POINTERS FOR ART APPRECIATION RENAISSANCE MUSIC (1400-1600)

Creativity is one of the most important and essential ● Music was performed by vocal groups
skills of us, humans. It allows us to create, to invent (ensembles of one to eight parts);
new things, objects or elements, using what already
● Instrumental music included ensembles
exists in our world as a starting point.
(consort) and solos (keyboard music for the
BENEFITS OF CREATIVITY organ or harpsichord);

• Builds self-esteem ● Rhythm began to increase in complexity and

• Fortifies your self-awareness melodic range increased;
• Develops your communication skills ● Polyphonic texture was predominantly used.
• Makes socialization easier
• Fosters integrity “POPULAR MUSIC FORMS”
● Cantus Firmus meant “firm chant”, that was
typically utilized in the Medieval period and
Creativity is the point where imagination and reality was strongly founded in the Gregorian chant.
meet, the door to both our emotions and our Composers dropped the chants and instead
knowledge incorporated secular, folk music.
● Chorale, a song intended to be sung by a
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC congregation.

is a musical composition that is without lyrics, or ● The French chanson is a polyphonic French
singing, although it might include some inarticulate song that was originally for two to four
vocals. voices.
● An Italian madrigal is defined as a secular
❖ Instrumental music is a musical composition
polyphonic music that was performed in
that is without lyrics, or singing, although it
groups of 4 to 6 singers who sang mostly love
might include some inarticulate vocals.
songs.
❖ It paved the way for the invention &
development of musical instruments with BAROQUE MUSIC (1600-1750)
tone qualities.
The word baroque was from the Italian word
❖ It marked the beginnings of the elements of “barocco” which means bizarre. This word was
harmony, rhythm and melody that made first used to describe the style of architecture mainly
music beautiful then up to now. in Italy during the 17th and 18th century.

MEDIEVAL MUSIC (1100-1400) Compositions became more homophonic, meaning

based on one melody with harmonic support coming
➢ Secular music with notated manuscripts
from a keyboard player. Tonality was divided into
showing connections with the church;
major and minor.
organum indicated the beginnings of
harmony. This period is also described by the upsurge of the
➢ Instruments were used to accompany vocal fugue, a type of polyphonic composition based on a
lines or to improvise instrumental dances. principal theme (subject) and melodic lines that
imitate the principal theme, and of the opera, the first
➢ Harmony and tonality were not functional of which were composed around 1600.
during this period.
COMPOSERS OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD
➢ Monophonic texture was predominantly
used during the first period of era. ● Johann Sebastian Bach (who was
considered the most famous composer of the
“TYPE OF MUSIC”
Baroque), Antonio Vivaldi, Purcell, Corelli,
Gregorian Chant and Plainsong which are Telemann, Scarlatti, Couperin, Lully, and
monodic or written as one musical line; Gregorian George Handle among others.
chants, a monophonic vocal line sung by monks, as
well as choral music for a group of singers. ● This period saw the development of opera
and instrumental music.
BAROQUE INSTRUMENTS *COMPOSERS*
❏ WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
● Usually carrying the song where a basso
continuo group, which consisted of a chord
playing instrumentalist like a harpsichord or
flute and bass-type instruments carrying the
bassline, like a cello or double bass.

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH

ANTONIO VIVALDI

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDEN

GEORGE HANDEL

“CLASSICAL MUSIC (1750-1830)”

❏ New form of music which was highly

refined, simple in melodic text, and
harmonic structure and coordinated by
symmetrical form developed.

❏ A time when musicians went back to more

ordered forms and strict compositional
direction to guide their pursuit of musical
perfection.

