fiziks

Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
1. Simple Harmonic Oscillation
Periodic motion: A motion said to be periodic if, after some set amount of time it returns
to its starting point and begins to repeat its motion.
Example: Earth rotation around sun, Movement of Clock Arm, Electron motion around
nucleus, simple pendulum, and spring loaded mass etc.
Simple Harmonic Motion: Simple harmonic motion is the motion of a mass when it is
subject to the linear restoring force which is proportional but opposite to the displacement
of the mass.
Example: Motion of spring loaded mass, simple pendulum, atomic vibration etc.
Important Terms
Cycle: The motion of the object from a starting
Displacemen
position back to its starting position is called a cycle period
Time Period: The time it takes to complete one cycle
amplitude
is called the time period (T ) .
time
Frequency: The frequency (f) is the number of

cycles per unit time.

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position is
called the amplitude ( A ) .

Phase: how much of a cycle the system completed (system that begins is in phase zero,
system which completed half a cycle is in phase π ).
Equilibrium position: The position about which an object in harmonic motion oscillates;
the center of vibration.
Hooke’s law: law that states that the restoring force applied by a spring is proportional to
the displacement of the spring and opposite in direction.
Restoring force: The force acting on an oscillating object which is proportional to the
displacement and always points toward the equilibrium position.

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   1 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
1.1 Equations of Motion (Hooke's Law)
Consider a mass m is attached to the spring, and the other end of the spring is connected
to a rigid support such as a wall. If the system is left at
k
rest at the equilibrium position ( x = 0 ) then there is no m
net force acting on the mass. However, if the mass is
F = −kx
displaced from the equilibrium position, a restoring
elastic force opposite to the displacement is exerted by m

the spring. x
The equations of motion for a mass on a spring, using Hooke's law is
F = −kx
where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring, k is the spring constant, and
x is the displacement from the equilibrium position.
The equation of motion is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation obtained by
means of Newton's second law.
d 2x d 2x k
F =m = − kx ⇒ + x=0
dt 2 dt 2 m +
displacement

d 2x k time
⇒ 2 + ω2x = 0 where ω= is the Angular 0
dt m
frequency of the oscillator. −

We see from this equation that the higher the spring +

velocity

constant k , the stiffer the spring, and the greater the

0 time
angular frequency of oscillation. A smaller mass will also
increase the angular frequency for a particular spring. −

Solving the differential equation above, a solution which +

acceleration

is a sinusoidal function is obtained.

0 time
x ( t ) = Ce iωt
+ De iωt
= A sin (ωt + φ )
−

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   2 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
The velocity and acceleration is
dx d 2x
v (t ) = = Aω cos (ωt + φ ) = ω A2 − x 2 and a ( t ) = 2 = − Aω 2 sin (ωt + φ ) = −ω 2 x
dt dt
1 k
Then since ω = 2π f , f =
2π m

1 m
and since T = where T is the time period, T = 2π
f k
Example: An object oscillates with simple harmonic motion along the x - axis. Its
position varies with time according to the equation
⎛ π⎞
x = ( 4.00 m ) cos ⎜ π t + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
where t is in seconds and the angles in the parentheses are in radians.
(a) Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of the motion.
(b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration of the object at any time t .
(c) Using the results of part (b), determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of the
object at t = 1.00 s .
(d) Determine the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the object.
(e) Find the displacement of the object between t = 0 and t = 1.00 s .
Solution:
(a) Since x = A cos (ωt + φ ) , we see that A = 4.00 m and ω = π rad / s .

Therefore, f = ω / 2π = π / 2π = 0.500 Hz and T = 1/ f = 2.00 s .

(b) Differentiating x to find v to find a , we obtain
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
v=
dx
dt
= − ( 4.00 π m / s ) sin ⎜ π t + ⎟ and a =
⎝ 4⎠
dv
dt
= − 4.00 π 2 m / s 2 cos ⎜ π t + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
( )
(c) At t = 1.00 s ,

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
x = ( 4.00 m ) cos ⎜ π + ⎟ = ( 4.00 m ) cos ⎜ ⎟ = ( 4.00 m )( −0.707 ) = −2.83 m
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   3 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
⎛ 5π ⎞
v = − ( 4.00 π m / s ) sin ⎜ ⎟ = − ( 4.00 π m / s )( −0.707 ) = 8.89 m / s
⎝ 4 ⎠

( )
a = − 4.00 π 2 m / s 2 ( −0.707 ) = 27.9 m / s 2

(d) Since maximum values of the sine and cosine functions are unity. Therefore, v varies
between ±4.00 π m / s and a varies between ±4.00 π 2 m / s 2 .

Thus, vmax = 4.00 π m / s = 12.6 m / s and amax = 4.00 π 2 m / s 2 = 39.5 m / s 2

We obtain the same results using the relations vmax = ω A and amax = ω 2 A where

A = 4.00 m and ω = π rad / s

(e) The position at t = 0 is
⎛ π⎞
xi = ( 4.00 m ) cos ⎜ 0 + ⎟ = ( 4.00 m )( 0.707 ) = 2.83 m
⎝ 4⎠
In part (c), we found that the position at t = 1.00 s is −2.83m ; therefore, the displacement
between t = 0 and t = 1.00 s i s
Δx = x f − xi = −2.83 m − 2.83 m = −5.66 m

Because the object’s velocity changes sign during the first second, the magnitude of Δx
is not the same as the distance traveled in the first second. (By the time the first second is
over, the object has been through the point x = −2.83 m once, traveled to x = −4.00 m
and come back to x = −2.83 m )
1.2 Energy of Simple Harmonic Motion
As an object vibrates in harmonic motion, energy is transferred between potential energy
and kinetic energy. If we stretch a spring from its equilibrium (unstretched) position to a
certain displacement the work done is equal to the stored potential energy in the spring. If
we release the mass and allow it to begin moving back toward the equilibrium position,
the potential energy begins changing into kinetic energy. As the mass passes through the
equilibrium position, all of the potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy,
and the speed of the mass is maximum. The kinetic energy in turn begins changing into
potential energy, until all of the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy at
                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   4 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
maximum compression. The compressed spring then accelerates the mass back through
the equilibrium to the original starting position, and the entire process repeats itself. The
total energy of the system remains constant, that is,
Total Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy = a constant
The kinetic energy K of the system at time t is

