SECTION 3.01.

07: Maximum Height of Buildings and Increases

(a) The maximum height and number of stories of every building shall be
dependent upon the character of the occupancy and the type of construction, and
shall not exceed the limits determined by population density, building bulk,
widths of streets, and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured
from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided that the height
measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum
height by more than 3.00 meters (10 feet): Except, That towers, spires, and
steeples, erected as a part of a building and not used for habitation or storage,
are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible
materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters (19 feet, 8 inches) above the
height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.

SECTION 3.01.08: Maximum Requirements for Group A Dwellings: One Two

Stories

(a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy. The dwelling shall occupy not more than
90 per cent of a corner lot and 80 per cent of an inside lot, and subject to the
provisions on easements of light and view of the Civil Code of the Philippines,
shall be at least 2.00 meters (6 feet, inches) from the property line.

(b) Light and Ventilation. Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as
to provide adequate light and ventilation.

(1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility rooms shall have a
height of not less than 2.40 meters (8 feet), measured from floor to ceiling.

(2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square meters (65 square feet) with
a least horizontal dimension of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) for rooms of human
habitations; 3.00 square meters (32 feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50
meters (5 feet) for kitchens; and 1.20 square meters (13 square feet) with a least
horizontal dimension of 90 centimeters (3 feet) for bathrooms.

(3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the room.

(c) Sanitation. Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet
and adequate washing and drainage facilities.

(d) Foundation. Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load
and dwelling and shall be at least 30 centimeters (1 foot) thick and 60 centimeters
(2 feet) below the surface of the ground. Each post shall be anchored to such
footings by straps and bolts of adequate size.

(e) Post or Suportales. The dimensions of wooden post or suportales shall be

those found in Table 3.01 - A Dimension of Wooden Posts or Suportales (Annex
B).

(f) Floor. The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square
meter (40 pounds per square foot) and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms
per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).

(g) Roof. The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square meter
(30 pounds per square foot).

(h) Stairs. Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20
centimeters (8 inches) and a run of 23 centimeters (9 inches).

(i) Entrance and Exit. There shall be one entrance and one exit.
(j) Electrical Outlets. There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00
meters (20 feet) of wall measured along the floor and one light outlet for every
room.

(k) Mechanical Requirements. Family dwellings not more than two stories shall be
exempt from the requirements of the Mechanical Code.

SECTION 3.01.09: Requirements for Group Occupancies

(a) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate
regulations for each occupancy group covering: allowable construction, height,
and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation;
enclosure of vertical openings; fire-extinguishing system; and special hazards.

TITLE 4 - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Chapter 4.01 - CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 4.01.01: Types of Construction

(a) The requirements of this Chapter are minimum for the varying degrees of
public safety and resistance to fire. Every building proposed for construction shall
be identified according to the following:

(1) Type I. Type I Buildings shall be of wood construction. The structural elements
may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.

(2) Type II. Type II Buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-
resistant materials and one-hour fire-resistive throughout: Except, That
permanent nonbearing partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood within the
framing assembly.

(3) Type III. Type III Buildings shall be masonry and wood construction, Structual
elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code: Provided, That the
building shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of
incombustible fire-resistive construction.

(4) Type IV. Type IV Building shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry
construction. Walls and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-
resistive construction: Except, That permanent nonbearing partitions of one-hour
fire resistive construction framing assembly.

(5) Type V. Type V Buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be
of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls and permanent partitions
shall be incombustible fire-resistive construction.

(b) Other subtypes or divisions within Types I to V may be determined by the

Secretary. Any building which does not conform entirely to a type of construction
herein set forth shall be classified into a type having an equal or lesser degree of
fire-resistance of the building.

(c) The Building Official shall identify and indicate in the Certificate of Occupancy
the appropriate classification to which a building or structure to be constructed
belongs.

SECTION 4.01.02: Change in Type

(a) No change shall be made in the type of construction of any building which
would place the building in a different subtype or type of construction unless such
bidding is made to comply with the requirements for such subtype or type of
construction: Except, That the type of construction of existing buildings may be
changed subject to the approval of the Building Official and the building may be
constructed for purposes set forth in other Types without conforming to all the
requirements for those Types, provided the new or proposed construction is less
hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing construction.

SECTION 4.01.03: Requirements on Types of Construction

(a) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, the Secretary shall promulgate
regulations for each type of construction, and promulgate rules and regulations
therefor, covering: structural framework, exterior walls and openings, interior
walls and enclosures, floors, exits and stars construction, and roofs.

TITLE - LIGHT, VENTILATION, AND SANITATION

Chapter 5.01 - LIGHT AND VENTILATION

SECTION 5.01.01: General

(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code on easement on light and view, and
to provisions of this Title, every building shall be so constructed, arranged, and
equipped as to provide adequate light and ventilation.

(b) All building erected shall face a street or public alley or private street which
has been officially approved.

(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room
or the relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings under this
Code, or so as to create an additional room, unless such additional room conforms
to the requirements of this Code.

(d) No building shall be enlarged, so that the dimensions of any required court
yard would be less than that prescribed for any such building.

SECTION 5.01.02: Measurement of Site Occupancy

(a) The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the
ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.

(b) Courtyards and light wells shall be measured clear of any projections from the
walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall
copings, sills, or steel fire escapes, not exceeding 1.20 meters (4 feet) in width.

SECTION 5.01.03: Percentage of Site Occupancy

(a) The maximum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of
construction, and height of the building, and the use, area, nature and location of
the site, subject to the provisions of local zoning requirements and in accordance
with rules and regulations set forth by the Secretary.

SECTION 5.01.04: Minimum Size of Courts and Their Least Dimensions

(a) The minimum size of courts and their least dimensions shall be dependent
upon the use, type of construction, and height of the building subject to the
requirements set forth by the Secretary: Provided, That in no case shall be the
minimum horizontal dimension of courts be less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7
inches).
(b) All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard, either by a passageway
with a minimum width of 1.20 meters (4 feet) or by a door through a room or
rooms.

SECTION 5.01.05: Ceiling Heights

(a) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms, storage rooms, and utility rooms
shall have a ceiling height of not less than 2.40 meters (8 feet), measured from
the floor to the ceiling: Provided, That for buildings of more than one story, the
minimum ceiling height of the first story shall be 2.70 meters (9 feet) and 2.40
meters (8 feet) for the second story, and succeeding stories. Garages shall have an
unobstructed headroom clearance of not less than 2.10 meters (7 feet) above the
finished floor.

SECTION 5.01.06: Minimum Size of Rooms and Their Least Dimensions

(a) The minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as
follows: 6:00 square (65 square feet) with at least nominal dimension of 2.00
meters (6 feet 7 inches) for rooms for human habitation; 3.00 square meters (32
square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters (5 feet) for kitchens;
and 1.20 square meters (12 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 0.90
meter (3 feet) for bathrooms.

SECTION 5.01.07: Minimum Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of

Rooms

(a) The following minimum air spaces shall be provided:

(1) For school rooms: 3.00 meters (106 cubic feet) with 1.00 square meter (10.7
square feet) of floor area per person.

(2) For workshops, factories, and offices: 10.00 cubic meters (354 cubic feet) or air
space per person at daytime and 14.00 cubic meters (494 cubic feet) of air space
per person at night time.

(3) For habitable rooms: 14.00 cubic meters (494 cubic feet) of air space per adult
person and 7.00 cubic meters (247 cubic feet) of air space per child under 10 years
of age.

SECTION 5.01.08: Window Openings

(a) Every room intended for any use, not otherwise provided with air-conditioning
or mechanical ventilation system as herein provided in this Code, shall be
provided with a window or windows whose total area of openings shall be at
least 1/10th the floor area of the room, and such shall open directly to a court,
yard, public way or alley, or water course.

SECTION 5.01.09: Mezzanine Floor

(a) A Mezzanine floor is a partial, intermediate floor in any story or room of a

building having an area not more than one-half of the area of the room or space
in which it is constructed.

(b) A mezzanine floor shall be constructed with a clear ceiling height of not less
than 1.90 meters (6 feet, 4 inches) above and below.

SECTION 5.01.10: Vent Shafts

(a) Size. Vent shafts shall have a cross-sectional area of not less than 1/10th of a
square meter for every meter of height of shafts (1 square foot per 10 feet) but
not less than 1.00 square meter (10.7 square feet) in any case. No such shaft shall
be less than 60 centimeters (2 feet) in its least dimension.

(b) Skylights. Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, such shaft
shall be covered by a skylight having a net area of fixed louver openings equal to
the maximum required shaft area.

(c) Air Ducts. Air ducts shall be connected to a street or court by a horizontal duct
or intake at a point below the lowest window opening on such shaft. Such duct or
intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not less than
0.30 square meter (3.2 square feet) with a minimum dimension of 30 centimeters
(1 foot). The opening to the duct or intake shall not be less than 30 centimeters (1
foot) above the bottom of the shaft and the street surface or bathroom of court,
at the respective ends of the conduct or intake.

SECTION 5.01.11: Ventilating Skylights

(a) Skylights. Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the
window they replace. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers of
an aggregate net area not less than that required for openable parts in the
window they replace or with approved ventilation of equal efficiency.

(b) Ventilation. Rooms containing industrial heating equipment shall be provided

with adequate artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of
hot or polluted air. chan robles virtual law library

SECTION 5.01.12: Artificial Ventilation

(a) General. When artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be
designed and constructed to meet the following requirements in air changes:

(1) Business and Workrooms

(1.1) For rooms wholly above grade occupied for office, clerical or administrative
purposes, or as stores, sales, rooms, restaurants, markets, factories, workshops,
or machinery rooms, not less than three changes of air per hour shall be provided.

(1.2) For rooms wholly above grade, occupied as bakeries, hotel or restaurant
kitchen, laundries other than accessory to dwellings, and boiler rooms, of not less
than ten changes or air per hour shall be provided.
(2) Rooms in Public and Institutional Buildings

(2.1) For auditoriums and other rooms used for assembly purposes, not less than
0.85 cubic meter (30 cubic feet) of air per minute shall be supplied for each
person for whom seating or other accommodation is provided.

(2.2) For wards and dormitories of institutional buildings, not less than 0.85 cubic
meter (30 cubic feet) of air per minute shall be supplied for each person
accommodated.
Chapter 5.02 - SANITATION

SECTION 5.02.01: General

(a) All buildings hereafter erected for human habitation should be provided with
plumbing facilities installed in conformity with the National Plumbing Code
adopted and promulgated by the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines pursuant to Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the "Plumbing
Law".

TITLE 6 - REGULATIONS FOR USE OF PUBLIC

PROPERTY
Chapter 6.01 - BUILDING PROJECTION OVER
PUBLIC STREETS

SECTION 6.01.01: General

(a) No part of any building structure or any of its appendages shall project beyond
the property line of the building site, except as provided in this Code.

(b) The projection of any structure of appendage over a public property shall be
the distance measured horizontally from the property line to the outermost point
of the projection.

SECTION 6.01.02: Projection into Alleys and Streets

(a) No part of any structure or its appendage shall project into any alley or street
except as provided in this Code.

(b) No projection shall be allowed on any national roads or public highway.

(c) Footing located at least 2.40 meters (8 feet) below grade may project not more
than 30 centimeters (12 inches) beyond the property line.
(d) Foundation may be permitted to encroach into public sidewalk areas to a
width not exceeding 50 centimeters (1 foot, 8 inches): Provided, That the top of
the said foundations or footings does not reach beyond the level of a plane 60
centimeters (2 feet) below the established grade; and Provided, further, That said
projection does not obstruct any existing utility such as power, communication,
gas, water, or sewer lines, unless the owner concerned shall pay the
corresponding entities for the re-routing of the parts affected.

SECTION 6.01.03: Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets

(a) The extent of any projection over an affected alley or street shall be uniform
within a block and shall conform to the limitations set forth in Table 6.01-A:
Projection of balconies and Appendages (Annex B).

(b) The clearance between the established grade of the street or sidewalk and the
undersurface of the balcony shall be not less than 3.00 meters (10 feet).

SECTION 6.01.04: Arcades

(a) Arcades shall be constructed on sidewalks when required by local ordinances.

The with of the arcade and its height over affected sidewalks shall be uniform
within a block: Provided, That, in no case, shall an arcade be less than 3.00 meters
(10 feet) above the establishment sidewalk grade of the established street.

(a.1.) General. For the purpose of this Section, a marquee shall include by any
object or decoration attached thereto.
(b.2.) Projection and Clearance. The horizontal clearance between the outmost
edge of the marquee and the curb line shall be not less than 30 centimeters (1
foot). The vertical clearance between the payment or grounds line and the
undersurface of the marquee shall be not less than 2.70 meters (9 feet).

(c.3.) Construction. A Marquee shall be constructed of incombustible material or

materials of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. It shall provided
with the necessary drainage facility.

(d.4.) Location Prohibited. Every marquee shall be so located as not to interfere

with the operation of any exterior standpipe connection or to obstruct the clear
passage from stairways or exists from the building or the installation or
maintenance of electroliers.