❏ Sonata form: development of modern

concerto, symphony trio and quartet.
ROMANTIC PERIOD (1820-1900) ❏ Took advantage of the resources and
technology that were available to them.
➢ Chamber music ensembles, large
Like George Gershwin and Andrew Llyod
symphony orchestra, opera companies and
Webber who not only propelled the classic
piano as performing mediums;
structure but may also be considered the
➢ Expressive, dramatic, orchestral with grandfathers of American pop music.
rhythmic complexity and raging tempos;

➢ Music are composed and played with a level “MUSICAL FORM AND STYLES”
of drama and emotionality;
Concert Music, composers combined jazz music
➢ New and compound harmonies emerged elements with other music styles such as classical
like etude, nocturne and waltz. and blues.
12-tone System, where in the 12 notes of the octave
are of equal importance. The 12 notes are placed in a
specific order called a "tone-row" or "tone-series,"
and no note is repeated within a row.
Electronic Music. Composers of electronic music
experimented with technology and how it affects
certain aspects of music such as melody and rhythm.
Impressionistic. Debussy rejected the rules of
tonality and created music that is pleasing to the ears
FREDERICK CHOPIN as impressionist paintings are appealing to the eyes.
This resulted in music that relaxed and almost
Early Leading dreamlike.
Romantic Characteristics
Composers Jazz, particularly remarkable for its improvisation,
(1830-1860)
harmonic progressions, and modified rhythms.

Golden age of Berloiz, Minimalism. A type of music which was simple and
Virtuoso: Chopin, contained patterns that were repeated and reinforced
balance of Mendelssohn, by a steady beat.
expressive and New Romanticism desired music that was
Schumann,
formal music expressive, haunting, and mysterious, much like the
Liszt and
Verdi music of the past;
Neoclassical is a concept applied to the music of
Late Composition in Highlighted early 20th century composers like Stravinsky which
Romantic terms of by the reflects the 18th-century music;
(1860-1900) emotional operatic Serialism was based on Schoenberg's 12-tone
content and supremacy of system, which was continued by his student Anton
dramatic Verdi and von Webern. Serialism was evident in the music of
continuity Wagner the 1950s and 1960s but appreciation was limited to
university professors and their students. Serialism
used a strict musical formula that was difficult to
MODERN MUSIC (1900-PRESENT) play.
“NOTABLE 20TH CENTURY COMPOSERS”
❏ Described as the “age of musical diversity”
AND MUSICIANS
because composers had more creative
freedom; Bela Bartok: A Hungarian composer and renowned
ethnomusicologist.
❏ Composers were more willing to
experiment with new music forms or Alban Berg: An Austrian composer who adapted the
reinvent music of the past; atonal style, also referred to as the classicist of
modern music.
Ernest Bloch: A Swiss composer of spiritual music. THE BEGINNING OF WESTERN ART AND
ASIAN ART
John Cage: An American composer of the 20th
century known for his innovative, avantgarde ideas Art is the signature of civilization.
of creating and appreciating music. He devised the
“PREHISTORIC ARTS”
"prepared piano."
Henry Cowell: The American composer, and one of • Cave paintings
the inventors of an electrical instrument called • Sculpture of deities
"rhythmicon", who wrote pieces wherein the • Megalithic sculpture
musicians played the keys of a piano by striking it SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
with their forearms or wrists and strumming or
plucking the strings. Ice Age ended in 910,000BCE-8,000BCE)