K=
1 2 1
2
1 1
mv = mω 2 A2 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) = kA2 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) = k A2 − x 2
2 2 2
( )
1 2 1 2 2
The potential energy is U = kx = kA sin (ωt + φ )
2 2
The total mechanical energy of the system therefore has the constant value
1 2
E = K +U = kA
2
1 2
The total energy is constant and has the value is kA . This is also the maximum value
2
of the potential or the kinetic energy. Thus at the time when P.E. is zero the K.E. is
maximum or vice versa.
Energy vs Position Graph
The distribution of energy versus displacement for S.H.M. is shown in the figure. The
P.E. is a parabola with vertex at x = 0 , so the energy is stored in the oscillator both when
x is positive and negative. The K.E. curve is an inverted parabola.
Energy

Total Energy

K .E.
K =U
K =U
P.E.

−A −A/ 2 0 +A/ 2 +A
Displacement

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   5 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Energy vs Time Graph
The distribution of energy versus time for S.H.M. is shown in the figure. The P.E.
1 2 2 1
U= kA sin (ωt + φ ) and K.E. is K = kA2 cos 2 (ωt + φ ) variation with time is shown
2 2
in figure below. 1
Total Energy = kA2
2
K.E.

E
P.E.

Frequency of energy change in S.H.M.

The energy of the particle in S.H.M. changes periodically from P.E. to K.E. Both U and
K depends upon the square of the displacement x , i.e. each acquires same value twice in
each oscillation. Thus the frequency of energy change is twice the frequency of
oscillation.
Time average of kinetic and potential energy
T

∫ K ( t ) dt ∫ 1 2
kA cos 2 (ωt + φ ) dt
T

1
Time average of kinetic energy K ( t )av = = 2 = kA2
0 0

T T 4
1 2 2
kA sin (ωt + φ ) dt
T
U ( t ) dt ∫
T

Time average of potential energy U ( t ) =

∫ 0
=
0 2 1
= kA2
av
T T 4
Thus the time average of kinetic energy is equal to the time average of the potential
energy which is half the total energy.

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   6 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Position average of kinetic and potential energy
1
( )
A
K ( x ) dt ∫ k A2 − x 2
A

Position average of kinetic energy K ( x )av =

∫ 0
=
0 2 1
= kA2
A A 3
A 1 2
U ( x ) dt ∫
T

Position average of potential energy U ( x )av =

∫ 0
=
0 2
kx dx
1
= kA2
A A 6
Thus the position average of kinetic energy is equal to the twice of the position average
of the potential energy.
1.3 Mass Loaded Spring System
Example: Find the time period for the arrangement for the following mass loaded spring
having spring constant k1 and k2 .

k1 k2

Solution: Let x be the displacement of m from its equilibrium position at an instant, and
x1 , x2 is extension in the length of springs k1 and k2 respectively.

Thus x = x1 + x2

The restoring force in k1 and k2 will be the same. By Hooke’s law we have

F = −k1 x1 = −k2 x2

F F kk
x=− − ⇒ F = − 1 2 x = − kx
k1 k2 k1 + k2
k1k2
Thus the force constant of the system is k = .
k1 + k2

Hence the time period is T = 2π

m
= 2π
( k1 + k2 ) m
k k1k2

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   7 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Example: Find the time period for the arrangement for the following mass loaded spring
having spring constant k1 and k2 .

k1 k2

Solution: During oscillation one spring stretched and other compressed and vice versa.
Let x be the displacement of mass m from its equilibrium distance, and this is also the
compression and expansion in the springs k1 and k2 . The restoring force developed in the

two springs is F1 = −k1 x and F2 = − k2 x . F1 and F2 act on the mass in the same direction

F = F1 + F2 = − k1 x − k2 x = − ( k1 + k2 ) x = − kx

Thus the force constant of the system is ( k1 + k2 ) , and the time period is

m m
T = 2π = 2π
k k1 + k2

Example: Determine the time period of the system of mass m attached with spring of
mass ms ( ms << m ) and spring constant k .

k
m
ms

Solution: If ms << m , then the spring will stretch uniformly along its length. Let l be the

ms
length of the spring, its mass per unit length will be . Let us consider an element of
l
length ds at a distance s from the fixed end of the string. The mass of this element
⎛m ⎞
is ⎜ s ⎟ ds . Let x be the instantaneous displacement of m .
⎝ l ⎠

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   8 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
⎛s⎞
The displacement of a element of spring = ⎜ ⎟ x
⎝l⎠
⎛ s ⎞ dx
The instantaneous velocity of element = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ l ⎠ dt
2 2
1⎛m ⎞ ⎛ sdx ⎞ ms ⎛ dx ⎞ 2
The instantaneous kinetic energy of element = ⎜ s ds ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 3 ⎜ ⎟ s ds
2⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ ldt ⎠ 2l ⎝ dt ⎠
2 2
m ⎛ dx ⎞ l 1 ⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞
∫0 s ds = 2 ⎜⎝ 3s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ dt ⎟⎠
2
The total kinetic energy of the uniform spring s3 ⎜ ⎟
2l ⎝ dt ⎠
2
1⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞
The total kinetic energy of the whole system is K = ⎜ m + s ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
2⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ dt ⎠
ms
This shows the effective mass of the system is m + .
3

ms
m+
Hence the time period is T = 2π 3
k
Example: Find the time period for the arrangement for the following mass loaded
vertical spring having spring constant k .
Solution: Consider l be the length of the spring hanging vertically. When mass
m attached to the lower end, it’s length
extended by y0 . By Hooke’s law the restoring + y
Equilibrium
force is F = − ky0 . length l k
The other force acting on the mass is its
weight + mg (downward). Thus the total force y0
m
on m is − ky0 + mg .