SECTION 6.01.06: Movable Awnings or Hoods

(a) Definition. An awning is a movable shelter supported entirely from the

exterior wall of a building and of a type which can be retracted, folded, or
collapsed against the face of a supporting building.

(b) Clearance. The horizontal clearance between the awning and the curb line
shall be not less than 30 centimeters (1 foot). The vertical clearance between the
undermost surface of the awning and the payment or ground line shall be not less
than 2.40 meters (8 feet). Collapsible awnings shall be so designed that they shall
not block required when collapsed.

SECTION 6.01.07: Doors

(a) Doors either sully opened or when opening, shall not projects beyond the
property line.

SECTION 6.01.08: Corner Buildings with Chaflans

(a) Every corner building on a public street or alley less than 30.60 meters (12
feet) in width shall be made with a chaflan or truncated angle at the corner. The
face of the triangle so formed shall be at right angles to the bisector of the angle
of intersection of the street lines; Provided, That, in no case, shall the length of
the chaflan be less than 4.00 meters (13 feet, 4 inches). In special cases, the
Building Official shall determine the size and form of the chaflan.

(b) If the buildings is arcaded, no chaflan is required notwithstanding the width of

the public street or alleys less than 12.00 meters (39 feet, 4 inches).

Chapter 6.02 - PROTECTION OR PEDESTRIANS DURING CONSTRUCTION OR

DEMOLITION

SECTION 6.02.01: General

(a) No person shall use or occupy a street, alley, or public sidewalk for the
performance or work under a building permit except in accordance with the
provisions of this Chapter.

(b) No person shall perform any work on any work on any building or structure
adjacent to a public way in general use by the public for pedestrian travel, unless
the pedestrians are protected as specified in this Chapter.

(c) Any material or structure temporarily occupying public property, including

fences, canopies, and walkways, shall be adequately lighted between sunset and
sunrise.
SECTION 6.02.02: Temporary Use of Streets and Alleys

(a) The use of public property shall meet legal requirements and subject to permit
to be issued officially by the Building Official.

SECTION 6.02.03: Storage on Public Property

(a) Materials and equipment necessary for work to be done under a permit shall
not be placed or stored on public property so as to obstruct free and convenient
approach to and use of any fire hydrant, fire or police alarm box, utility box, catch
basin, or manhole or so as not to interfere with any drainage of any street or alley
gutter.

SECTION 6.02.04: Mixing Mortar on Public Property

(a) The mixing or handling of mortar, concrete, or similar materials on public

street shall not be allowed except when the same are to be used on such streets
or any portion thereof such as curbs, gutters, manholes, sidewalks, culverts and
the like.

SECTION 6.02.05: Protection of Utilities

(a) All public or private utilities above or below the ground shall be protected
from any damages by any work being done under the permit. This protection shall
be maintained while such work is being done and shall not obstruct the normal
functioning of any such utility.

SECTION 6.02.06: Walkway

(a) A temporary walkway not less than 1.20 meters (4 feet) wide shall be provided
in lieu of the sidewalk, or in case there is none, in front of the building site during
construction or demolition unless the Building Official authorizes the sidewalk to
be fenced and closed. Adequate signs and railings shall be provided to direct
pedestrian traffic.

(b) The walkway shall be capable of supporting a uniform live load of 633
kilograms per square meter (150 pounds per square foot). a durable wearing
surface shall be provided throughout the construction period.

SECTION 6.02.07: Pedestrian protection

(a) Protection Required. Pedestrian traffic shall be protected by a railing on the

street side when the walkway extends into the roadway, by a railing when
adjacent to excavations, and by such other appropriate portion such as set forth
in Table 6.02-A: Type of Protection Required for Pedestrian (Annex B).

(b) Railings. Railings shall be built substantially and should be at least 1.00 meter
(3 feet, 3 inches) in height.

(c) Fence. Fences shall be built of an approved material, not less than 2.40 meters
(8 feet) in height above grade, and to be placed on the side of the walkway
nearest to the building site. Fences shall enclose entirely the building site.
Openings in such fences shall be provided with doors which shall be kept closed at
all times.

(d) Canopies. The protective canopy shall have a clear height of 2.40 meters (8
feet) above the walkway, and shall be constructed structurally safe. Every canopy
shall have a solid fence built along its entire length on the construction side. If
materials are stored or work is done on top of the canopy, the edge along the
street shall be adopted by a tight curb board not less than 30 centimeters (1 foot)
high and a railing not less than 1.00 meters (3 feet, 3 inches) high shall be
provided. The entire structure shall be designed to carry the loads imposed upon
it: Provided, That the live load shall be not less than 633 kilograms per square
meter (150 pounds per square foot).

SECTION 6.02.08: Maintenance and Removal of Protection Devices

(a) Maintenance. Such protection devices shall be properly maintained in place

and kept in good order for the entire length of time pedestrians may be
endangered.

(b) Removal. Every protection fence or canopy shall be removed within 30 days
after such protection is no longer required.

SECTION 6.02.09: Demolition

(a) The work of demolishing any building shall not be commenced until the
required pedestrian protection structures are in place.

(b) The Building Official require the permitee to submit plans and complete
schedule for demolition. Where such required, no work shall be done until such
plans and/or schedule are approved by the Building Official.

TITLE 7 - ENGINEERING REGULATIONS

Chapter 7.01 - GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 7.01.01: Scope

(a) The design and construction of all buildings and structures shall be in
compliance with the provisions of the National Structural Code for Buildings,
latest edition, adopted and promulgated by the Board of examiners of civil
engineers pursuant to Republic Act Numbered 544, as amended, otherwise
known as the "Civil Engineering Law".

TITLE 8 - DETAILED REGULATIONS

Chapter 8.01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 8.01.01: General

(a) Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations and
specifications herein set forth governing quality, characteristics and properties of
materials, methods of design and construction, type of occupancy, and
classification of construction.

SECTION 8.01.02: Excavations, Foundations, and Retaining Walls

(a) General. Subject to the provisions of Articles 684 to 686 of the Civil Code of the
Philippines on lateral and subjacent support, the quality of materials and design
used structurally in excavations, footings and shall conform to the internationally
recognized and accepted principles of engineering.

(b) Excavation or fills.

(1) Excavation or fills for any building structure and excavations or fills accessory
thereto shall be so constructed or protected that they do not endanger life and
property.
(2) Whenever or wherever the depth of any excavation for a new construction is
such that the lateral and subjacent support of the adjoining property or existing
structure thereon would be affected in a manner that the stability of safety of the
same is in endanger, the person undertaking or causing the excavation to be
undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for
the expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the
aforementioned property or structure only when such underpinning is necessary
for the safety of the same during excavation.

(3) Excavations and other similar disturbances made on public property caused by
public utilities shall be repaired immediately and returned to its former condition
within 48 years from the start of such excavations and disturbances by the public
utility franchise owner and the duly constituted officials thereof. Adequate signs
and safeguards shall be installed around and near the excavation to protect the
public from any danger of falling into the excavation. Repeated and flagrant
violations of this Section shall be the basis of revocation of any public utility
franchise. This provision shall not exempt the franchise owner and the duly
constituted officials thereof from any criminal or civil liabilities arising from such
excavations and disturbances to third persons.

(c) Footings and Foundations, and Retining Walls

(1) Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate size,
and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or
any condition to external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the
structure. It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt
the type and design of the same in accordance with generally accepted principles
and standards of engineering.

(2) Whenever or wherever there exists in the site of the construction on abrupt
change in the ground levels or levels of the foundation such that instability of the
soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and such shall be of adequate
design and type of construction in accordance with generally accepted standards
and principles of engineering.

SECTION 8.01.03: Veneer

(a) Definition. Veneer is a nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, stone, tile,

metal, plastic, glass, or other similar approved materials attached to a backing or
structural components of the building for the purpose of ornamentation,
protection, or enclosure that may be adhered, integrated, or anchored either on
the exterior or interior of the building or structure.

(b) Design Requirements. The design of all veneer shall comply with the
following:cralaw:red
(1) Veneer shall support no load other than its own weight and the vertical dead
load of veneer above.

(2) Surfaces to which veneer is attached shall be designed to support the

additional vertical and lateral loads imposed by the veneer.

(3) Consideration shall be given for differential movement of supports including

that caused by temperature changes, shinkage, creep, and deflection.

(4) Adhered veneer and its backing shall be designed to have a bond to the
supporting elements sufficient to withstand shearing stresses due to their weights
including seismic effects on the total assemblage.

(5) Anchored veneer and its attachments shall be designed to resist external
forces equal to twice the weight of the veneer.

(6) Anchors, supports, and veneers shall be incombustible corrosion-resistant.

(c) Construction. The person undertaking a causing a construction to be
undertaken shall observe, to the satisfaction of the Building Official,
internationally recognized and accepted principles governing dimensions of units,
weights of materials, methods of construction, attachment or anchorage, bonding
or anchorage, bonding or adhesion, structural adequacy and type and rigidity of
backing, and considerations for differential movements of supports including that
caused by temperature changes, shinkage, creep, and deflection.

SECTION 8.01.04: Enclosure of Vertical Openings

(a) General. Vertical openings be enclosed depending upon the fire-resistive

requirements of a particular type of construction as set forth in this Code.

(b) Elevator Enclosures. Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators
shall be not less than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of
Construction. Enclosing walls of elevators shafts may consist of wire glass set in
metal frames on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts extending through more
than two stories shall be equipped with an approved means of adequate
ventilation to and through the main roof of the building: Provided, That in
buildings housing Groups G and F Occupancies equipped with automatic fire-
extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required to escalators:
Provided, further, That the top of the escalator opening at each story shall be
provided with a draft curtain. Such draft curtain shall enclose the perimeter of the
unenclosed opening and shall extend from the ceiling downward at least 30
centimeters (12 inches) on all sides. Automatic sprinklers shall be provided
around the perimeter of the opening and within 60 centimeters (2 feet) of the
draft curtain. The distance between the sprinklers shall not exceed 1.80 meters (6
feet) center-to-center.
(c) Other Vertical Openings. All shafts, ducts, chutes, and other vertical openings
not covered in paragraph (b), above shall have enclosing walls conforming to the
requirements specified under the Type of Construction of the building in which
they are located. In other than Group A Occupancies rubbish and linen chutes
shall terminate in rooms separated from the remainder of the bidding by a One-
Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation. Openings into the chutes shall not be
located in required exit corridors or stairways. chan robles virtual law library

(d) Air Ducts. Air ducts passing through a floor shall be enclosed in a shaft. The
shaft shall be as required in this Code for vertical openings. Dampers shall be
installed where ducts pierce the shaft enclosure walls. Air ducts in Group A
Occupancies need not be enclosed in a shaft if conforming to the mechanical
provisions of this Code.

SECTION 8.01.05: Floor Construction

(a) Floor construction shall be of materials and construction as specified under

Title 2 on Fired Zones and Fire-Resistive Standards and under Title 4 on Types of
Construction.

(b) All floors shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls
as to form an integral part of the whole building.

(c) The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beams
and girders from spreading by installing either ties or bridging, with no laterally
unsupported length of joints being permitted to exceed 2.40 meters (8 feet)
except as otherwise specified in this Code.

SECTION 8.01.06: Roof Construction ad Covering

(a) Roof Coverings. Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or
ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular Type of
Construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in all
Types of Construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering applied
directly thereto.

(b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses
shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened
before any load is placed on the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to
brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall
conform to this Code. The minimum net section of the members after framing
shall be used in determining the strength on the truss at any point.

(c) Attics

(1) Access. An attic access opening shall be provided in the ceiling of the top floor
of buildings with combustible ceiling or roof construction. The opening shall be
located in a corridor or hallway of buildings or three or more stories in height, and
readily accessible in buildings of any height. The opening be not less than 55
centimeters by 75 centimeters (22 inches by 30 inches). Seventy-five centimeters
(30 inches) minimum clear headroom shall be provided above the access opening.
Attics with a maximum vertical clear height of less than 75 centimeters (30 inches)
need not be provided with access openings.

(2) Area Separations. Enclosed attics spaces formed of combustible construction

shall be divided into horizontal areas not exceeding 230 square meters (2500
square feet) by partitions extending from the ceiling to the roof. Such partitions
shall be not less than 13 millimeters (1/2 inch) thick gypsum wallboard, or 2.5
centimeters (1 inch) nominal thickness tight-fitting wood, 10 millimeters (3/28
inch) thick plywood or approved incombustible materials adequately supported.
Openings in the partitions shall be protected by self-closing doors constructed as
required for the partitions: Except, That where the entire attic is equipped with an
approved automatic fire-extinguishing system, the attic space may be divided into
areas not to exceed 700 square meters (7500 square feet).

(3) Draft Stops. Regardless of the Type of Construction, draft stops shall be
installed in trussed roofs, between roof and bottom chord of trusses, in all
buildings exceeding 1900 square meters (20,000 square feet). Draft stops shall be
constructed as for attic area separations, and in accordance with Type of
Construction.