Edward Elgar: An English composer, who, New Stone Age and First permanent settlements
according to Richard Strauss, was the "first English (8000BCE-2500BCE)
progressive musician."
Charles Ives: The first known composer of “ANCIENT ARTS”
polytonal pieces.
• MESOPOTAMIAN ART
Jean Sibelius: A Finnish composer, conductor, and • HAMMURABI’S CODE
teacher especially known for his orchestral works • THE STANDARD OF UR
and symphonies. • THE GATE OF ISHTAR
Edgard Varese: One of the composers who Hammurabi’s code background:
experimented with music and technology. He wrote
a piece for an orchestra composed of solely - It is the first known written legal code in
percussion instruments. He also experimented with history.
taped music and electronic instruments - Created by the Babylonian king c.1780
BCE.
Anton von Webern: An Austrian composer - Established the important concept of rule
belonging to the 12-tone Viennese school. of law.
Ralph Vaughan Williams: An English composer of - Established clearly the functions of
nationalistic music. Babylonian society.
- Established the punishments for crimes-
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG relative to the severity (punishment fits the
crime).
- ‘Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth’
- The code consists of 281 laws.
- Hammurabi felt as though it was his duty
to write these laws to please the gods.
“EGYPTIAN ART”
- STEP PYRAMIDS
King Zoser’s architect Imhotep created the first
step pyramid at Saqqara.
CLAUDE DE BUSSY Significance: First known architect. Rise of large
architecture for an individual not a group.
Vertical shaft leads to burial chamber.
Stage set for the afterlife.
Came before the geometric pyramid.
- THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA
- THE TEMPLE OF RAMESE
- THE SPHINX OF GIZA
“GREEK ART”
-THE PARTHENON
- MYRON, PHYDIAS, & POLYKEITES “BYZANTINE ART”
- PRAXITELES - About religious expression and more
specifically about church doctrine.
“ROMAN ART”
“MEDIEVAL ART”
- COLLOSEUM
- AUGUSTUS OF PERIMAPORTA - Dark Images
- PANTHEON - Biblical Subjects Classical
- TRAJANS COLUMN
- Mythology Gothic Architecture
The artwork of this time is as varying as the
cultures that created it, what relates to them together - Gothic architecture
is their purpose. - Romanesque
- Celtic art
“ASIAN ART” - Carolingian Renaissance
Hindu Art VENETIAN AND NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
- Represents a plurality of belief portrayed - The Renaissance extends northward to
by holy symbols like the om, the swastika, France, Low countries, Poland, Germany
and the lotus flower. and England
- Om. Swastika, Lotus flower. - History Paintings
- Hindu Temple - Portraits
Chinese art - Scenes from everyday life