Since mass has no acceleration, the total force on mass m is zero,

− ky0 + mg = 0 ⇒ y0 = mg / k

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   9 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
When the body is pulled through a small distance y from the equilibrium position and
released, it start oscillating with SHM, since the restoring force is F = −ky , imparting an

d2y d2y k
acceleration of 2
is given by 2
=− y
dt dt m
m
Which is a equation of SHM whose time period is T = 2π
k

y0
It can also be written as T = 2π
g
Example: Find the time period of the following sets of mass loaded springs hanged
vertically.
(a) (b) (c)

k k

k k
m
k
k
m m

Solution:
(a) Since both springs are in parallel combination. The resultant spring constant of the

m
system is k ′ = k + k = 2k . Thus the time period is T = 2π
2k
(b) Since both springs are in series. The resultant spring constant of the system is

k .k k 2m
k′ = = . Thus the time period is T = 2π
(k + k ) 2 k

2m
(c) In this case also springs are in series. Thus time period of the system is T = 2π
k

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   10 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Example: A block weighing 14.0 N , which can slide without friction on an incline at

angle θ = 40.00 , is connected to the top of the incline by a massless spring of unstretched
N
length 0.450 m and spring constant120 .
m
k
(a) How far from the top of the incline is the block's
equilibrium point?
(b) If the block is pulled slightly down the incline
and released, what is the period of the resulting
θ
oscillations?
Solution:
(a) The equilibrium position when the block is gently lowered until forces balance. If the
amount spring is stretched is x , then we examine force-components along the incline
surface and find
14.0sin 40.00
kx = mg sin θ ⇒ x = = 0.0750 m
120
At equilibrium, the distance from the top of the incline is therefore
( 0.450 + 0.075) m = 0.525 m .
(b) Just as with a vertical spring, the effect of gravity (or one of its components) is simply
to shift the equilibrium position; it does not change the characteristics (such as the period)
of simple harmonic motion.

14.0
T = 2π 9.80 = 0.686 s
120

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   11 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
N
Example: A spring of constant k = 100 hangs at its natural length from a fixed stand.
m
A mass of 3 kg is hung on the end of the spring, and slowly let down until the spring and
mass hang at their new equilibrium position.
(a) Find the value of the quantity x in the figure above.
The spring is now pulled down an additional
distance x and released from rest.
(b) What is the potential energy in the spring
at this distance?
(c) What is the speed of the mass as it passes
the equilibrium position?
(d) How high above the point of release will x

the mass rise?

(e) What is the period of oscillation for the
mass?
Solution: Fs
(a) As it hangs in equilibrium, the upward spring force must be equal and
opposite to the downward weight of the block.

mg ( 3 kg ) (10 m / s )
2

Fs = mg and kx = mg ⇒ x = = = 0.3 m
k 100 N / m
mg

(b) The potential energy in the spring is related to the displacement from equilibrium
1 2 1
kx = (100 N / m )( 0.3m ) = 4.5 J
2
position by the equation U=
2 2
(c) Since energy is conserved during the oscillation of the mass, the kinetic energy of the
mass as it passes through the equilibrium position is equal to the potential energy at the

1 2 2U 2 ( 4.5 J )
amplitude. Thus, K =U = mv ⇒ v = = = 1.7m / s
2 m 3 kg

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   12 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
(d) Since the amplitude of the oscillation is 0.3 m , it will rise to 0.3 m above the
equilibrium position.

m 3 kg
(e) T = 2π = 2π = 1.1 s
k 100 N / m

Example: A mass of 0.5 kg oscillates on the end of a spring on a horizontal surface with
negligible friction according to the equation x = A cos (ω t ) . The graph of F vs x for this
motion is shown below.
Force vs. displacement

60

40
Force (Newton)

20

0
0.0
0.5 1.0
Displacement (meters)
The last data point corresponds to the maximum displacement of the mass. Determine the
(a) Angular frequency ω of the oscillation,
(b) Frequency f of oscillation,
(c) Amplitude of oscillation,
(d) Displacement from equilibrium position ( x = 0 ) at a time of 2 s .

N
50
N k m = 10 rad
Solution: (a) When we looked at this graph k = 50 ⇒ω = =
m m 0.5 kg s

ω 10 rad / s
(b) f = = = 1.6 Hz
2π 2π
(c) The amplitude corresponds to the last displacement on the graph, A = 1.2 m .

(d) x = A cos (ω t ) = (1.2 m ) cos ⎡⎣(10 rad / s )( 2 s ) ⎤⎦ = 0.5 m

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   13 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
1.4 Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum is an idealized system containing of a massless inextensible string,
fixed rigidly at one end, having a point mass at the other end.
A mass m suspended by a light string of length L from a
fixed point. When the mass is displaced slightly from its
equilibrium position and released, it oscillates in a vertical
plane under gravity. Let θ be the angular displacement of the
θ L
pendulum. The force acting on m is mg . This force can be
resolved into two components, a radial component mg cos θ T

along the string and tangential component mg sin θ at right x = Lθ

m mg cosθ
angle to it. The tangential component is the restoring force.
Thus F = − mg sin θ θ
mg sin θ
d 2x
Using Newton’s law, we get m 2 = − mg sin θ
dt mg
x d 2x x
For small angles of oscillations sin θ = , is governed by m 2 = − mg
L dt l
The frequency ( f ) and the period (T ) of the pendulum in this case are given by:

1 g l
f = and T = 2π
2π l g
Therefore, the simple pendulum has the following properties
(i) The period of a pendulum is independent of its own mass and the amplitude of the
oscillation.
(ii) The period of the pendulum is depends on its length.
Large Amplitude: When the amplitude of motion of the simple pendulum is large, the
approximation sin q = q does not hold and the pendulum deviates from the simple