(4) Ventilation. Enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces formed where ceilings
are applied direct to the underside of roof rafters, shall have cross ventilation for
each separate space by ventilating and openings protected against the entrance
of rain. The net free ventilating area shall be not less than 1/150ths of the area of
the space ventilated, except that the area nay be 1/300ths this provided by
ventilators located in the upper portion of the space to be ventilated at least 90
centimeters (3 feet) above eave or cornice vents with the balance of the required
ventilation provide by eave or cornice vents.

(d) Roof Drainage. Roof systems not designed to support accumulated water shall
be sloped for drainage.

(1) Roof Drains. Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges or are designed
to support accumulated water, roof drains shall be installed at each low point of
the roof. Roof drains shall be adequate in size to convey the water tributary to
the roof drains.

(2) Overflow Drains and Scuppers. Where roof drains are required, overflow
drains having the same size as the roof drains shall be installed with the inlet flow
line located 5 centimeters (2 inches) above the low point of the roof, or overflow
scuppers having three times the size of the roof drains may be installed in
adjacent parapet walls with the inlet flow line 5 centimeters (2 inches) above the
low the point of the adjacent roof and having minimum opening height of 10
centimeters (4 inches). Overflow drains shall be connected to drain lines
independent from the roof drains.

(3) Concealed Piping. Roof drainage overflow drains, when concealed within the
construction of the building, shall be installed.

(4) Over Public Property. Roof drainage water from a building shall not be
permitted to flow over public property, except for Groups A and J Occupancies.

(e) Flashing. At the juncture of the roof and vertical surface, flashing and
counterflashing shall be provided.

SECTION 8.01.07: Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads

(a) General. The construction of stairs, exits, and occupant loads shall conform to
requirements for occupants of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and
grandstands.

(1) Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in any building
or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that
use by the square meters or square feet per occupant according generally
accepted principles of engineering. The capacity of a building containing mixed
occupancies shall be determined by adding the number of occupants of the
various parts of the building classified as to Occupancy and Type of Construction.

(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for
different purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the
largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed the required width of
an exit except projections permitted by this code.
(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50
where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or
similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place
near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in a legible
manner by the owner or his authorized agent, and shall indicate the number of
occupants permitted for each room use.

(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in elevation of

not less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) along any exit serving a tributary
occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.

(b) Exits Required

(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least
one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant load of
more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine used for other
than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters (2000 square
feet), or if more than 18.00 meters (60 feet) in any dimension shall have not less
than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or portion thereof, having an
occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than three exits. Every story or
portions thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have not less
than four exits. The number of exits required from any story of a building shall be
determined by using the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level
under consideration as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first
adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below, when a story below exits
through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the occupant load in the
story immediately beyond the first adjacent story. The maximum number of exits
required for any story shall be maintained until egress is provided from the
structure. For purposes of this Section, basements or cellars and occupied roofs
shall be provided with exits as required for stories. Floors above the second story,
basements, and cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not
less than two exits.

(2) Width. The total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165 (in feet, by 50). Such width of exits shall be
divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width
required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant
load of that story, plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exit
through the level under considerations as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant
load in the first adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below when a
story below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the
occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story. The
maximum exit width required from any story of a building shall be maintained.

(3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a
distance apart equal to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served
measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are required
they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked
others will be available.

(4) Distance to Exits. No point in an unsprinkled building shall be more than 45.00
meters (150 feet) from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or
an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In building equipped with
a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the distance from exits may be
increased to 60.00 meters (200 feet).

(c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area
having an occupant load more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.

(1) Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any
hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting
doors shall not be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic
hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less
than 1300 square centimeters (200 square inches).

(2) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the
use of a key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, That this requirement
shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a
conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating
that the door is to remain unlocked during business hours. The locking device
must be of a type that will be readily distinguishable as locked. Flush bolts or
surface bolts are prohibited.

(3) Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit
the installation of a door not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width and not
less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) in height. When installed in exit doorways,
exits doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so
mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 70 centimeters (2
feet, 4 inches). In computing the required exit width, the net dimension of the
exitway shall be used.

(4) Door Leaf Width. No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) in
width.

(5) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as
required exits.

(6) Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an
approved means of egress from the building.

(7) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be
a floor or landing on each side of and exit door. The floor or landing shall be level
with, or not more than 5 centimeters (2 inches) lower than the threshold of the
doorway: Except, That in Groups A and B Occupies, a door may open on the top
step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing providing the door does not swing
over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not more than 19
centimeters (7-1/2 inches) below the floor level.

(8) Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements specified in
Section 10.05.05. Other exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily
distinguishable from the adjacent construction.

(9) Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes,
they shall conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving
door having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in
exit situations: Provided, That such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters
(6 feet, 7 inches); or they are not used in occupancies where exits are required to
be equipped with panic hardware; or at least one conforming exit door is located
adjacent to each revolving door installed in a building, and the revolving door
shall not be considered to provide any exit width.

(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to
every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as required exit for an occupant
load of more than 10.

(1) Width. Every corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12
meters (3 feet, 8 inches).

(2) Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall
be unobstructed: Except, That trim, handrails, and doors when fully opened shall
not reduce the required width by more than 18 centimeters (7 inches). Doors in
any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.
(3) Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged
to allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit
balcony to a separate exit, except for dead ends permitted.

(4) Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted
when the dead ends does not exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.

(5) Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall be not less than one hour
fire-resistive construction: Except, That this requirement shall not apply to
exterior exit balcony railings, corridors of a one-story building housing a Group E
or F Occupancy occupied by one tenant only and which serves an occupant load of
30 less, nor to corridors, formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies
cannot project into an area where protected openings are required.

(6) Openings. Where corridor walls are required to be one-hour fire-resistive

construction every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in
generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors.
Other interior openings, except ventilation louvers equipped with approved
automatic fire shutters shall be 6.3 millimeters (1/4 inch) fixed wire glass set in
steel frames. The total area of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an
interior corridor wall shall not exceed 25 per cent of the area of the corridor wall
of the room which it is separating from the corridor.

(c) Stairways. Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform
to the following requirements of this Code except stairs or ladders used only to
attend equipment.

(1) Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less in
width than 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches). Stairways serving an occupant load of
50 less may be 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide. Private stairways serving an occupant
load less than 10 may be 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) wide. Trim and
handrails shall not reduce the required width may more than 9 centimeters (3-1/2
inches).

(2) Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 19
centimeters (7-1/2 inches) and the run shall not be less than 25 centimeters (10
inches). Except as provided under paragraph (d) the maximum variations in the
height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters (3-
1/2 inch): Except, That in private stairways serving an occupant load of less than
10, the rise may be 20 centimeters (8 inches) and run may be 23 centimeters (9
inches).

(3) Winding Stairway. In Group A Occupancies and in private stairways in Group B

Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is provided at a
point not more than 30 centimeters (12 inches) from the side of the stairway
where the treads are the narrower, but in no case shall any width of run be less
than 15 centimeters (6 inches) at any point.

(4) Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the
minimum width of run is not less than 25 centimeters (10 inches). All treads in any
one flight between landing shall have identical dimensions within a 5-millimeters
(3/16-inch) tolerance.

(5) Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of
travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 1.20
meters (4 feet) when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when provided shall
not be reduced in width by more than 9.3 centimeters (3-1/2 inches) by a door
when fully open.

(6) Basement Stairways. Where a basement stairway and stairway to an upper

story terminate in the same exit enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided
to prevent persons from continuing on into the basement. Directional exit signs
shall be provided as specified in this Code.
(7) Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 3.65 meters (12
feet) vertically between landings.

(8) Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side, and every stairway
required to be more than 3.00 meters (9 feet) in width shall be provided with not
less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00 meters (9 feet of required
width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the
entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 75
centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) nor more than 85 centimeters (2 feet, 10 inches)
above the nosing of threads, and ends of handrails shall be returned or shall
terminate in newel posts or safety terminals: Except, in the following cases:
Stairways 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches or less in width and stairway serving one
individual dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrails,
except that such stairway open on one or both sides shall have handrails provided
on the open side or sides; or stairways having less four than four risers need not
have handrails.

(9) Exterior Stairway Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within
3.00 meters (10 feet), measured horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a
building over two stories in height shall be protected by a self-closing fire
assembly having a three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating: Except, That openings
may be unprotected when two separated exterior stairways serve an exterior exit
balcony.

(10) Stairway Construction-Interior. Interior stairways shall be constructed as

specified in this Code. Where there is enclosed usable space shall be protected on
the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(11) Stairway Construction-Exterior. Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible

material: Except, That on Type III buildings which do not exceed two stories in
height, and are located in less fire-resistive Fire Zones, as well as on Type I
buildings, these may be of wood not less than 5 centimeters (2 inches) in nominal
thickness. Exterior stairs shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to
location on property as specified in this Code. Exterior stairways shall not project
into an area where openings are required to be protected. Where there is
enclosed usable space under stairs the walls and soffits of the enclosed space
shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive
construction.

(12) Stairway to Roof. In every building more than two stories in height, one
stairway shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than
1 in 3.

(13) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not
less than2.00 meters (6 feet, 8 inches). Such clearance shall be established by
measuring vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread
nosing to the soft above all points.

(f) Ramps. A ramp conforming to the requirements of this Code may be used as an
exit. The width of ramps shall be as required for corridors.

(g) Horizontal Exit. If conforming to the provisions of this Code, a horizontal exit
may be required exit. All openings in a separation wall shall be protected by a fire
assembly having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A horizontal exit
shall lead into a floor area having capacity for an occupant load not less than the
occupant load served by such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing
0.28 square meter (3 square feet) of net clear floor area per ambulatory occupant
and 1.86 square meters (20 square feet) per non-ambulatory occupant. The
dispersal area into which the horizontal exit leads shall be provided with exits as
required by this Code.

(h) Exit Enclosures. Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as
specified in this Code: Except, That in other than Group D Occupancies, an
enclosure will not be required for a stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one
adjacent floor and connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors.
Stairs in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed.

(1) Enclosure walls shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction
elsewhere. There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways
and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall
appropriately be protected.

(2) Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors
connecting stairway flights and shall also include a corridor on the ground floor
leading from the stairway to the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or
passageways are not required from unenclosed stairways.

(3) A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit
unless an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent
persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.

(4) There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit enclosure,
nor shall the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose.

(i) Smokeproof Enclosures. A smoke enclosure shall consist of a continuous

stairway enclosed from the highest point top the lowest point by walls of two-
hour fire-resistive construction. In buildings five stories or more in height, one of
the required exits shall be smokeproof enclosure.

(1) Stairs in smokeproof enclosures shall be of incombustible construction.

(2) There shall be no openings in smokeproof enclosure, except exit doorways and
openings in exterior walls. There shall be no openings directly into the interior of
the building. Access shall be through a vestibule with one wall at 50 per cent open
to the exterior and having an exit door from the interior of the building and an
exit door leading to the smokeproof enclosure. In lieu of a vestibule, access may
be by way of an open exterior balcony of incombustible materials.

(3) The opening from the building to the vestibule or balcony shall be protected
with a self-closing fire assembly having one-hour fire-resistive rating. The opening
from the vestibule or balcony to the stair tower shall be protected a self-closing
fire assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.

(4) A smokeproof of enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit
passageway leading to a public way. The exit passageway shall be without other
openings and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of two-hour exit resistance.

(5) A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the grade level
exit unless an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent
persons from accidentally continuing into the basement. chan robles virtual law
library

(j) Exit Outlets, Courts, and Passageways. Every exit shall discharge into a public
way, exit court, or exit passageway. Every exit court shall discharge into a public
way or exit passageway. Passageways shall be without openings other than
required exits and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of the building but shall be
not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(1) Width. Every exit court and exit passageway shall be at least as wide as the
required total width of the tributary exits, such as required width being based on
the occupant load served. The required width of exit courts or exit passageways
shall be unobstructed except as permitted in corridors. At any point where the
width of an exit court is reduced from any cause, the reduction in width shall be
affected gradually by a guardrail at least 90 centimeters (3 feet) in height. The
guardrail shall make an angle of not more than 30 degrees with the exit court.

(2) Slope. The slope of exit courts shall not exceed 1 in 10. The slope of exit
passageways shall not exceed 1 in 8.

(3) Number of Exits. Every exit court shall be provided with exits as required by
this Code.

(4) Openings. All openings into an exit court less than 3.00 meters (10 feet) wide
shall be protected by fire assemblies having a three-fourths-hour fire resistive
rating: Except, That openings more than 3.00 meters (10 feet) above the floor of
the exit court may be unprotected.

(k) Exit Signs and Illumination. Exits shall be illuminated at any time the building is
occupied with light having an intensity of not less than one-foot candle at floor
level: Except, That for Group A Occupancies the exit illumination shall be provided
with separate circuits or separated sources of power (but not necessarily separate
from exit signs) when these are required for exit sign illumination.