Japanese Art MANNERISM

- Covers a wide range of art styles and media - Art that breaks the rules
including ancient pottery, calligraphy on silk - Artifice over nature
and paper, ink painting, kirigami, “BAROQUE ART”
origami, and dorodango sculpture,
and, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, - “Baroque” means elaborated and highly
and more recently manga, a modern method detailed.
of Japanese cartooning and comics. - Baroque style is exaggerated motion and
clear detail used to produce drama,
ASIAN ART CHARACTERISTICS exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture,
- Serene, meditative, art, and arts of the painting, architecture, literature, dance,
floating world. and music.
- Chiaroscuro technique is a trait of
- SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL Baroque Art in which the treatment of
EVENTS light and dark in an artwork assisted to
create dramatic tension, was a key
- Birth of Buddha (563 BCE); component in Baroque artwork.
- Silk Road opens (1st century
BCE); Buddhism spreads to China. Techniques in Baroque Art
- (1st-2nd century CE) and Japan - Quadro riportato
(5th century CE) - Quadrature
- trompe l'oeil techniques
- INFLUENTIAL WORKS
“NEOCLASSICAL ART”
- Swastika, om Wintry Forest, Level
Distance Cherry Blossom Time at Naka- - Neoclassical Period is considered a period of
no-cha in the Yoshiwara. enlightenment.
- Neoclassical art has a cleaner style, sculpted
- LEADING CONTRIBUTORS forms, a shallow depth of background and a
more realistic approach.
- Gu Kaizhi; Li Cheng; Hokusai;
Hiroshige ROMANTICISM
- The period extolled abstract, complex
ideas like despair, hope, heroism, liberty,
 peace, survival, and other impressions that - Portrayed 20th century life, elevated war,
nature evokes in human beings. and machine age, and favored the growth
Romanticism celebrated the individual of fascism.
imagination and intuition in the enduring
“DADAISM”
search for individual rights and liberty.
- the focus of the artists was not to craft
REALISM
aesthetically pleasing objects but create
- Also called “Naturalism” works that upended bourgeois
- It is the accurate, detailed, sensibilities.
straightforward depiction of nature or of - Generate difficult questions about the
contemporary life. society.
- Realists depicted people of all classes in
“SURREALISM”
ordinary life situations which reflected the
changes brought on by the industrial and - Surrealism intends to channel the
commercial revolutions. unconscious means to unlock the power of
imagination.
“MODERN ART”
- Surrealists hoped that the human psyche
th th
- Refers to late 19 and early-to-mid 20 had the power to reveal contradictions in
century art. the everyday world and spur on
- The genre is composed of several major revolution.
component.
“ABSTARCT EXPRESSIONISM (1940-1950)”
“IMPRESSIONISM”
- is mostly a non-representative
- Emphasizes on an artist’s immediate painting.
impression of a moment or scene. - Aim to redefine the nature of
painting.
“POST-IMPRESSIONISM (1885-19100)”
“POP-ART (1960’S)”
- is a subjective approach to painting, as
artists opted to evoke emotion rather than - Is a movement marked by a fascination
realism in their work. with popular culture reflecting the
audience in post-war society.
“FAUVISM”
- It is a direct descendant of Dadaism.
- a term to denote the use of distortion and
“CONTEMPORARY ART”
exaggeration for emotional effect.
- used pure, brilliant color. - Contemporary art is the art of today,
created by artists who are living in the
“EXPRESSIONISM”
twenty-first century.
- the artist attempts to portray not objective
POSTMODERN AND DECONSTRUCTIVISM
reality but rather the subjective emotions
and responses that objects and events - Characteristics (Art without a center and
awaken in him. reworking and mixing past styles).
“CUBISM, FITURISM, SUPERMATIVISM, LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
CONSTRUCTIVISM, DE STILL (1905-1920)”
- Gerard richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm
“CUBISM” Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid.
- created by Pablo Picasso and Georges INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Braque.
- Orders of the Night; Abstract art
- employs geometric shapes in depictions of
- Guggenheim Museum, Gehry
human and other forms.
- The orders of the night by Anselm Kiefer
“FUTURISM”
- is an Italian art movement that took speed,
technology, and modernity as its
inspiration.
 “ART IN TODAY’S SOCIETY” medium and nothing else. Examples would
be changing the music to text, text to dance,
SOUL MAKING
dance to visual art, text to theatre and text to
- In the language that refers to all activities cinema.
concerning individual expression through - A great example is the transcreation of
the arts, is the deeper process known as Spider-Man in India. Peter Parker of New
“soul- making.” The soul here refers to the York is transformed into the dhoti-wearing
individual’s psyche. “It is this activity of Pavitr Prabhakar in Mumbai who fights evil
working through disintegration that I monster in emblematic places like the Taj
consider to be at the core of the creative and Mahal. The setting and the names of the main
therapeutic processes. I call this act “poesis” characters, with the exception of Doctor
(following Heidegger’s use of the Greek Octopus, have been changed so that the target
word for poetry), and consider it to be at the audience identifies with them more readily.
center of human existence. These creative
activities can be best described as a death and - Transcreation is not limited to the way
rebirth of the soul or what James Hillman concepts are expressed or how foreign
calls “soul-making.” names are made more appetizing and
easier to pronounce. Visual elements such
ART FUSION as colors, shapes, and sizes are also
- Art fusion is a product of industry and necessary to be modified to cultural
commercialism. It occurs when an artist of preferences.
any art form collaborates with a TRANSLATE + CREATE equals to
brand/company (a product, service, TRANSCREATION
fashion, charity) to create a product that
