ARCHITECTURE OF MICROPROCESSOR 8085

The above diagram shows the block diagram of 8085 microprocessor.

The device has 40 pins, which requires +5V power supply and can
operate with 3MHz. This microprocessor contains 3 buses. i.e.
Address bus, Data bus, Address bus.

Address = 16bits

216=64Kb of data can be recognized in single cycle.

List of registers used in 8085 to perform various operations:
ALU: The automatic logic unit performs the computing function. It
includes the accumulator in temporary flag register and arithmetic
logic unit.

Accumulator: It is an 8-bit register that is part of ALU. This register is

used to store the data and to perform arithmetic and logic operation.
8085 microprocessor is also known as accumulator-based
microprocessor when data is read from input part it is first move to
accumulator and when data is sent to output part it must be first
place in accumulator.

Temporary register: They are 8-bit registers not accessible to read

programmer during programs execution, microprocessor places data
in it.

Instruction Register: It is an 8-bit registers not accessible to the

programmer. It receives the up-code of instruction from internal
data bus and process to the instruction decoder which decodes so
that microprocessor knows which type of operation is to be
performed.

Register array: Register is an 8-bit register accessible to the

programmers. Data can be stored upon it during programs executing.
These can be used individually as 8-bit register or in pair BC, DE, HL
as 16-bit register. The data can be directly added or transfer from
one to another. Their contents may be incremented or decremented
and combine logically with the contain of accumulator.
Stack pointer: It is a 16-bit register used as memory pointer. It points
to a memory location in read/write memory call the stack. The stack
of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit address in stack pointers.

Program counter: Microprocessor uses the program counter register

to sequences the execution of the instructions. The function of
program counter is to point to the memory address from which the
next bit is to fetch. When a bit is being fetched the program counter
is incremented by 1 to point the next memory location.

General purpose register: There are 6 general purpose register in

8085 Microprocessor i.e. B, C, D, E, H&L. Each register can hold 8-bit
data. This register can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and there
pairing combination is like, B-C, D-E & H-L.

Flag register: It is an 8-bit register having 5 1-bit flip-flops, which

holds either 0 or 1 depending upon the result store in accumulator.
There are the set of 5 flip-flops. I.e.

Signs flag (S Zero flag (Z) Auxiliary carry flag (Ac)

Parity flag (P) Carry flag(C)

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z ------ A.C ------- P ------ C
1.Signs flag (S): After any operation if a result is negative sign, sign
flag becomes set (1) otherwise sign becomes reset (0). For example:

MVI A, 30H MVI A, 30H

MVI B, 40H MVI B, 20H

SUB B (A = A-B) SUB B(A=A-B)

Ans = -10H ANS= 10H

S 1 S 0
2.Zero flag (Z): After any arithmetic or logical operation if the result
is zero flag becomes set (1) otherwise it becomes reset (0). For
example:

(MVI A, 10H)

(MVI B, 10H)

SUB B (A = 10-10)

00H

3.Auxiliary carry (Ac) flag: If after any arithmetical or logical

operation, the result has carry on the middle then the flag becomes
set (1) otherwise it becomes reset (0).For example:

(MVI A, 00H)

(MVI B, 01H)

A 00H 00

B 01H +01

0 1(here the auxiliary carry become reset (0).)

4. Parity flag: If the parity value of an instruction is even then the

status signal will be set (1) otherwise it becomes reset (0). For
example:

(MVI A, 25) (MVI B, 35)

ADD B

0010 0101

+ 0011 0101

0101 1010 (Here the parity value is even so the parity flag
become set (1).
5.Carry flag (C): If last operation generates a carry, its status will be
set (1) otherwise it becomes reset (0). For example:

(MVI A, FFH)

(MVI B, FFH)

ADD B

1111 1111

+1 1 1 1 +1111

1111 1110

Instruction and decoder: They are an 8-bit register, when an

instruction is fetched from the memory then it is stored in the
instruction register. Instruction decodes the information present in
the instruction register.

Timing and control unit: It provides timing and control signal to the
microprocessor to perform operations. following are the timing and
control signals.

READY: RD, WR, and ALE

Status signal: S0, S1, Io/M

DMA signals: HOLD, HLDA

RESET signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT

Interrupt Unit-There are 6 interrupt pins in this unit. Generally, an

external hardware is connected to these pins. These pins provide
interrupt signal sent by external hardware to microprocessor and
microprocessor sends acknowledgement for receiving the interrupt
signal. Generally, INTA is used for acknowledgement.
GNU simulator 8085
For engineers looking to program their processors as per specific
applications, a good number of opensource simulation tools are
available. GNUSim8085 is one such software. This cross-platform
software enables users to digitally simulate, assemble and debug the
Intel 8085 8-bit microprocessor—a power-efficient component for
applications like security controls and automatic controls.

 GNUSim8085 is an 8085microprocessor simulator with

following features.
 A simple editor component with syntax highlighting.
 A keypad to input assembly language instructions with
appropriate arguments.
 Easy view of register and flag contents.
 Hexadecimal <----->Decimal converter.
 View of stack, memory and I/O contents.
 Support for breakpoints for programming debugging.
 Stepwise program execution.
 One clicks conversion of assembly program to opcode listing.
 Printing support (known not to work well on Windows).
Q.N. 1. Write an ALP to load number in accumulator.
Q.N.2 Write an ALP to load any number in register A, B, C,
D, E H&L.
Q.N. 3: Write an ALP to load a number in memory location
2000H.

Q.N. 4: Write an ALP to

store a number in
memory location 2001H.
Q.N. 5: Write an ALP to add two 8-bit numbers &amp; store
the result in memory location 3000H.