(l) Aisles. Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables,
merchandise, equipment, or similar materials shall be provided with aisles leading
to an exit.

(1) Width. Every aisle shall be not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide if serving
only one side, and not less than 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches) wide if serving both
sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit,
cross aisles, or foyer and shall be increased by 4 centimeters (1 1/2 inches) for
each 1.50 meters (5 feet) in length toward the exit, cross aisle, or foyer. With
continental spacing, side aisle shall be not less than 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches)
in width.

(2) Exit Distance. In area occupied by seats and in Group H and I Occupancies
without seats, the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle shall not be not more
than 46.00 meters (150 feet). With standard spacing, as specified in this Code,
aisles shall be so located that there will be not more than six intervening seats
between any seat and the nearest aisle. With continental spacing, the number of
intervening seats may be increased to 29 where exit doors are provided along
each aisle of the row of seats at the rate of one pair of exit doors for five rows of
seats. Such exit doors shall provide a minimum clear width of 1.75 meters (5 feet,
6 inches).

(3) Cross Aisle. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of
the cross aisle shall be not less than the sum of the required width of the widest
aisle plus 50 per cent of the total required width of the remaining aisle leading
thereto. In Groups C, H, and E Occupancies, aisles shall not be provided a dead
end greater than 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.

(4) Vomitories. Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross aisles
shall have a total width not less than the sum of the required width of the widest
aisles leading thereto plus 50 per cent of the total required width of the
remaining aisles leading thereto.

(5) Slope. The slope portion of aisles shall not exceed 1 in 8.

(m) Seats

(1) Seat Spacing. With standard seating the spacing of rows of seats from back-to-
back shall be not less than 84 centimeters (2 feet, 9 inches), nor shall less than 69
centimeters (2 feet, 3 inches) plus the sum of the thickness of the back and
inclination of the back. Automatic or self-rising seats shall be measured in the
seat-up position, other seats shall be measured in the seat-down position. With
continental seating, the spacing of rows of unoccupied seats shall provide a clear
width measured horizontally, as follows: 45 centimeters (18 inches) clear for rows
of 18 seats or less; 51 centimeters (20 inches) clear for rows of 35 seats or less; 51
centimeters (21 inches) clear for rows of 45 seats or less; and 56 centimeters (22
inches) clear for rows of 46 seats or more.

(2) Width. The width of any seat shall not less than 45 centimeters (1 foot, 6
inches).

(n) Special Hazards

(1) Boiler Rooms. Except in Group A Occupancies, every boiler room and every
room containing an incinerator or L-P Gas or liquid fuel-fired equipment shall be
provided with at least two means of egress, one of which may be a ladder. All
interior openings shall be protected as set by internationally recognized and
accepted practice for dual purpose fire exit doors.

(2) Cellulose Nitrate Handling. Film laboratories, projection rooms, and nitro-
cellulose processing rooms shall have not less than two exits.

(o) Reviewing Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers

(1) Height of Stands. Stands employing combustible framing shall be limited to 11

rows or 2.70 meter (9 feet) in height.

(2) Design Requirements. The minimum unit live load for reviewing stands,
grandstands, and bleachers shall be 488 kilograms per square meter (100 pounds
per square foot) of horizontal projection for the structure as a whole. Seat and
footboards shall be 178.5 kilograms per linear meter (120 pounds per linear foot).
The sway force, applied to seats, shall be 35.7 kilograms per linear meter (24
pounds per linear foot) parallel to the seats and 14.8 kilograms per linear meter
(10 pounds per linear foot) perpendicular to the seats. Sway forces need not be
applied simultaneously with other lateral forces.

(3) Spacing of Seats

(3.1) Row Spacing. The minimum spacing of rows of seats measured from back-to-
back shall be: 55 centimeters (22 inches) for seats without backrests in open air
standards; 76 centimeters (30 inches) for seats with backrests; and 84 centimeters
(33 inches) for chair seating. There shall be a space of not less than 30 centimeters
(12 inches) between the back of each seat and front of the seat immediately
behind it.

(3.2) Rise Between Rows. The maximum rise from one row of seats to the next
shall not exceed 40 centimeters (16 inches).

(3.3) Seating Capacity. For determining the seating capacity of a stand, the width
of any seat shall be not less than 45 centimeters (18 inches) nor more than 48
centimeters (19 inches).

(3.4) Number of Seats Between Aisles. The number of seats between any seats
and an aisle shall not be greater than 15 for open air stands with seats without
backrests; 9 for open air stands with seats having backrest in buildings, and 6 for
seats with backrest in building.
(4) Aisles

(4.1) Aisles Required. Aisles shall be provided in all stands: Except, That aisles may
be omitted when all the following conditions exists: Seats are without backrest;
the rise from row to row does not exceed 30 centimeters (12 inches) per row; the
number of rows does not exceed 11 in height; the top seating board is not over
3.00 meters (10 feet) above grade; and first seating board is not more than 50
centimeters (20 inches) above grade.

(4.2) Obstructions. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of any

aisle or exitway.

(4.3) Stairs Required. When an aisle is elevated more than 20 centimeters (8

inches) above grade, the aisle shall be provided with a stairway or ramp whose
width is not less than the width of the aisles.

(4.4) Dead End. No vertical aisle shall have a dead and more than 16 rows in depth
regardless of the number of exits required.

(4.5) Width. Aisles shall have a minimum width of 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches).

(5) Stairs and Ramps. The requirements in this Code shall apply to all stairs and
ramps except for portions that pass through the seating area.

(5.1) Stair Rise and Run. The maximum rise of treads shall not exceed 20
centimeters (8 inches) and the minimum width of the run shall be 28 centimeters
(11 inches). The maximum variations in the width of treads in any one flight shall
be not more than 5 millimeters (3/16 inch) and the maximum variation in the
height of two adjacent rises shall not exceed 5 millimeters (3/16 inch).
(5.2) Ramp Slope. The slope of ramp shall be of approved nonslip material.

(5.3) Handrails. A ramp with a slope exceeding 1 in 10 shall have handrails. Stairs
for stands shall have handrails. Handrails shall conform to the requirements of
this Code.

(6) Guardrails

(6.1) Guardrails shall be required in all locations where the top of seat plank is
more than 1.20 meters (4 feet) above the grade and at the front of stands
elevated more than 60 centimeters (2 feet) above grade. Where only sections of
stands are used, guardrails shall be provided as required in this Code.

(6.2) Railings shall be 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches) above the rear of a seat plank
or 1.07 meters (3 feet 6 inches) above the rear of the steps in an aisle when the
guardrail is parallel and adjacent to the aisle: Except, That the height may be
reduced to 90 centimeters (3 feet) for guardrails located in front of the
grandstand.

(6.3) A midrail shall be placed adjacent to any seat to limit the open distance
above the top of any part of a seat to 3.00 meters (10 feet) where the seat is at
the extreme end or at the extreme rear of the bleachers of grandstand. The
intervening space shall have one additional rail midway in the opening: Except,
That railings may be omitted when stands are placed directly against a wall or
fence giving equivalent protection; stairs and ramps shall be provided with
guardrails. Handrails at the front of stands and adjacent to an aisle shall be
designed at resist a load of 74 kilograms per linear meter (50 pounds per linear
foot) applied at the top rail. Other handrails shall be designed at resist a load of 9
kilograms (20 pounds).
(7) Footboards. Footboards shall be provided for all rows of seats above the third
row, or beginning at such point where the seating plank is more than 60
centimeters (2 feet) above grade.

(8) Exits

(8.1) Distance to Exit. The line of travel to an exit shall be not more than 45.00
meters (150 feet). For stands with seats without backrests this distance may be
measured by direct line from a seat to the exit from the stand.

(8.2) Aisle Used as Exit. An aisle may be considered as only one exit unless it is
continuous at both ends to a legal building exit or to a safe dispersal area.

(8.3) Two Exits Required. A stand with the first seating board not more than 50
centimeters (20 inches) above grade of floor may be considered to have two exits
when the bottom of the stands is open at both ends. Every stand or section of a
stand within a building shall have at least two means of egress when the stand
accommodates more than 50 persons. Every open air stand having seats without
backrest shall have at least two means of egress when the stand accommodates
more than 300 persons.

(8.4) Three Exits Required. Three exits shall be required for stands within a
building when there are more than 300 occupants within a stands, and for open
air stands with seats without backrests where a stand or section of a stand
accommodates more than 1000 occupants.

(8.5) Four Exits Required. Four exits shall be required when a stand or section of
stand accommodates more than 1000 occupants. Except, That for an open air
stand with seats without backrest four exits need not be provided unless there
are accommodations for more than 3000 occupants.

(8.6) Width. The total width of exits in meters shall be not less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165 (by 50 in feet): Except, that for open air
stands with seats without backrests the total width of exits in meters shall be not
less than the total occupant load served divided by 500 (150 in feet) when exiting
by stairs, and divided by 650 (by 200 in feet) when exiting by ramps or
horizontally. When both horizontal and stair exits are used, the total width of
exits shall be determined by using both figures as applicable. No exit shall be less
than 1.07 meters (42 inches) in width. Exits shall be arranged a reasonable
distance apart. When but two exits are provided, they shall be spaced not less
than one-fifth of the perimeter apart.

(9) Securing of Chairs. Chairs and benches used on raised stands shall be secured
to the platform upon which they are placed: Except, That when less than 25 chairs
are used upon a single raised platform the fastening of seats to the platform may
be omitted. When more than 500 loose chairs are used in connection with athletic
events, chairs shall be fastened together in groups of not less than three, and
shall be tied or staked to the ground.

(10) Safe Dispersal Area. Each safe dispersal area shall have at least two exits. If
more than 6000 persons are to be accommodated within such an area, there shall
be a minimum of three exits, and for more than 9000 persons there shall be a
minimum of four exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe dispersal
area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one exit unit 56 centimeters
(22 inches) for each 500 persons to be accommodated and no exit shall be less
than 1.12 meters (44 inches) in width. Exits shall be a reasonable distance apart
but shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area apart from
each other.

SECTION 8.01.08: Skylights

(a) All skylights shall be constructed with metal frames, except those for Groups A
and J Occupancies. Frames of skylights shall be designed to carry loads required
for roofs. All skylights, the glass of which is set an angle of less than 45 degrees
from the horizontal, if located above the first story, shall be at least 10
centimeters (4 inches) above the roofs. Curbs on which the skylight rests shall be
constructed of incumbustible materials except for Type I or II constructions.

(b) Spacing between supports in one direction for flat wired glass skylights shall
not exceed 7.60 meters (25 feet). Corrugated wired glass may have supports 1.50
meters (5 feet) apart in the direction of the corrugation. All glass in skylights shall
be wire glass: Except, That skylights over vertical shafts extending through two or
more stories shall be glazed with plain glass as specified in this Code: Provided,
That wire glass may be used if ventilation equal to not less than one-eighth the
cross-sectional area of the shaft but never less than 1.20 meters (4 feet) is
provided at the top of such shaft. Any glass not wire glass shall be protected
above and below with a screen constructed of wire not smaller than 12 U.S. gauge
with a mesh not larger than 2.5 centimeters (1 inch). The screen shall be
substantially supported below the glass.

(c) Skylights installed for the use of photographers may be constructed of metal
frames and plate glass without wire netting.

(d) Ordinary glass may be used in the roofs and skylights for greenhouses,
provided the height of the greenhouse at the ridge does not exceed 6.00 meters
(20 feet) above the grade. The use of wood in the frames of skylights will be
permitted in greenhouses outside of highly restrictive Fire Zones if the height of
the skylights does not exceeds 6.00 meters (20 feet) above the grade, but in other
cases metal frames and metal sash bars shall be used.

(e) Glass used for the transmission of light, if placed in floors or sidewalks, shall be
supported by metal or reinforced concrete frames, and such glass shall be not less
than 12.7 millimeters (1/2 inch) in thickness. Any such glass over 103 square
centimeters (16 square inches) in area shall have wire mesh embedded in the
same or shall be provided with a wire screen underneath as specified for skylights
in this Code. All portions of the floor lights or sidewalk lights shall be of the same
strength as required for floor or sidewalk lights shall be of the same strength as
construction, except in cases where the floor is surrounded by a railing not less
than 1.07 meters (3 feet, 6 inches) in height, in which case the construction shall
be calculated for not less than roof loads.

SECTION 8.01.09: Bays, Porches, Balconies

(a) Walls and floors in bay and oriel windows shall conform to the construction
allowed for exterior walls and floors of the type of construction of the building to
which they are attached. The roof covering of a bay or oriel window shall conform
to the requirements of the roofing of the main roof. Exterior balconies attached to
or supported by walls required to be of masonry, shall have brackets or beams
constructed of incombustible materials. Railings shall be provided for balconies,
landings, or porches, which are more than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) above
grade.

SECTION 8.01.10: Penthouses and Roof Structures

(a) Height. No penthouse or other projection above the roof when used as an
enclosure for tanks or elevators which run to the roof and in all other cases shall
be not extend more than 3.60 meters (12 feet)in height above the roof.