⎛ l ⎞⎛ 1 θ 1 32 θ ⎞
harmonic behavior. Then the time period T = 2π ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 + sin 2 + 2 2 sin 4 + ... ⎟
⎝ g ⎠⎝ 2 2 2 4 2 ⎠
Thus with increasing amplitude the time period increases.
                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   14 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
1.5 Compound Pendulum
A compound pendulum is a rigid body, of any shape,
O
capable of oscillating about a horizontal axis passing
through it.
θ l
Let m be the mass of the body and l be the distance of C
from O . When body displaced by an angle θ with the
vertical, at this instant the moment of its weight mg l sin θ
C mg cosθ
about the axis of oscillation through O is mg ( l sin θ ) . mg sin θ
θ
This is the restoring torque which brings the body to its
equilibrium position.
Thus τ = −mgl sin θ mg
For small angle, we have; τ = − mglθ
If I is the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the axis of suspension O , the torque
is also equal to
d 2θ d 2θ mgl
I 2 = −mglθ ⇒ 2 =− θ
dt dt I
I
Thus the time period is T = 2π
mgl
It is sometime more useful to write the time period in term of radius of gyration of
pendulum. If we write the moment of inertia about a parallel axis through C , then
I = mk 2 + ml 2 = m ( k 2 + l 2 )

Thus the time period is

⎛ k2 ⎞
⎜ +l⎟
T = 2π ⎝ ⎠ = 2π L
l
g g
Here L is called the “length of the equivalent simple pendulum.”

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   15 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
1.6 The Torsional Pendulum
A torsional pendulum consist of a heavy body such as disc or cylinder be hung by a long
and thin vertical wire from a rigid support. If the disc is turned in the horizontal plane and
then released, due to wire elasticity, it executes a torsional oscillation about the wire as a
axis. Fixed end

Suspension wire

Reference line

Angular displacement
θ
0
Restoring couple

If the disc is turned by an angle θ , the wire is also twisted by same angle. A restoring
torque ( −τθ ) produced which brings the pendulum back to its original position. If I is

the moment of inertia of the disc about the wire, then the torque acting on the disc must
be equal to the product of the moment of inertia I and the angular acceleration.
d 2θ d 2θ τ
Thus = −τθ ⇒ =− θ
dt 2 dt 2
I
I
The time period of the oscillation is T = 2π
τ

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   16 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
MCQ(Multiple Choice Questions)
Q1. A particle moving with simple harmonic motion passes through points P and Q with the
same velocity. Having taken 2 s in passing from P to Q , it returns to Q after another
2s . The period (in seconds) is:
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
d2y
Q2. The angular frequency of motion whose equation is 4 + 9 y = 0 is:
dt 2
( y = Displacement and t = time)
9 4 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 9 2 3
Q3. The displacement of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is given
by y = 4sin ( 2t + φ ) . The period of oscillation is:

2 π
(a) (b) (c) π (d) 2π
π 2
⎛ 2π t ⎞
Q4. The equation of wave is given by y = 10 sin ⎜ +α ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠
If the displacement is 5 cm at t = 0 , then the total phase at t = 7.5 s will be:
2π 2π 2π π
(a) rad (b) rad (c) rad (d) rad
3 5 4 2
Q5. When a harmonic wave is propagating through a medium, the displacement y of a
2π
particle of the medium is y = 10 sin (1800t − x ) . Then the time period will be:
5
1 1
(a) s (b) s (c) 36 s (d) 360 s
360 36
Q6. A particle executes simple harmonic motion between x = − A and x = + A . The time
A A
taken for it to go from 0 to is T1 and to go from to A is T2 . Then
2 2
(a) T1 < T2 (b) T1 > T2 (c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 = 2T2

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   17 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q7. A thick spherical shell is filled with water. It is hung by a long thread and the water
slowly flows out of a hole at the bottom. The period of oscillation of spherical shall:
(a) continuously decrease (b) first decrease and than increase
(c) continuously increase (d) first increase and then decrease
Q8. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with a frequency f . The frequency with
which its kinetic energy oscillates is:
f
(a) (b) f (c) 2 f (d) 4 f
2
Q9. A particle, which is constrained to move along the x -axis, is subjected to a force in the
same direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the origin as
F ( x ) = −kx + ax 3 . Here k and a are positive constants. For x ≥ 0 , the functional form

of the potential energy U ( x ) of the particle is

U (x) U (x)

( a) ( b)
x x

U (x) U (x)
( c) (d )
x x

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   18 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q10. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion the displacement x is given by
x = A cos ω t . Identify the graph which represents the variation of potential energy ( PE )

as a function of time and displacement

(a) I, III (b) II, IV (c) II, III (d) I, IV
PE
PE I II

III
IV

t d

Q11. Three simple harmonic oscillators, with amplitudes A1 > A2 > A3 , pass through their
respective equilibrium positions with the same velocity. If these oscillators have the same
mass, then their characteristic frequencies ω1 , ω2 and ω3 will be related to each other as:

(a) ω1 A1 = ω2 A2 = ω 3 A3 (b) ω12 A1 = ω22 A2 = ω32 A3

(c) ω1 A22 = ω 2 A22 = ω 3 A32 (d) (ω12 / A1 ) = (ω 2 / A2 ) = (ω 3 / A3 )

Q12. The potential energy, U of three simple harmonic oscillators varies with displacement
x as shown in the figure. These oscillators have the same mass but different amplitudes
A1 , A 2 and A 3 . Their characteristic frequencies ν 1 , ν 2 and ν 3 are related to each other
as:
U ν1 ν2 ν3

X
Α1 Α2 Α3

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   19 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
ν1 ν2 ν3
(a) = = (b) ν 1Α1 = ν 2 Α 2 = ν 3 Α3
Α1 Α2 Α3

(c) ν 1 > ν 2 > ν 3 (d) ν 1 < ν 2 < ν 3

Q13. A mass of 1 kg suspended from a spring whose force constant is 400 Nm −1 , executes
simple harmonic oscillation. When the total energy of the oscillator is 2 J , the maximum
acceleration experienced by the mass will be:
(a) 2ms −2 (b) 4ms −2 (c) 40ms −2 (d) 400 ms −2

