example 2.
If the wreckage of the ship that sunk in the ocean is 3,800 m under the ocean water.
Also, the density of cold saltwater above it is 1,050 Kg/m3. Then calculate the pressure
at that depth?
 Absolute
Pressure
It is labelled as absolute pressure when any pressure is detected above the absolute zero
of pressure. It is measured using a barometer, and it is equal to measuring pressure plus
the atmospheric pressure.
 Absolute pressure formula (pabs) is given by,

Where:

The vacuum pressure is articulated as,

At sea level, it is around 14.7 pounds per square inch.

Problem 1: A pressure gauge measures the gauge reading as 31 psi. If the

atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psi. Compute the absolute pressure that
corresponds to pgauge reading.

Answer:

Given:
patm (Atmospheric pressure) = 14.2 psi
pgauge (Gauge pressure) = 31 psi

Absolute pressure (pabs) = patm + pgauge

= 14.2 psi + 31 psi
pgauge= 45.2 psi
Problem 2: The psia pressure instrument gives the reading as 35.8 psi. If
the atmospheric pressure is 15 psi, calculate the corresponding guage
pressure.

Answer:

Given:
Atmospheric pressure patm = 15 psi
Absolute pressure pabs = 35.8 psi

The Gauge pressure is

pgauge = 35.8 psi – 15 psi
gauge = 20.8 psi
Class Discussion Point

Recap
Thermodynamic properties can be divided into two
general classes, intensive and extensive properties.
An intensive property is independent of the amount
of mass. The value of an extensive property varies
directly with the mass.
Pano mo nasabi? If a quantity of matter in a given state is
divided into two equal parts, each part will
have the same value of the intensive property
as the original and half the value of the
extensive property. Temperature, pressure,
specific volume, and density are examples of
intensive properties. Mass and total volume are
examples of extensive properties.
Thank You
For Today!
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