(b) Area. The aggregate area of all penthouses and other roof structures shall not
exceed 33-1/3 per cent of the area of the supporting roof.

(c) Prohibited Uses. No penthouse, bulkhead, or any other similar projection

above the roof shall be used for purposes other than shelter of mechanical
equipment or shelter of vertical shaft openings in the roof. A penthouse or
bulkhead used for purposes other than that allowed by this Section shall conform
to the requirements of this Code for an additional story.

(d) Construction. Roof structures constructed with walls, floors, and roof as
required for the main portion of the building except in the following cases:

(1) On Types II and III buildings the exterior walls and roofs of penthouses which
are 1.50 meters (5 feet) pr more from an adjacent property line may be of one-
hour fire-resistive incombustible construction.

(2) Walls not less than 1.50 meters (5 feet) from an exterior wall of a Type IV
building may be of one-hour fire-resistive incombustible construction.

The above restriction shall not prohibit the placing of wood flagpoles or similar
structures on the roof of any building.

(e) Towers and Spires. Towers or spires when closed shall have exterior walls as
required for the building to which they are attached. Towers not enclosed and
which extend more than 23.00 meters (75 feet) above grade shall have their
framework construction of iron, steel, or reinforced concrete. No tower or spire
shall occupy more than one-fourth of the street frontage of any building to which
is attached and in no case shall the base area exceed 150 square meters (1600
square feet) unless it conforms entirely to the type of construction requirements
of the building to which it is attached and is limited in height as a main part of the
building. If the area of the tower or spire exceeds 10.00 square meters (107
square feet) at any horizontal cross section, its supporting frame shall extend
directly to the ground. The roof covering of the spires shall be as required for the
main roof of the roof of the rest of the structure. Skeleton towers used as radio
masts, neon signs, or advertisement frames and placed on the roof of any building
shall be constructed entirely of incombustible materials when more than 7.60
meters (25 feet) in height and shall be directly supported on an incombustible
framework to the ground. No such skeleton towers shall be supported on roofs of
combustible framings. They shall be design to withstand a wind load from any
direction in addition to any other loads.

SECTION 8.01.11: Chimneys, Fireplaces, and Barbecues

(a) Chimneys

(1) Structural Design. Chimneys shall be designed, anchored, supported,

reinforced, constructed, and installed in accordance with generally accepted
principles of engineering. Every chimney shall be capable of producing a draft at
the appliance not less than the required for the safe operation of the appliance
connected thereto. No chimney shall support any structural load than its own
weight unless it is designed to act as a supporting member. Chimneys in an wood-
framed building shall be anchored laterally at the ceiling and each floor line which
is more than 1.80 meters (6 feet) above grade, except when entirely within the
framework on when designed to be free standing.

(2) Walls. Every masonry chimneys shall have walls of masonry units, bricks,
stones, listed masonry units, reinforced concrete or equivalent solid thickness of
hollow masonry and lined with suitable liners in accordance with the following
requirements:cralaw:red
(2.1) Masonry Chimneys for Residential-type Appliances. Masonry chimneys shall
be constructed of masonry units or reinforced concrete with walls not less than 10
centimeters (4 inches) thick or rubble stone masonry not less than 30 centimeters
(12 inches) thick. The chimney linear shall be in accordance with this Code.

(2.2) Masonry Chimneys for Low-heat-Appliances. Masonry chimneys shall be

constructed of masonry units or reinforced concrete with walls not less than 20
centimeters (8 inches) thick except that rubbles stone masonry shall be not less
than 30 centimeters (12 inches) thick. The chimneys linear shall be in accordance
with this Code.

(2.3) Masonry Chimneys for Medium-heat-Appliances. Masonry chimneys for

medium-heat appliances shall be constructed of solid masonry units of reinforced
concrete not less than 20 centimeters (8 inches) thick, except that stone masonry
shall be not at less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) thick and, in addition shall be
lined with not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) of firebrick laid in a solid bed of
fire clay mortar with solidity filled head, bed, and wall joints, starting not less
than 60 centimeters (2 feet) below the chimney connector entrance and
extending for a distance of at least 7.60 meters (25 feet) above the chimney
connector entrance. Chimneys extending 7.60 meters (25 feet) or less above the
chimney connector shall be lined to the top.

(2.4) Masonry Chimneys for High-heat Appliances. Masonry chimneys for high-
heat appliances shall be constructed with double walls of sold masonry units of
reinforced concrete not less than 20 centimeters (8 inches) in thickness, with an
air space of not less than 5 centimeters (2 inches) between walls. The inside of the
interior walls shall be of firebrick not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) in
thickness laid in a solid bid of fire clay mortar with solidly filled head, bed and
wall joints.

(2.5) Masonry Chimneys for Incinerators Installed in Multi-Story Buildings

(Apartment-type Incinerators). Chimneys for incinerators installed in multi-story
buildings using the chimney passageway as a refuse chute where the horizontal
grate area of combustion chamber does not exceed 0.84 square meter (9 square
feet) shall have walls of solid masonry or reinforced concrete, not less than 10
centimeters (4 inches) thick with a chimneys lining as specified in this Code. If the
grate area of such an incinerator exceeds 0.84 square meter (9 square feet), walls
shall be not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) of firebrick except that higher than
9.00 meters (30 feet) above the roof of the combustion chamber, common brick
alone, 20 centimeters (8 inches) in thickness, may be used.

(2.6) Masonry Chimneys for Commercial and Industrial-type Incinerators.

Masonry chimneys for commercial and industrial-type incinerators of a size
designed for not more than 115 kilograms (250 pounds) or refuse per hour and
having a horizontal grate area not exceeding 0.84 meter (9 square feet) shall have
walls of solid masonry or reinforced concrete not less than 10 centimeters (4
inches) thick with lining shall extend for not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) for
firebrick, which lining shall extend for not less than 12.00 meters (40 feet) above
the roof of the combustion chamber. If the design capacity or grate area of such
an incinerator exceed 115 kilograms (250 pounds) per hour and 0.84 square meter
(9 square feet) respectively, walls shall be not less than 20 centimeters (8 inches)
thick, lined with not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) of firebrick extending the
full height of the chimney.
(3) Linings. Fire clay chimney lining shall be not less than 16 millimeters (5/8 inch)
thick. The lining shall extend from 20 centimeters (8 inches) below the lowest
inlet or, in the case of fireplaces, from the throat of the fireplace to a point above
enclosing masonry walls. Fire clay chimney linings shall be installed ahead of the
construction of the chimney as it is carried up, carefully bedded one on the other
in fire clay mortar, with close-fitting joints left so smooth on the inside. Firebrick
not less than 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick may be used in place of fire clay
chimney.

(4) Area. No chimney passageway shall be smaller in area than the vent
connection on the appliance attached thereto.

(5) Height. Every masonry chimney shall extend at least 60 centimeters (2 feet)
above the part of the roof through which it passes and at least 60 centimeters (2
feet) above the highest elevation of any part of a building within 3.00 meters (10
feet) to the chimney.

(6) Corbeling. No masonry chimney shall be corbel from a wall more than 15
centimeters (6 inches) nor shall a masonry chimney be corbeled from a wall which
is less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) in thickness unless it projects equally on
each side of the wall. In the second story of a two-story building of Group A
Occupancy, corbeling of masonry chimneys on the exterior of the enclosing walls
may equal the wall thickness. In every case the corbeling shall not exceed 2.5-
centimeter (1 inch) projection for each course of brick.

(7) Change in Size or Shape. No change in the size or shape of a masonry chimney
where the chimney passes through the roof shall be made within a distance of 15
centimeters (6 inches) above or below the roof joists or rafters.

(8) Separation. When more than one passageway is contained in the same
chimney, masonry separation at least 10 centimeters (4 inches) thick bonded into
the masonry wall of the chimney shall be provided to separate passageways.

(9) Inlets. Every inlet to masonry chimneys shall enter the side thereof and shall
be of not less than 3 millimeters (1/8 inch) thick metal or 16 millimeters (5/8 inch)
refractory materials.

(10) Clearance. Combustible materials shall not be placed within 5 centimeters (2

inches) of smoke chamber walls or masonry chimney walls when built within a
structure, or with 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) when the chimney is built entirely
outside the structure.

(11) Termination. All incineration shall terminate in a substantially constructed

spark arrester having a mesh not exceeding 19 centimeters (3/4 inch).

(12) Cleanouts. Cleanout opening shall be provided at the base of every masonry
chimney.

(b) Fireplaces and Barbecues. Fireplaces, barbecues, smoke chamber, and

fireplace chimneys shall be of solid masonry or reinforced concrete and shall
conform to the minimum requirements specified in this Code. Factory-built metal
room heating stoves may be used in accordance with generally recognized
engineering practices.

(1) Fireplace Walls. Walls of fireplaces shall be not less than 20 centimeters (8
inches) in thickness. Walls of fireboxes shall be not less than 25 centimeters (10
inches) in thickness: Except, That where a lining of firebrick is used such walls
shall be not less than 20 centimeters (8 inches) in thickness. The firebox shall be
not less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in depth. The maximum thickness of
joints in firebrick shall be 6 millimeter (1/4 inch).

(2) Hoods. Metal hoods used as a part of a fireplace or barbecue shall be not less
than No. 18 gauge copper, galvanized steel, or other equivalent corrosion-
resistant ferrous metal with all seams and connections of smokeproof unsoldered
construction. The hoods shall be sloped at an angle of 45 degrees or less from the
vertical and shall extend horizontally at least 15 centimeters (6 inches) beyond
the limits of the firebox. Metal hoods shall be kept a minimum of 40 centimeters
(18 inches) from combustion materials unless approved for reduced clearances.

(3) Circulators. Approved metal heat circulators may be installed fireplaces.

(4) Smoke Chamber. Front and side walls shall be not less than 20 centimeters (8
inches) in thickness. Smoke chamber back walls shall not be not less than 15
centimeters (6 inches) in thickness.

(5) Fireplace Chimneys. Walls of chimneys without flue lining shall be not less
than 20 centimeters (8 inches) in thickness. Walls of chimneys with flue lining
shall be not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) in thickness and shall not be
constructed in accordance with this Code.

(6) Clearance to Combustible Material. Combustible material shall not be placed

within 5 centimeters (2 inches) of fireplace, smoke chamber, or chimneys walls
when built entirely within a structure, or within 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) when the
chimney is built entirely outside the structure. In lieu of 2.5-centimeter (1 inch)
clearance between chimney and exterior wall, 12 millimeters (1/2 inch) gypsum
board may be substituted. Combustible materials shall not be placed within 15
centimeters (6 inches) of the fireplace opening. No such combustible material
within 30 centimeters (12 inches) of the fireplace opening shall project more than
3 millimeters (1/8 inch) for each 2.5-centimeter (1 inch) clearance from such
opening. No part of metal hoods used as part of a fireplace, barbecue, or heating
stove shall be less than 40 centimeters (18 inches) from combustible material.
This clearance may be reduced to the minimum requirements set forth in this
Code.

(7) Areas of Flues, Throats, and Dampers. The net cross-sectional area of the flue
and of the throat between the firebox and the smoke chamber of a fireplaces
shall be not less than the requirements according to internationally recognized
and accepted principles of engineering. Where dampers are used, they shall be of
not less than No. 12 gauge metal. When fully opened, damper openings shall be
not less than 90 per cent of the required flue area. When fully opened, damper
blade shall not extent the line of inner face of the flue.

(8) Lintel. Masonry over the fireplace opening shall be supported by an

incombustible lintel.

(9) Hearth. Every fireplace shall be provided with a brick, concrete, stone, or other
approved incombustible hearth slab at least 30 centimeters (12 inches) wider on
each side than the fireplace opening and projecting at least 30 centimeters (18
inches) therefrom. This slab shall be not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) thick
and shall be supported by incombustible materials or reinforced to carry its own
weight and all imposed loads. Combustible forms and centering shall be removed.

SECTION 8.01.12: Fire-Extinguishing Systems

(a) Automatic Fire-Extinguishing Systems: Where Required. Standard automatic
fire-extinguishing systems shall comply with requirements of generally recognized
and accepted practices and shall be installed in the following places:cralaw:red
(1) In every basement or cellar with an area of 200 square meters (2152 square
feet) or more which is used for habitation, recreation, dining, study, or work, and
which base an occupant load of more than 20.

(2) In all dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, workshops or factories, and other
rooms with an occupant load of more than 10, assembly halls under Groups H and
I Occupies with an occupant load of more than 500, and if the exit doors of said
rooms are more than 30.00 meters (100 feet) from the nearest safe fire dispersal
area of the building or opening to a court or street.

(3) In all rooms used as storage or handling of photographic and x-ray

nitrocellulose films and other inflammable articles.
(b) Dry Standpipes. Every building six more stories in height shall be equipped
with one or more dry standpipes.