Q14. Two blocks each of mass m are connected to the ends of a massless rod of length 2l
which is rotated in a horizontal plane about its vertical axis of symmetry. The maximum
frequency with which the system can be rotated without exceeding the breaking tension T
for the rod is:
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 ⎡T ⎤ 1 ⎡ ml ⎤
(a) ⎢⎣ ml ⎥⎦ (b)
2π 2π ⎢⎣ T ⎥⎦
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 ⎡ 2T ⎤ 1 ⎡ T ⎤
(c) ⎢⎣ ml ⎥⎦ (d) ⎢⎣ 2ml ⎥⎦
2π 2π

Q15. The period of oscillation of a mass, M suspended from a spring of negligible mass is T .
If along with it another mass M is also suspended the period of oscillation will now be:
T
(a) T (b) (c) 2T (d) 2T
2

Q16. A spring of force-constant k is cut into two pieces such that one piece is double the
length of the other. Then the long piece will have a force constant of
⎛2⎞ ⎛3⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ k (b) ⎜ ⎟ k (c) 3k (d) 6k
⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   20 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q17. In the case of suspensions shown in the given diagrams, the ratio of the time period of the
three simple harmonic oscillators will be:

K
K K K

m m m
1 1
(a) 2 :1: (b) 2 : 1 :
2 2
1 1
(c) :1: 2 (d) :1: 2
2 2
Q18. An ideal spring with spring-constant k is hung from the ceiling and a block of mass M
is attached to its lower end. The mass is released with the spring initially unstretched.
Then the maximum extension in the spring is
4Mg 2Mg Mg Mg
(a) (b) (c) (d)
k k k 2k
Q19. A simple pendulum attached to the ceiling of a stationary lift has a time period T . When
the lift moves upward with distance covered as y = 1 m / s 2 t 2 , the time period of the ( )
pendulum will be equal to (Take g = 10.0 m / s 2 )

4 5 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5T 6T 4T 5T
Q20. A simple pendulum of time period T is taken to a place where the value of g be 0.8%
more than the value of g on the surface of the earth, the percentage change in the time
period of a simple pendulum is
(a) 0.1% (b) 0.2% (c) 0.3% (d) 0.4%

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   21 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q21. A simple pendulum of length ' l ' is suspended from the root of a train which moves in a
horizontal direction with an acceleration ' a ' . The one time period T is given by

l l
(a) 2π (b) 2π 1
g
( a2 + g 2 )2
l l
(c) 2π (d) 2π
g g −a
Q22. The period of a simple pendulum measured inside a stationary lift is found to be T . If the
g
lift start accelerating upward with acceleration of , then the time period of the
3
pendulum is

2T T 3
(a) (b) (c) T (d) 3T
3 3 2
MSQ (Multiple Select Questions)
Q23. Consider the mechanical vibrating systems shows in figures A, B, C and D:

X θ
X

Α Β
m

T T
S
m

D
C

The vibrations are simple harmonic in:

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   22 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q24. The total energy of a particle executing simple harmonic motion depends on its:
(a) Amplitude (b) Period
(c) Displacement (d) mass
Q25. For a particle executing S.H.M, which statements are correct?
(a) The velocity of the particle is maximum at the mean position
(b) The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particle at any instant remain
constant
(c) The acceleration of particle is maximum at the extreme position
(d) the restoring force is always direct towards the mean position
Q26. Which of the following functions represents S.H.M?
(a) sin 2 ω t (b) cos 2ωt
(c) sin ωt − cos ωt (d) sin ωt + 2 cos ωt

Q27. A simple pendulum is oscillating without damping. When the displacement of bob is less
than maximum, its acceleration vector a is correctly shown in:

(a) a (b)

(c) (d)

a
a

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   23 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q28. A spring pendulum and a simple pendulum have time periods 2s and 3s respectively on
the surface of the earth. These pendulum are then taken to the surface of the moon, then
(a) Time period of the simple pendulum is same on the surface of the moon
(b) Time period of the spring pendulum is same on the surface of the moon
(c) Time period of the simple pendulum is less than 3s on the surface of the moon
(d) Time period of the simple pendulum is more than 3s on the surface of the moon
Q29. If the amplitude of a particle executing S.H.M. is doubled, which of the quantities will be
doubled?
(a) total energy (b) time period
(c) maximum velocity (d) maximum acceleration
Q30. A simple harmonic motion is represented by y = a sin ωt . Which of the following
statements are true?
π
(a) The phase difference between displacement and velocity is
2
(b) The phase difference between displacement and acceleration is π
aω 2
(c) The magnitude of maximum acceleration is
2
(d) The maximum velocity of the particle is at the extreme position

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   24 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
NAT (Numerical Answer Type)
Q31. A simple pendulum has a time period T1 when on the earth’s surface, and T2 when taken
to a height R above the earth’s surface, where R is the radius of the earth. The value of
T2
is ............
T1
Q32. If the earth were a homogeneous sphere and a straight hole were bored in it through its
centre. A ball dropped into it executes SHM. The time period of the oscillation is
…….. sec.
Q33. A simple pendulum 2.0 m in length oscillates at location where g = 9.8m / sec 2 . The
number of oscillations will it make in 5 minutes is……
Q34. If the length of the pendulum is increased by 4% , then the percentage change in the time
of a simple pendulum is ……. %.
Q35. Two masses m1 = 1.0 kg and m2 = 0.5 kg are suspended together by a massless spring to

spring constant k as shown below. When masses are in equilibrium m1 is removed

without disturbing the system. Assuming k = 12.5 N / m , the amplitude of oscillation of

m2 is ………… cm

Q36. The mass m attached to a spring period oscillates with a period of 2 s . If the mass is
increased by 2kg , the period increases by 1s . The initial mass m is …..….. kg (assume
Hook’s law is obeyed)
Q37. A particle executes simple harmonic oscillation with an amplitude ‘ a ’. The period of
oscillation is 12 sec . The minimum time taken by the particle to travel half of the
amplitude from the equilibrium position is …….…sec
Q38. A spring (spring constant = 50 N / m ) is cut into 4 equal parts and the two parts are
connected in parallel. The effective spring constant is……. N / m
Q39. The pendulum bob has a speed of 3 m / s at its lowest position. The pendulum is 0.5 m

long. The speed of the bob, when the length makes an angle of 60o to the vertical will be
……..……. m / sec g = 10ms −2 ( )
                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   25 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Q40. A particle of mass 5 g is excuting S.H.M. with an amplitude 0.3 m and time
π
period sec . The maximum value of force acting on the particle is …….…. N .
5
Q41. A simple pendulum is executing simple harmonic motion with a time period T . If the
length of the pendulum is increases by 21% , the increase in the time period of the
pendulum of increased length is ………%

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   26 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Solution-MCQ
1
Ans. 1: (d) Solution: Total time period is T , then T = t AP + t PQ + t QA'
2 O
1
v p = vQ ⇒ t AP = tQA′ ⇒ T = t PQ + 2tQA '
2 A'
A• •

1 1
T = 2 + 2 ⇒ T = 4 ⇒ T = 2 × 4 = 8s ∵ tQA′ = 1s and t PQ = 2s P Q
2 2
Ans. 2: (c)
Solution: The equation of SHM of angular velocity is given as y + ω 2 y = 0 ---------- (i)

d2y ⎛9⎞
we have here 4 + 9 y = 0 ⇒ 4 y + 9 y = 0 ⇒ y + ⎜ ⎟ y = 0 --------- (ii)
⎝4⎠
2
dt
9 3 2π 3 4π
By equation (i) and (ii), we get ω 2 = ⇒ω = and = ⇒ T=
4 2 T 2 3
2π
Ans. 3: (c) Solution:∵ y = 4sin ( 2t + φ ) ⇒ ω = 2 = ⇒ T =π
T
Ans. 4: (a)
⎛ 2π t ⎞
Solution: Equation of waves is given as y = 10 sin ⎜ +α ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠
1 π
at t = 0, y = 5 ⇒ 5 = 10sin α ⇒ sin α = ⇒α =
2 6
Now, total phase at 7.5 s
2π t 2π π 2π π 6π + 2π 8π 2π
φ= +α = × 7.5 + ⇒ φ = + ⇒φ= ⇒φ= ⇒φ= rad
30 30 6 4 6 12 12 3
Ans. 5: (a)
2π
Solution: ∵ y = 10sin (1800t − x ) comparing this by y = a sin (ωt − kx ) we get
5
3600π 3600 2π
ω= = 2πf ⇒ f = = 360 Hz and k = = 2π / λ
5 10 5
1 1
⇒ = 360 ⇒ T= s
T 360

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   27 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 6: (a)
Solution: Let the displacement in simple harmonic motion be represented as x = A sin ωt
A π π
For x = , ω t1 = and For x = A , ω t2′ =
2 6 2
A π
Time taken to go from x = 0 to x = is t1 =
2 6ω
A ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ π π ⎞ π
Time taken to go from x = to x = A is t2 = t2′ − t1 = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟ =
2 ⎝ ω ⎠⎝ 2 6 ⎠ 3ω
t1 π / 6ω 1
Hence = =
t2 π /3ω 2
Qualitatively, the velocity of the particle is maximum at its mean position and it
decreases as it moves towards extreme of vibration. Hence, the particle will take lesser
time to travel first half of the displacement as compared to the second-half displacement
Ans. 7: (d)
Solution: Let C be the middle point of a cylinder suspended from
point O . As water slowly flows out of a hole at the bottom the O
water level in cylinder goes down so centre of gravity goes
down thus effective length of the pendulum increases and by Α
formula l

l
T = 2π . Hence time period first increases.
g C
After some time when water level comes below a certain level
water
centre of gravity of whole system once again goes up,
Β D
when whole water flows out c.g., again comes at C . Thus
showing smaller T .
Ans. 8: (c)
Solution: In one complete cycle, the kinetic oscillates twice.

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   28 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 9: (d)

x2
Solution: We have U = − ∫ Fdx = − ∫ − kx + ax dx = k − a
2
x4
4
(
⇒ U = 0 at x = 0 and x =
3
)2k
a
.

k 2k
The function U has a maximum value at x = and function U is negative for x > .
a a
The above characteristics are shown by graph (d).
Ans. 10: (a)
Solution: Since PE ∝ x 2 , we will have PE ∝ cos 2 ωt
The plots I and III represent above characteristics.
Ans. 11: (a)
Solution: The velocity of SHM is given as v = ω a 2 − y 2

The velocity of SHM at equilibrium position i.e. y = 0 is equal to aω

Thus at equilibrium v = aω
Since velocities of all three oscillators are equal hence by
ω1 A1 = ω2 A2 = ω3 A3
Ans. 12: (c)
Ans. 13: (c)
1 2
Solution: If k is force constant and a is amplitude then total energy = ka
2
1 4 1
⇒ 2 = × 400 × a 2 ⇒ a 2 = ⇒a= m
2 400 10

We know that ω 2 =
k
⇒ ω2 =
400
(m = 1) ⇒ ω = 20
m 1
2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
In SHM, acceleration = −ω 2 a = ( 20 ) × ⎜ ⎟ = 40 m / s 2
⎝ 10 ⎠

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   29 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 14: (a)
ω
Solution: The reduced mass of the system
m×m m
μ= ⇒ μ= m • m
m+m 2
If the angular velocity is ω then centripetal force = T
m 2 m
⇒ T = μω 2 r ⇒T = ω ⋅ 2l ∵ r = 2l , μ =
2 2
T T T 1 T
⇒ ω2 = ⇒ ω= ⇒ 2πf = ⇒ Frequency f =
ml ml ml 2π ml
Ans. 15: (d)