(1) Construction and tests. Dry standpipes shall be of wrought iron or galvanized
steel and together with fittings and connections shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand 20 kilograms per square centimeter (300 pounds per square inch) of
water pressure when ready for service, without leaking at the joints, valves, or
fittings. Tests shall be conducted by the owner or his representative or contractor
in the presence of a representative of the City or Municipal Fire Department
whenever deemed necessary for the purpose of certification of its proper
function. chan robles virtual law library

(2) Size. Dry standpipes shall be of such size as to be capable of delivering 946
liters (250 gallons) per minute from each of any three outlets simultaneously
under the pressure created by one fire engine or pumper, based on the existing
city equipment available. The local Fire Department shall be consulted as to the
proper size and threads of those connections.

(3) Number Required. Every building six or more stories in height where the area
of any floor above the fifth floor is 950 square meters (10,000 square feet) or less
shall be equipped with not less than one dry standpipe and an additional
standpipe shall be installed for each additional 950 square meters (10,000 square
feet) or fraction thereof.

(4) Location. Standpipes shall be located within stairway landings or near such
stairways as possible or immediately inside of an exterior wall and 30 centimeters
(12 inches) of an opening in a stairway enclosure of the balcony or vestibule of a
smokeproof tower or an outside exit stairway.

(5) Siamese Connection. Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (2), all 10-
centimeter (4-inch) dry standpipes shall be equipped with a two-way Siamese fire
department connection. All 12.5-centimeters (5-inch) dry standpipes shall be
equipped with a three-way Siamese fire department connection and 15-
centimeter (6-inch) dry standpipes shall be equipped with a fourway Siamese fire
department connection. All Siamese inlet connections shall be located on a street
front of the building and not less than 30 centimeters (12 inches) nor more than
1.20 meters (4 feet above the grade and shall be equipped with clapper-checks
and substantial plugs. All Siamese inlet connections shall be recessed in the wall
or otherwise substantially protected.

(6) Outlets. All dry standpipes shall be extend from the ground floor to and over
the roof and shall be equipped with a 6.3-centimeter (2-1/2-inch) outlet not more
than 1.20 meters (4 feet) above the floor level at each story. All dry standpipes
shall be equipped with a two-way 6.3-centimeters (2-1/2 inch) outlet above the
roof. All outlets shall be equipped with gate valves with substantial chains.

(7) Signs. An iron or bronze sign with raised letters at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch)
high shall be rigidly attached to the building adjacent to all Siamese connections
and such sign shall read: "CONNECTION TO DRY STANDPIPE."

(c) Wet Standpipes. Every Group H and I Occupancy of any height and every
Group C Occupancy of two or more stories in height, whose corridors are flanked
on both sides, and every Group C Occupancy of two or more stories in height,
whose corridors serve only one row of rooms on one side and with an open court
on the other side, and every Group B, D, E, F, and G Occupancy of three or more
stories in height and every Group G and E Occupancy over 1800 square meters
(20,000 square feet) in area shall be equipped with one or more interior wet
standpipes extending from the cellar or basement into the topmost story:
Provided, That Group H buildings having no stage and having a seating capacity of
less than 500 need to be equipped with interior standpipes.

(1) Construction. Interior wet standpipes shall be constructed as required for dry
standpipes.

(2) Size

(2.1) Interior wet standpipes shall have an internal diameter sufficient to deliver
189 liters (50 gallons) of water per minute under 2.1 kilograms per square
centimeter (30 pounds per square inch) pressure at the lose connection, based on
the available water supply. Buildings of Groups H and I Occupancies shall have
wet standpipe systems capable of delivering the required quantity and pressure
from any two outlets simultaneously; for all other occupancies only one outlet
need be figured to be at one time. In no case shall the internal diameter of a vet
standpipe be less than 5 centimeters (2 inches), except when the standpipe is
attached to an automatic fire-extinguishing system as set by the internationally
recognized and accepted engineering practices.

(2.2) Any approved formula which determines pipe sizes on a pressure drop basis
may be used to determine pipe size for wet standpipe systems. The Building
Official may require delivery and pressure tests on completed wet standpipe
systems before approving such systems.

(3) Numbered Required. Wet standpipes shall be so located that any portion of
the can be reached therefrom with a hose not exceeding 23.00 meters (75 feet) in
length.

(4) Location. In Groups H and I Occupancies, outlets shall be located as follows:

one on either side of the stage, one at the rear of the auditorium, and one at the
rear of the balconies. Where occupant loads are less than 500 the above
requirements may be waived: Provided, That portable fire-extinguishers of
appropriate capacity and type are installed within easy access from the said
locations. In Groups B, C, D, E, F, and G Occupancies the location of all interior wet
standpipes shall be in accordance with the requirements for dry standpipes:
Provided, That at least one wet standpipe is installed to cover not more than 650
square meters (700 square feet).

(5) Outlets. All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with a 3.8-centimeter (1-
1/2 inch) valve in each story including the basement or cellar of the building , and
located not less than e0 centimeters (1 foot) nor more than 1.50 meters (5 feet)
above the floor.

(6) Threads. All hose threads in connection with the installation of such
standpipes, including valves and reducing fittings, shall be uniform with that used
by the local Fire Department.

(7) Water Supplies. All interior wet standpipes shall be connected to a street
water main not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter, or when the
water pressure is sufficient, to a water tank of sufficient size as provided in
subparagraph (8). When more than one interior wet standpipe is required in the
building, such standpipes shall be connected at their bases or at their tops by
pipes of equal size.
(8) Pressure and Gravity Tanks. Tanks shall have a capacity sufficient to furnish at
least 1346 liters (250 gallons) per minute for a period of not less than 10 minutes.
Such tanks shall be located so as to provide not less than 11.3 kilograms (25
pounds) pressure at the topmost hose outlet for its entire supply. Discharge pipes
from pressure tanks shall extend 5 centimeters (2 inches) into and above the
bottom of such tanks. All tanks shall be tested in place after installation and
proved tightly at a hydrostatic pressure 50 per cent in excess of the working
pressure required. Where such tanks are used for domestic purpose the supply
pipe for such purposes shall be located at or above the center line of such tanks.
Incombustible supports shall be provided for all such supply tanks and not less
than 90-centimeters (3-foot) clearance shall be maintained over the top and
under the bottom of all pressure tanks.

(9) Fire Pumps. Fire pumps shall have a capacity of not less than 1346 liters (250
gallons) per minute with a pressure of not less than 11.3 kilograms (25 pounds) at
the topmost hose outlet. The source of supply for such pump shall be a street
water main of not less than 10-centimeter (4-inch) diameter or a well or cistern
containing a one-hour supply. Such pumps shall be supplied with an adequate
source of power of the building and shall be automatic in operation.

(10) Hose and Hose Reels. Each hose outlet of all interior wet standpipes shall be
supplied with a hose not less than 3.8 centimeters (1-1/2 inches) in diameter.
Such hose shall be equipped with a suitable brass or bronze nozzle and shall be
not over 23.00 meters (75 feet) in length. An approved standard form of wall hose
reel or racks shall be provided for the hose and shall be located so as to make the
hose readily accessible at all times and shall be recessed in the walls or protected
suitable cabinets.

(d) Basement Pipe Inlets. Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in the first floor
of every store, warehouse, or factory where there are cellars or basements under
same: Except, Where in such cellars or basements there is installed a fire-
extinguishing system as specified in this Code, or where the cellars or basements
are used for banking purposes, safe deposit vaults, or similar uses.

(1) Materials. All basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron, steel brass, or bronze
with lids of cast brass or bronze and shall consist of a sleeve not less than 20
centimeters (8 inches) in diameter through the floor extending to and flush with
the ceiling below and with a top flange, recessed with an inside shoulder, to
receive the lid and flush with the finish floor surface. The lid shall be a solid
casting and have a ring lift recessed on the top thereof, so as to be flush. The lid
shall have the words "FIRE DEPARTMENT ONLY, DO NOT COVER UP", cast on the
top thereof. The lid shall be installed in such a manner as to permit its removal
readily from the inlet.

(2) Location. Basement pipe inlets shall be strategically located and kept readily
accessible at all times to the Fire Department.

(e) Approval. All fire-extinguishing systems, including automatic sprinkles, wet

and dry standpipes, automatic chemical extinguishers, basement pipe inlets, and
the appurtenance thereto shall meet the approval of the Fire Department of the
particular municipality or city as to installation and location and shall be subject
to such periodic tests as may require.

SECTION 8. 01.13: Stages and Platforms

(a) Stage Ventilators. There shall be one or more ventilators constructed of metal
or other incombustible material near the center and above the highest part of any
working stage raised above the stage roof and having a total ventilation area
equal to at least five per cent of the floor area within the stage walls. The entire
equipment shall conform to the following requirements:
(1) Opening Action. Ventilators shall open by spring action or force of gravity
sufficient to overcome the effects of neglect, rust, dirt, or expansion by heat or
warning of the framework.

(2) Glass. Glass, if used in ventilators, must be protected against falling on the
stage. A wire screen, if used under the glass, must be so placed that if clogged it
cannot reduce the required ventilating area of interfere with the operating
mechanism or obstruct the distribution of water from the automatic fire-
extinguishing systems.

(3) Design. Ventilators, penthouses, and supporting framework shall be designed

in accordance with this Code.

(4) Automatic Openings. Each ventilator shall be arranged to open automatically

after the outbreak of fire by the use of an approved automatic closing device as
defined in this Code. The fusible link and operating cable shall hold each door
closed against a minimum 13.5-kilogram (30-pound) counterforce exerted by
springs or counterweights. This minimum counterforce shall be exerted on each
door through its entire arc of travel and for a minimum 115 degrees. A manual
control shall be provided.

(5) Spring Actuations. Springs, when employed to actuate ventilator doors, shall
be capable of maintaining full required tension indefinitely. Springs shall not be
stressed more than 50 per cent of their rated capacity and shall not be located
directly in the air stream, nor exposed to the elements.

(6) Location of Fusible Links. A fusible link shall be placed in the cable control
system on the underside of the ventilator at or above the roof line, and shall be so
located as not to be affected by the operation of fire-extinguishing systems.

(7) Control. Remote, manual, or electrical control shall provide for both opening
and closing of the ventilator doors for periodic testing and shall be located at a
point on the stage designated by the Building Official. When remote control of
ventilator is electrical, power failure shall not affect its instant operation in the
event of fire. Hand winches may be employed to facilitate operation of manually
controlled ventilators.

(8) Curb Construction. Curbs shall constructed as required for the roof.

(b) Gridirons

(1) Gridirons, fly galleries, and pin-rails shall be constructed of incombustible

materials and fire protection of steel and iron may be omitted. Gridirons and fly
galleries shall be designed to support a live load of not less than 112 kilograms per
square meter (75 pounds per square foot). Each loft block well shall be designed
to support 37.2 kilograms per linear meter (250 pounds per linear foot) and the
block well shall be designed to support the aggregate weight of all the loft block
well served. The head block well must be provided with an adequate strongback
of lateral brace to offset torque.

(2) The main counterweight sheave beam shall be designed to support a

horizontal and vertical uniformly distributed live load sufficient to accommodate
the weight imposed by the total number of loft blocks in the gridiron. The sheave
blocks shall be designed to accommodate the maximum load for the loft blocks or
head blocks served with a safety factor of five.

(c) Rooms Accessory to Stage. In buildings having a stage, the dressing room
sections, workshops, and storerooms shall be located on the stage side of the
proscenium wall and shall be separated from each other and from the stage by
not less than a One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation.

(d) Prosceniums Walls. A stage shall be completely separated from the auditorium
by a proscenium wall of not less than two-hour incombustible construction. The
proscenium wall shall extend not less than 1.20 meters (4 feet) above the roof
over the auditorium. Proscenium walls may have, in addition to the main
proscenium opening at the orchestra pit level and not more than two openings at
the stage floor level, each of which shall be not more than 2.00 square meters (25
square feet) in area. All openings in the proscenium wall of a stage shall be
protected by a fire assembly having a one and one-half-hour fire-resistive rating.
The proscenium opening, which shall be the main opening for viewing
performances, shall be provided with a self-closing fire-resistive curtain according
to generally recognized and accepted engineering practices.

(e) Stage Floors. The Type of Construction for stage floors shall depend upon the
requirement based on the Type of Occupancy and the corresponding fire-resistive
requirements. All parts of the stage floor shall be designed to support not less
than 185 kilograms per square meter (125 pounds per square foot). Openings
through stage floors shall be equipped with tight-fitting trap doors.

(f) Platforms. The Type of Construction for platforms shall depend upon the
requirements based on the Type of Occupancy and corresponding fire-resistive
requirements. Enclosed platforms shall be provided with one or more ventilators
conforming to the requirements of stage ventilators: Except, That the total area
shall be equal to five per cent of the area of the platform. When more than one
ventilators is provided, they shall be so spaced as to provide proper exhaust
ventilation. Ventilators shall not be required for enclosed platforms having a floor
area of 45.00 square meters (500 square feet) or less.