M T 2M
Solution: T = 2π ⇒ 2 = = 2 ⇒ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
R T1 M
Ans. 16: (b)
Solution: The force constant is inversely proportional to length. If the length l of the spring is cut
2
into x and l − x such that x = 2 ( l − x ) then x = .
3
k1 l l 3
From the inverse relation, we can write = = =
k x 2l / 3 2
Ans. 17: (d)
Solution: First two spring are connected parallel hence displacement in both the spring will be
equal say x then by Hook’s law F1 = −k1 x, F2 = −k2 x ⇒ F1 + F2 = − ( k1 + k2 ) x

m
⇒ F = − kx ⇒ keq = k1 + k2 ⇒ keq = 2k ∵ k1 = k2 ⇒ T1 = 2π
2k

m
In second case T2 = 2π
k

k 2m
In third case keq = then T3 = 2π
2 k
1
Hence T1 : T2 : T3 = :1: 2
2

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   30 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 18: (b) Solution: Change in gravitational energy = Energy stored in the spring
1 2 2Mg
Mgx = kx or x =
2 k
Ans. 19: (b)
l
Solution: The time period of a simple pendulum is given by T = 2π
g

= ⎜ ⎟ = (1.0m / s 2 )(2t ) = 2.0m / s 2

dv d ⎛ dy ⎞ d
The acceleration of the lift is a =
dt dt ⎝ dt ⎠ dt

T' g 10 5
The new time period of the pendulum is = = =
T g' 12 6

l
Ans. 20: (d) Solution: T = 2π
g
0.8
Now, new value of g is g ′ = g + × g = g + 0.008 g = g (1 + 0.008 g )
100
l l
∴ New time period is T ′ = 2π = 2π
g′ g (1 + 0.008 )
1
T′ ⎛ 1 ⎞2 −1
1
Now =⎜ ⎟ = (1 + 0.008 ) 2 = 1 − × 0.008 = 1 − 0.004
T ⎝ 1 + 0.008 ⎠ 2
⇒ T ′ = T − 0.004T
Now decrease in time = T − T ′ = 0.004T
T −T′ 0.004T
∴ % decrease in time = × 100 = × 100 = 0.4%
T T
l
Ans. 21: (b) Solution: T = 2π
g

When pendulum acceleration in a horizontal direction, g eff = a 2 + g 2

l
∴ T = 2π
(a )
1/ 2
2
+ g2

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   31 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 22: (c)
l
Solution: T = 2π
g

l l 3l 3 l 3
T ′ = 2π = 2π = 2π = × 2π = T
g+a g+
g 4g 2 g 2
3

Solution-MSQ
Ans. 23: (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Solution: In all given figures the acceleration is directly proportion negative of displacement,
hence in all case motion is SHM.
Ans. 24: (a), (b), (d)

⎛ 2π ⎞
2

= m(ω a ) = ma 2 ⎜
1 2 1 1 ma 2
⎟ = 2π 2 2
2
Solution: The total energy of SHM = mv max
2 2 2 ⎝ T ⎠ T
Hence, total energy depends on mass, amplitude and time period.
Ans. 25: (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Solution: (a) v = ω A2 − x 2 at mean position x = 0 ⇒ v = ω (maximum)

1 1 1
(b) K .E = mω 2 A2 and P.E = mω 2 A2 ⇒ E = mω 2 A2 = constant
u u 2
dx d2x
(c) x = A sin ωt ⇒ v = = Aω cos ω t ⇒ a = 2 = − Aω 2 sin ωt = −ω 2 x
dt dt
At x = A ⇒ a = amax = −ω 2 A

(d) Restoring force is Fr = − kx . Fr is always direct towards mean position

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   32 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 26: (b), (c) and (d)
Solution: The function will be S.H.M. if restoring force is proportional to displacement
dx
(a) x = sin 2 ωt , v = = 2ω sin ωt = ω sin 2ωt ⇒ a = 2 gw2 cos 2ωt
dt
Fr = ma = 2mω 2 cos 2ωt but not proportional to x .Thus this function is not S.H.M

(b) x = cos 2ωt , v = −2ω sin 2ωt , a = −4ω 2 cos 2ωt ⇒ F = ma = −4ω 2 x ⇒ F = −kx .
Thus this function represents S.H.M.
dx d 2x
(c) x = sin ωt − cos ωt ⇒ v = = [ cos ωt + sin ωt ] ω ⇒ a = 2 = ( − sin ωt + cos ωt ) ω 2
dt dt
∴ F = ma = − mω 2 [sin ωt − cos ωt ] = − mω 2 x = − kx . Thus this function is S.H.M.

dx
(d) x = sin ωt + 2 cos ωt ⇒ v = = [ cos ωt − 2sin ωt ] ω
dt
d 2x
a= = [ − sin ωt − 2 cos ωt ] ω 2 = −ω 2 [sin ωt + 2 cos ωt ] ⇒ F = ma = − mω 2 x = − kx .
dt 2
Thus function represent S.H.M.
Ans. 27: (b)
Solution: The restoring acceleration which results in simple harmonic motion of a pendulum acts
tangential to the path.
Ans. 28: (b) and (d)

M
Solution: For spring pendulum, T = 2π
K

l
For simple pendulum, T = 2π
g
Thus time period of spring pendulum does not change whereas time period of simple
pendulum increase as g moon < g earth
Thus correct options are (b) & (d)

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   33 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 29: (c) and (d)
1 2
Solution: (a) Total energy E = kA
2
1 1
If A = 2 A then E = k ( 2 A ) = 4 × kA2 = 4 × energy
2

2 2
M
(b) T = 2π does not depend on amplitude
k
(c) Maximum velocity vmax = Aω ′ = 2 Aω = 2 × vmax
if A = 2 A, vmax

′ = 2 ( − Aω 2 ) = 2amax
(d) Maximum acceleration amax

Thus only vmax & amax doubled when A is doubled

Ans. 30: (a) and (b)
Solution:
⎛ π⎞ π
(a) x = a sin ωt ⇒ v = aω cos ωt = aω sin ⎜ ωt + ⎟ . Thus phase difference is
⎝ 2⎠ 2

(b) x = a sin ωt ⇒ accel. = − aω 2 sin ωt = aω 2 sin (ωt + π ) . Thus phase difference is π