(g) Stage Exits. At least one exit not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide shall be
provided from a passageway not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width to a
street or exit court. An exit stair not less than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches)
wide shall be provided for egress from each fly gallery. Each tier of dressing rooms
shall be provided with at least two means of egress each not less than 75
centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) wide and all such stairs shall be constructed as
specified in this Code. The stairs required in this Subsection need to be enclosed.

SECTION 8.05.14: Motion Picture Projection Rooms

(a) General. The provisions of this Section shall apply only where ribbon type
motion picture film in excess of 22-millimeter (7/8-inch) width and electric are
projection equipment are used. Every motion picture machine using ribbon type
in excess of 22-millimeter (7/8-inch) width and electric arc projection equipment,
together with all electrical devices, rheostats, machines, and all such films present
in any Group C, I, or H Occupancy, shall be enclosed in a projection room large
enough to permit the operator to walk freely on either side and back of the
machine.

(b) Construction. Every projection room shall be of not less than one-hour fire-
resistive construction throughout and the walls and ceiling shall be finished with
incombustible material. The ceiling shall be not less than 2.40 meters (8 feet)
from the finished floor. The room shall have a floor area of not less than 7.00
square meters (80 square feet) and 3.50 square meters (40 square feet) for each
additional machine.

(c) Exits. Every projection room shall have at least two doorway separated by not
less than one-third the perimeter of the room, each at least 75 centimeters (2
feet, 6 inches) wide and 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) high. All entrances to a
projection room shall be protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-
fourths hour fire-resistive rating. Such doors shall open outward and lead to
proper exits as required in this Code and shall not be equipped with any latch. The
maximum width of such door need be no more than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6
inches).

(d) Ports and Openings. Ports in projection room walls shall be of three kinds:
projection ports; observation ports; and combination ports used for both
observation and for stereopticon, spot, or floodlight machines.

(1) Ports Required. There shall be provided for each motion picture projector not
more than one projection port, which shall be limited in area to 774 square
centimeters (120 square inches), and not more than one observation port, which
shall be limited in area to 1290 square centimeters (200 square inches). There
shall be not more than three combination ports, each of which shall not exceed 75
centimeters by 60 centimeters (30 inches by 24 inches). Each port opening shall be
completely covered with a pane of glass: Except, That when acetate (safety) film
is used projection ports may be increased in size to an area not to exceed 4644
square centimeters (720 square inches).

(2) Shutters. Each port and every other opening in projection room walls,
including any fresh-air inlets but excluding exit doors and exhaust ducts, shall be
provided with a shutter of not less than No. 10 U.S. gauge sheet metal or its
equivalent large enough to overlap at least 25 millimeters (1 inch) on all sides of
such opening. Shutters shall be arranged to slide without binding in guides
constructed of material equal to the shutters in strength and fire resistance. Each
shutter shall be equipped with a 74ºC (165ºF) fusible link, which when fused by
heat will cause closure of the shutter by gravity. Shutters of a size greater than
1290 square centimeters (200 square inches) shall be equipped with a counter-
balance. There shall also be a fusible link located over the upper magazine of each
projector, which, upon operating, will close all the shutters. In addition, there
shall be provided suitable means for manually closing all shutters simultaneously
from any projector head and from a point within the projection room near each
exit door. Shutters on openings not in use shall be kept closed: Except, That
shutters may be omitted when acetate (safety) film only is used.

(e) Ventilation
(1) Inlet. A fresh-air inlet from the exterior of the building not less than 928. 8
square centimeters (114 square inches) and protected with wire netting shall be
installed within 50 millimeters (2 inches) of the floor in every projection room, the
source of which shall be remote from other outside vents or flues.

(2) Outlets. Ventilation shall be provided by one or more mechanical exhaust

systems which shall draw air from each arc lamp and from one or more points
near the ceiling. Systems shall exhaust to outdoors either directly or through an
incombustible flue used for no other purpose. Exhaust capacity shall be not less
than 0.42 cubic meter (15 cubic feet) nor more than 1.40 cubic meters (50 cubic
feet) per minute for each are lamp plus 5.60 cubic meters (200 cubic feet) per
minute for the room itself. Systems shall be controlled from within the enclosure
and have pilot lights to indicate operation. The exhaust system serving the
projection room may be extended to cover room associated therewith such as
rewind rooms. No dampers shall be installed in such exhaust systems. Ventilation
of these rooms shall not be connected in any way ventilating or air conditioning
system serving other portions of the building. Exhaust ducts shall be of
incombustible material, and shall either be kept 25 millimeters (1 inch) from
combustible material or covered with 10 millimeters (1/2 inch) of incombustible
heat-insulating material.

(f) Regulation of Equipment. All shelves, fixtures, and fixed equipment in a

projection room shall be constructed of incombustible materials. All films not in
actual use shall be stored in metal cabinets having individuals compartments for
reels or shall be in generally accepted shipping containers. No solder shall be used
in the construction of such metal cabinets.

(g) Sanitary Requirements. Every projection room shall be provided with

unenclosed water closet and lavatory.

SECTION 8.01.15: Lathing, Plastering, and Installation of Wallboards

(a) General. The installation of lath, plaster, and gypsum wallboards shall conform
to the fire-resistive rating requirements and the Type of Construction of the
building and shall be designed in accordance with the legally accepted principles
of engineering.

TITLE 9 - MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS

Chapter 9.01 - MECHANICAL REGULATIONS

SECTION 9.01.01: Mechanical Code

(a) All mechanical systems equipment, and installations mentioned in this Code
shall conform to the provisions of the Mechanical Code of the Philippines, latest
edition, adopted and promulgated by the Board of Mechanical Engineering
Examiners pursuant to Commonwealth Act Numbered 294, as amended.

Chapter 9.02 - ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS

SECTION 9.02.01: Electrical Code

(a) All electrical systems and installations mentioned in this Code shall conform to
the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code, latest edition, adopted and
promulgated by the Board of Electrical Engineering Examiners pursuant to
Republic Act No. 184, otherwise known as the Electrical Engineering Law.

TITLE 10 - SPECIAL SUBJECTS

Chapter 10.01 - PHOTOGRAPHIC AND X-RAY FILMS
SECTION 10.01.01: Storage and Handling

(a) In the storage and handling of photographic and x-ray nitrocellulose film,
automatic sprinklers shall be provided in the following case:cralaw:red
(1) When unexposed and the films exceed the aggregate of 14.00 cubic meters
(500 cubic feet), these should be in generally accepted safety shipping containers
for films;

(2) Where shelving used for storage of individual packages not in said safety
shipping containers and the films exceeds 1.40 cubic meters (50 cubic feet) in
capacity; or

(3) Storage not in generally accepted safety shipping containers in any fire section
equipped with automatic sprinklers may be permitted up to 14.00 cubic meters
(500 cubic feet).
(b) Film negatives in storage or in process of handling shall be kept in heavy
manila envelopes not exceeding 12 films to an envelope. Expanding envelopes
shall not be used.

(c) Film negatives shall be kept in properly insulated vented cabinets, vented
storage vaults or outside storage houses. Not more than 113 kilograms (250
pounds shall be stored in any single cabinet. Where the film stored exceeds 453.5
kilograms (1000 pounds), it shall be in vented storage vaults or in a detached
structure or roof vault. Door openings in vault shall be of four hour fire-resistive
construction and shall be kept close except when in use.

(d) Only incandescent electric lights shall be permitted, protected with substantial
wire guards or vapor proof globes, or both. Portable lights on extension cords are
prohibited. Smoking shall be prohibited and conspicuous no smoking sign posted.

(e) No films shall be stored within 60 centimeters (2 feet) seam pipes, chimneys,
or other sources of heat. chan robles virtual law library

(f) First aid appliances of types using water or water solutions shall be provided.
Discarded films shall be stored and handled in the same manner as other films
until removed from the premises.

SECTION 10.01.02: Nitrocellulose Motion Picture Film

(a) Nitrate motion picture film shall be stored or handled only in buildings of fire-
resistive construction. Every room where nitrate film is stored or handled in
quantities greater than 22.5 kilograms (50 pounds), except in motion picture
booths or rewinding rooms connected with such booths, shall be equipped with
automatic sprinklers.

(b) Buildings used for, or housing, a nitrate picture film laboratory or studio shall
have automatic sprinklers. A minimum of one sprinkler for every 6.00 square
meters (64 square feet) shall be provided.

SECTION 10.01.03: Classes of Film Exempted

(a) The provisions of this Section do not apply to: film for amateur photographic
use in original packages of "roll" and "film pack" films in quantities of less than
1.40 cubic meters (50 cubic feet); safety film (cellulose acetate base); dental x-ray
film; establishments manufacturing photographic films and their storage
incidental thereto; and films stored or being used in standard motion picture
booths.

(b) Safety photographic X-ray films (cellulose acetate base) may be identified by
the marking on the edge of the film.
SECTION 10.01.04: Sprinklers

(a) Unless otherwise provided in this Code, all sprinklers when so required shall
be of a type, specifications, and method of installations in accordance with
generally accepted practices.

Chapter 10.02 - PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 10.02.01: General

(a) Prefabricated assembly is a structural unit, the integral parts of which have
been built up or assembled prior to incorporation in the building.

(b) Special tests based on internationally recognized and accepted engineering

practices shall be required on assemblies to determine heir structural
appropriateness, durability, soundness, and weather and fire resistance.
Materials and their assembly shall comply with the latest generally accepted
engineering and architectural specifications and standards.

(c) Every device or system designed to connect prefabricated assemblies shall be

capable of developing the strength of the different members as a homogenous or
monolithic structure, except in the case of members forming part of a structural
frame as specified in this Code. Anchorages and connections between members
and the supporting elements of the structure or walls shall be capable of
withstanding all probable external and internal forces or other conditions for a
structurally sound construction. In structural design, proper allowances shall be
made for any material to be displaced or removed for the installations of pipes,
conduits, or others.
(d) Placement of prefabricated assemblies shall be inspected to determined
compliance with this Code.

Chapter 10.03 - PLASTICS

SECTION 10.03.01: General

(a) Approved Plastics. Approved plastic materials shall be those which have a
flame-spread rating of 225 or less and a smoke density not greater than that
obtained from the burning of untreated wood under similar conditions when
tested in accordance with generally recognized and accepted engineering
practices for surface burning characteristics of building materials in the way
intended for use. The products of combustion shall be no more toxic than the
burning of untreated wood under similar conditions.

SECTION 10.03.02: Installation

(a) Structural Requirements. All plastic materials and their assemblies shall be of
adequate strength and durability to withstand the prescribed design loads.
Sufficient and substantial technical data shall be submitted to establish stresses,
maximum unsupported spans, and such other information as may be deemed
necessary for the various thickness and forms used.

(b) Fastenings. Fastenings shall be adequate to withstand design loads and

internal and external stresses required of the assembly, Proper allowances shall
be made for expansion and contraction of plastic materials in conjunction with
other materials with which it assembled or integrated.

SECTION 10.03.03: Glazing of Openings

(a) Doors, sash and framed openings in exterior walls of all building except Types
IV and V construction may be glazed or equipped with approved plastic: Provided,
That:cralaw:red
(1) The wall in which such glazing is installed is so located that openings are not
required to be fire-protected.

(2) Except for Type I buildings, the location, size, and spacing of such glazed
openings do not exceed the values set by generally recognized and accepted
principles of engineering.

(3) Plastics used in glazed openings of Type II buildings shall be of materials

appropriate to use according to flame-spread characteristics and the location, size
and spacing of the openings do not exceed the values set forth by generally
accepted principles of engineering.
SECTION 10.03.04: Skylights

(a) General. Approved plastics may be used in skylights installed on roofs Types I,
II, or III buildings and all buildings equipped with an approved automatic fire-
extinguishing system in Groups A, B, C, E, F, J, H-3, an H-4 Occupancies: Except,
That:cralaw:red

(1) Approved plastics may be used in any type of construction or occupancy as a

fire venting system when approved by the Building Official.

(2) Plastics may be used in approved skylights in Type I one-hour constructions

which are located 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more above the lower plane of
the ceiling. The walls of the skylight well shall be no less fire-resistive than the
adjacent ceiling.

(3) Where a fire-resistive ceiling is not required in one-story buildings, approved

plastics may be used in skylights.
(b) Installation Requirements

(1) Except in Group A Occupancies, no skylight shall be installed within 3.00

meters (10 feet) of a property line.

(2) The edges of dome-type skylights shall be properly flashed.

(3) Plastic skylights shall be separated from each other by at least 2.50 meters
(feet, 4 inches) Laterally and 3.00 meters (10 feet) along the slope of the roof.

(c) Allowable Areas. The area of individual plastic skylights shall not exceed 10.00
square meters (107 square feet). The total aggregate area of plastics used in
skylights, monitors, and sawtooth glazing shall not exceed 20 per cent of the floor
area of the room or occupancy sheltered.

(d) Curb Requirements. Plastic skylights in roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 3
shall have a 10 centimeter (4-inch) high curb. The curb may be omitted where a
wire screen not smaller the No. 12 U.S. gauge with 25-millimeter (1-inch) mesh is
provided immediately below the skylight. The screen shall be substantially
mounted below the skylight.

SECTION 10.03.05: Light-Transmitting Panels in Monitors and Sawtooth Roofs

(a) General. Where a fire-resistive rating is not required for the roof structure, and
in all buildings provided with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system,
approved plastics may be used with or without sash as the light-transmitting
medium in monitors and sawtooth roofs: Except, That plastics used in monitors or
sawtooth roofs of Type II buildings shall be of materials appropriate to use
according to flame-spread characteristics.

(b) Allowable Areas. The area of individual plastic glazing used in monitors and
sawtooth glazing shall not exceed 15.00 square meters (150 square feet). The
total aggregate area of plastics used in skylights, monitors, and sawtooth glazing
shall not exceed 20 per cent of the floor area of the room or occupancy sheltered.

(c) Area Separations. The areas of such plastic panels shall be separated from each
other by a section incombustible materials or by a section of the roofing material
of the structure not less than 1.50 meters (5 feet) in length. The lower edge of the
plastic material shall be at least 15 centimeters (6 inches) above the surface of the
adjoining roof surface.

SECTION 10.03.06: Plastic Light Diffusers in Ceilings

(a) General. Ceiling light diffusers having an area greater than 10 per cent of any
10.00 square meters (100 square feet) of room area shall be approved plastics
conforming to the requirements specified in this Code.

(b) Installation. Plastic light diffusers shall be installed in such a manner that they
will not readily become detached when subjected to room temperature of 149ºC
(300ºF) for 25 minutes, except, for plastic light diffusers which are installed in the
first floor areas of Group C Occupancies having egress directly to the exterior of
the building; and plastic light diffusers which are located between an approved
automatic fire-extinguishing system and the areas to be protected other than
public corridors or Groups A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I Occupancies if tests in
accordance with generally accepted and recognized principles of engineering have
established that such installations will not interfere with the efficient operation of
such automatic fire-extinguishing systems.

SECTION 10.03.07: Partitions

(a) Where partitions are not required to be of fire-resistive or incombustible
construction, approved plastics conforming to the requirements specified in this
Code may be used.

SECTION 10.03.08: Exterior Veneer

(a) General. Exterior veneer may be of approved plastic materials and shall
conform to the provisions of this Section.

(b) Height. Plastic veneer may be attached to exterior walls above the first story
of buildings located outside of highly restrictive Fire Zones: Provided, further,
That the height of veneer is not in excess of 10.50 meters (35 feet) above the
adjacent grade elevation.

(c) Area. Section of plastic veneer shall not exceed 15.00 square meters (150
square feet) in area: Except, That in less restrictive Fire Zones the area may be
increased by 50 per cent.

(d) Separation. Sections of plastic veneer shall be separated by a minimum of 1.20

meters (4 feet) vertically and 60 centimeters (2 feet) horizontally.

SECTION 10.03.09: Awnings and Canopies

(a) Plastics of materials appropriate to use according to flame-spread

characteristics may be utilized in awnings and canopies, and all such awnings and
canopies shall be constructed in accordance with provisions governing projections
and appendages specified in this Code.

(b) Approved plastics may be used in awnings where untreated canvas is

permitted.

(c) Approved plastics may be used in lieu of plain glass in greenhouse in less
restrictive Fire Zones.

Chapter 10.04 - SHEET METAL SPRAY BOOTHS

SECTION 10.04.01: General

(a) General. Paint spray booths shall be constructed of steel of not less than No.
18 U.S. gauge in thickness and shall be designed in accordance with this Code.

(b) Area. The area of a paint spray booth shall not exceed 150 square meters
(1500 square feet) nor 10 per cent of the basic area permitted for the major use of
the building according to the occupancy group.

(c) Floor Construction. The floor shall be constructed of incombustible material.

(d) Interior Surface. Paint spray booths shall be designed to permit the free
passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior and all interior surfaces shall
be smooth and continuous without outstanding edges.

SECTION 10.04.02: Fire Protection

(a) Every spray booth having an open front elevation larger than 0.90 meter (9
square feet) and which is not equipped with doors, shall have a fire curtain or
metal deflector not less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) deep installed that upper
outer edge of the booth opening.
SECTION 10.04.03: Light

(a) Paint spray booths shall illuminated through hammered wire or heat-treated
glass panels. The glass panels shall be located in such a manner as to reduce the
hazard of ignition caused by paint spray deposit.

SECTION 10.04.04: Ventilation

(a) General. Mechanical ventilation shall be provided direct to the exterior of the
building. The mechanical exhaust system shall be designed to move the air
through any portion of the paint spray area at the rate of not less than 30.00
linear meters (100 linear feet) per minute. The blades of exhaust fan shall be
constructed of nonferous materials and shall be mounted in such a manner as to
prevent contact with the exhaust duct. The motor shall not be mounted in the
spray booth or the duct system and belts shall be enclosed where they enter the
booth or duct system.

(b) Exhaust Ducts. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel having a thickness
not less than the values set by generally recognized and accepted principles of
engineering. The discharge paint for ducts in a paint spray booth shall be not less
than 1.80 meters (6 feet) from adjoining combustible construction nor less than
7.50 meters (25 feet) from adjoining exterior wall openings: Except, That the
discharge point for exhaust ducts is not regulated in a water-wash spray booth.

Chapter 10.05 - GLASS AND GLAZING

SECTION 10.05.01: General

(a) This Chapter shall apply to exterior glass and glazing in all occupancies except
Groups A, B, and J Occupancies not over three stories in height, and to interior
and exterior glass and glazing in all occupancies subject to human impact as
specified in this Chapter.

(b) Standards for materials shall conform to this Chapter and to generally
recognized and accepted principles of engineering on glass dimensional tolerance,
breaking stress levels, and design (safety) factors.

(c) Each light shall bear the manufacturer's label designating the type and
thickness of glass. Each light with special performance characteristics such as
laminated, heat-strengthened, fully tempered or insulated shall bear the
manufacturer's identification showing the special characteristic and thickness by
etching or other permanent identification that shall be visible after the glass is
glazed.

SECTION 10.05.02: Area Limitation

(a) Exterior glass and glazing shall be capable of safety withstanding the loads set
forth by generally recognized and accepted principles of engineering on wind
pressures for various height zones above ground acting inward or outward. The
area of individual lights shall not be more than those set by generally recognized
and acceptable principles of engineering on the maximum allowable area of glass
according to the wind load multiplied by the appropriate adjustment factor.

SECTION 10.05.03: Glazing

(a) Glass firmly supported on all four edges shall be glazed with a minimum laps
and edge clearances in accordance with generally accepted and recognized
principles of engineering for minimum glazing requirements: Provided, That glass
edge clearance in fixed openings shall be not less than what is required for wind
and earthquake drift. For glass not firmly supported on all four edges, design shall
be submitted for approval. Glass supports shall be considered firm when
deflection of the support at design load does not exceed 1/175th of the span.
SECTION 10.05.04: Windows Louvered

(a) Regular plate, sheet, or patterned glass in jalousies and louvered windows
shall not be thinner than nominal 5.6 millimeters (7/32 inch) and no longer than
1.20 meters (4 feet) Exposed glass edged shall be smooth. chan robles virtual law
library

SECTION 10.05.05: Impact

(a) Frameless glass, doors, glass in doors, fixed glass panels, and similar glazed
openings which may be subject to accidental human impact shall conform with
generally recognized and accepted principles of engineering on impact loads of
glass: Except, in the following cases:cralaw:red
(1) Bath tub and shower enclosures shall be constructed from approved shatter-
resistant materials, such as: wire reinforced glass not less than 5-6-millimeter
(7/32-inch) thickness; fully tempered glass not less than 4.8-millimeter (3/16-inch)
thickness; or laminated safety glass of not less than 6.4-millimeter (1/4-inch)
thickness.

(2) Glass lights located not less than 45 centimeters (18 inches) above the
adjacent finished floor or walking surface.

(3) Glass lights when the least dimension is no greater than 45 centimeters (18
inches).

(4) Glass lights 0.55 square meter (16 square feet) or less in area.
Chapter 10.06 - SIGNS
SECTION 10.06.01: General

(a) No signs or signboards shall be erected in such a manner as to confuse or

obstruct the view or interpretation of any official traffic sign signal or device.

(b) No signboards shall be constructed as to unduly obstruct the natural view of

the landscape, distract or obstruct the view of the public as to constitute a traffic
hazard, or otherwise defile, debase, or offend the aesthetic and cultural values
and traditions of the Filipino people.

SECTION 10.06.02: Maintenance

(a) All signs, together with all of their supports, braces, guys and anchors, shall be
kept in repair and in proper state of preservation. The display surfaces of all signs
shall be kept neatly painted or posted at all times.

SECTION 10.06.03: Design and Construction

(a) General. Signs and signs structures shall be designed and constructed to resist
all wind and seismic forces. All bracing systems shall be designed and constructed
to transfer lateral forces to the foundations. For signs on buildings the dead and
lateral loads shall be transmitted through the structural frame of the building to
the ground in such manner as not to overstress any of the elements thereof. The
overturning moment produced from lateral forces shall, in no case, exceed two-
thirds of the dead-load resisting moment. Uplift due to overturning shall be
adequately resisted by proper anchorage to the ground or to the structural frame
of the building. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be used in
determining the dead-load resisting moment. Such earth shall be carefully placed
and thoroughly compacted.
SECTION 10.06.04: Support

(a) General. The supports for all signs or signs structures shall be placed in or upon
private property and shall be securely built, constructed, and erected in
conformity with the requirements of this Code.

(b) Materials. Materials of construction for signs and sign structures shall be of
the quality and grade as specified in this Code.

(c) Restrictions and Combustible Materials. All signs and sign structures erected in
highly restrictive Fire Zones shall have structural members of incombustible
materials. Ground signs may be constructed of any material meeting the
requirements of this Code. Combination signs, roof signs, walls signs, projecting
signs, and signs on marquees shall be constructed of incombustible materials. No
combustible materials other than approved plastics shall be used in the
construction of electric signs.

(d) Nonstructural Trim. Nonstructural trim and portable display surface may be of
wood, metal, approved plastics, or any combination thereof.

(e) Anchorage. Member supporting unbraced signs shall be so proportioned that

the bearing loads imposed on the soil in either direction, horizontal or vertical,
shall not exceed the safe values. Braced ground signs shall be anchored to resist
the specified wind or seismic load in any direction. Anchors and supports shall be
designed for safe bearing loads on the soil and for an effective resistance to pull-
out amounting to a force twenty five percent (25) greater than the required
resistance to overturning. Anchors and supports shall penetrate to a sufficient
depth below ground. Portable ground signs supported by frames or posts rigidly
attached to the base shall be so proportioned that the weight and size of the base
will be adequate to resist the wind pressure. Signs attached to masonry, concrete,
or steel shall be safely and securely fastened thereto by means of metal anchors,
bolts, or approved expansion screws of sufficient size and anchorage to support
safely the loads applied. No wooden blocks or plugs or anchors with wood used in
connection with screws or nails shall be considered proper anchorage, except in
the case of signs attached to wood framing. No anchor or support of any sign shall
be connected to, or supported by, an unbraced parapet wall, unless such wall is
designed in accordance with the requirements for parapet walls.

(f) Display Surfaces. Display surfaces in all types of signs may be made of metal,
glass, or approved plastics.

SECTION 10.06.05: Projection and Clearance

(a) Clearance from High Voltage Power Lines. Signs shall be located not less than
1.80 meters (6 feet) horizontally or 3.60 meters (12 feet) vertically from overhead
electrical conductors which are energized in excess of 750 volts. The term
"overhead conductor" as used in this Section means any electrical conductor,
either bare or insulated, installed above the ground except such conductors as are
enclosed in an iron pipes or other material covering of equal strength.

(b) Clearance from Fire Escapes, Exits, or Standpipes. No sign or signs structure
shall be erected in such a manner that any portion of its surface or supports will
interfere in any way with the free use of any fire escape, exit, or standpipe.

(c) Obstruction of Openings. No sign shall obstruct any opening to such an extent
that light or ventilation is reduced to a point below that required by this Code.
Signs erected within 1.50 meters (5 feet) of an exterior wall in which there are
openings within the area of the sign shall be constructed of incombustible
material or approved plastics. chan robles virtual law library

(d) Projection Over Alleys. No sign or sign structures shall project into any public
alley below a height of 4.25 meters (14 feet) above grade nor project more than
30 centimeters (12 inches) where the sign structure is located 4.25 meters (14
feet) to 4.85 meters (16 feet) above grade. The sign or sign structure may project
not more than 0.90 meter (3 feet) into the public alley where the sign or sign
structure is located more than 4.85 meters (16 feet) above graded.

Enacted without executive approval: August 26, 1972.

ANNEX A- DEFINITIONS
ANNEX B-TABLES

National Building Code of the Philippines

Annex "A"
Annex "B"

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