(c) ( accel.)max = − aω 2

(d) v = ω a 2 − x 2 . Maximum velocity is not at x = ± A but at x = 0

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   34 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Solution-NAT
Ans. 31: 2
l
Solution: The time period of the pendulum is given by T = 2π . The variation of g with the
g
GM e
height above the earth is given by g = .
( Re + h )
2

GM e
GM e GM e T g1 Re2
When h = 0 ⇒ g1 = 2
and h = Re ⇒ g 2 = 2
⇒ 2 = = =2
Re 4 Re T1 g2 GM e
4 Re2

Ans. 32: 5028.5

Solution: The value of ‘ g ’ goes on decreasing as we move towards the centre of earth its value

⎛ d⎞ g gx
at a depth ‘ d ’ is given by g d = g ⎜1 − ⎟ = ( R − d ) =
⎝ R⎠ R R
where x = R − d is the distance of body from the centre of earth.
1
⎡ displacement ⎤ 2 x x R
Time period T = 2π ⎢ ⎥ = 2π ⇒ T = 2π = 2π
⎣ Acceleration ⎦ gd gx g
R

6.4 × 106
⇒ T = 2π = 5028.5 sec ∵ R = 6400 km = 6.4 ×106 m, g = 10m / sec 2
10
Ans. 33: 107

l 2
Solution: ∴ T = 2π = 2 × 3.14 = 2.8 sec here l = 2 m, g = 9.8 m / s 2
g 9.8
Thus number of complete oscillations in 2.8 sec = 1
1
Number of complete oscillation is 1sec =
2.8
1
∴ Number of complete oscillation in 5 minute ( 300 sec ) is = × 300 = 107
2.8

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   35 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 34: 2

l
Solution: The time period of simple pendulum is T = 2π
g

4l l′ 1.04 l
New length is l ′ = l + = 1.04 l ⇒ T ′ = 2π = 2π
100 g g

T′ 1
1
∴ = 1.04 = (1 + 0.04 ) 2 = 1 + × 0.04 = 1 + 0.02 ⇒ T ′ = T + 0.02T
T 2
Now increase in time period = T ′ − T = 0.02T
T′ −T 0.02T
∴ % change in time period × 100 = ×100 = 0.02 ×100 = 2%
T T
Ans.35: 80
Solution: Let y = extension in length of the spring when both m1 and m2 are

suspended with it then ( m1 + m2 ) g = ky ⇒ y =

( m1 + m2 ) g k
k
Let y′ = extension in the length of the spring when only m2 is suspended m2
m1
m2 g
∴ m2 g = ky′ ⇒ y′ =
k

⇒ y − y′ =
( m1 + m2 ) g − m2 g = m1 g .
k k k
m1 g 1×10
Thus the amplitude of the oscillation = = = 0.8 m = 80 cm
k 12.5
Ans. 36: 1.6

M M
Solution: Time period T = 2π ⇒ 2 = 2π (For 1st case, T = 2sec )
K K

M +2
also 3 = 2π (For 2nd case T = 2 + 1 = 3sec )
K

M +2 M +2 9 M +2
2
3 ⎛3⎞ 8
⇒ = ⇒⎜ ⎟ = ⇒ = ⇒ M = = 1.6 kg
2 M ⎝2⎠ M 4 M 5

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   36 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 37: 1
2π
Solution: y = a sin ωt = a sin t
T
a a 2π 1 2π
For y = , ∴ = a sin t ⇒ = sin t
2 2 T 2 T
π 2π π 2π T 12
⇒ sin = sin t ⇒ = sin t⇒t= ⇒t = = 1 sec where T = 12sec
6 T 6 T 12 12
Ans. 38: 400
Solution: Consider spring constant of spring = k
After cutting into 4 equal parts, the spring constant of each part is k ′ = 4k
∴ Spring constant of parallel combination of two parts k ′ + k ′
= 4k + 4k = 8k = 8 × 50 = 400 N / m
Ans. 39: 2
1 2 1 9
mv = m × ( 3) = m .
2
Solution: K .E at the lowest position =
2 2 2

( )
600
When the length makes an angle θ = 60 o
to the vertical, the l cos θ l

bob of the pendulum will have both K .E and P.E . A

h = ( l − l cos θ )
If v is velocity of bob at this position and h is the height of the
1 O
bob w.r.t. O . Then total energy of the bob E = mv 2 + mgh
2
⎛ 1⎞ 1
(
But h = l − cos θ = l (1 − cos θ ) = 0.5 1 − cos 60o = 0.5 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ =
⎝ 2⎠ 4
)
1 2 1 1 5m
∴ E= mv + m × 10 × = mv 2 +
2 4 2 2
According to law of conservation of energy
1 2 5m 9m 1 9m 5m
mv + = ⇒ mv 2 = − = 2m ⇒ v 2 = 4 ∴ v = 2 m / sec
2 2 2 2 2 2

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   37 
 fiziks
Institute for CSIR‐UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT‐JAM, GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES 
 
Ans. 40: 0.15
Solution: Maximum force, F = mamax

⎛ 2π ⎞ 4π 2 4π 2 × 25
2

Now amax =ω a =⎜2

⎟ a= 2 a = × 0.3 = 30 m / sec 2
⎝ T ⎠ T π 2

∴ F = 5 × 10−3 × 30 = 0.15 N
Ans. 41: 10.5

l
Solution: T = 2π
g

l (1 + 0.21) 21
∴ T ′ = 2π ∵ l′ = l + l = l + 0.21l = l (1 + 0.21)
g 100
T′ 1 1
Now = 1 + 0.21 = 1 + ( 0.21) ⇒ T ′ = T + ( 0.21) T
T 2 2
0.21
∴ Increase in time period = T ′ − T = T = 0.105T
2
T′ −T
∴ Percentage increase = × 100 = 0.105 × 100 = 10.5%
T

                                                                                
Head office:  Branch office: 
 
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,  Anand Institute of Mathematics, 
 
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16  28‐B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT 
 
Phone: 011‐26865455/+91‐9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi‐16 
                                                   
                                             Website: http://www.physicsbyfiziks.com                                                                                          
                                                                     Email: [email protected]                                                                   38