will benefit the artist, the company and “HYBRID ART FORMS AND
society as a whole. APPROPRIATION”
TRANSCREATION - Hybrid is defined as having mixed origin
that adds variety or complexity to a
- Transcreation is a type of translation that system.
also includes creation, or recreation. It
means going a step further than simply - In art forms, hybridity could mean the
adapting the text. It is a term used in blurring of traditional distinct boundaries
advertising and marketing and refers to between artistic media such as painting,
the process of adapting a message from one sculpture, film, performance, architecture,
language to another, while maintaining its and dance. It also can 159 mean cross-
intent, tone and context. breeding art-making with other disciplines,
such as natural and physical science, industry,
- To create a global marketing campaign technology, literature, popular culture, or
that evokes the desired response in every philosophy. Hybrid art forms expand the
culture you target, you need to recreate the possibilities for experimentation and
campaign–the words and the images–or innovation in contemporary art.
every culture. This process is known as
transcreation. Content that is transcreated is According to Levinson (1984), hybrid art
created for a particular culture, using the forms are not purely structural; they are
vernacular of that culture, often in a certain primarily historical. Hybrid art forms are art
locale. Transcreation is more of a content forms arising from the actual combination of
development process than a translation interpretation of earlier art forms. Its form
process. Sure, transcreated content retains must be understood in light of their components.
the brand logo and mark, the corporate Levinson identifies three important categories of
colors, and so on. What it doesn’t hybrid art forms which are classified according
necessarily keep is the message or to their method of combining different artistic
expression of sentiment. disciplines:
1. Juxtaposition (or addition) – simply joining two or
more different products to present a larger, more
- In arts, transcreation may take the form of
complicated one; each component maintains its
recreating an art form into another art
original identity; involves arts that explicitly use
form with the intent of changing the
accompaniment and most multi- or mixed-media
arts; examples: mime accompanied by flute b. “IMPROVISATION”
symphony plus light show
Improvisation is creating or performing
2. Synthesis (or fusion) – all components modify something spontaneously or without preparation,
each other so that each one loses some of its original or making something functional from whatever is
identity; employs a certain amount of parity or available. The skill to improvise can apply to many
symmetry of fusion; examples: Wagnerian opera = different areas, across all artistic, scientific, physical,
symphonic sung drama (or dramatic song) Concrete cognitive, academic and non- academic disciplines.
poetry = poem-picture (partly poetry, partly There are things that no matter what people do, is
graphics) just unpredictable and cannot be controlled, the
best that the person can do is adapt and make use
3. Transformation (or alteration) – one art is
of whatever is available to survive. Murphy’s Law
transformed is the direction of another; an unequal
states that in any field of endeavor, anything that
mixture of components so that the resulting hybrid
can go wrong will go wrong.
maintains the identity of the dominant art form;
example: kinetic sculpture (sculpture with movement “PHOTOREALISM”
related to dance).
- Photorealism is a term that was invented
Two overall effects that Hybrid works of art to refer to artist whose works depended for
achieve: the most part on photographs. These artists
would often project onto the canvas the
1. Integrative: the image of richness and
images which would be replicated with
complexity; parts cooperate towards common end
precision and accuracy. The movement began
(e.g., Wagnerian Opera)
in the same period as Conceptual art, Pop Art,
2. Disintegrative: rampant lack of coordination; and Minimalism.
cognitive overload (e.g., Einstein on the Beach).
“APPROPRIATION”
- Photorealism expressed a strong interest in
- Appropriation is borrowing. It is the realism in art, over that of idealism and
practice of creating a new work by taking abstraction. Photorealism complicates
a preexisting image or material from realism by combining that which is real and
another source like book and combines it which is not. Photorealism emphasizes the
with new ones, thus completely value of the tradition techniques of
transforming the original. A found object is academic art again after years of
an existing object given a new identity as an spontaneous, accidental, and
artwork or part of an artwork. Artist can re- improvisational art techniques.
create an object in many ways like repainting
it, altering its style, they can also layer images - Chuck Close is a stalwart of photorealism.
and redefining the images in a new context.
“INSTALLATION ART”
- Appropriation artists want the viewer to
recognize the images they copy. They hope - Installation Art Installation art is a
that the viewer will bring all of his original modern movement characterized by
associations with the image to the artist's immersive, larger-than-life works of art.
new context, be it a painting, a sculpture, a Usually, installation artists create these
collage, a combine, or an entire pieces for specific locations, enabling them
installation. The deliberate borrowing of an to expertly transform any space into a
image for this new context is called customized, interactive environment.
recontextualization. Recontextualization Installation art is different from sculpture and
helps the artist comment on the image's other traditional art in a sense that its focus is
original meaning and the viewer's association on its effect on the viewer. Installation artist
with either the original image or the real usually create this piece for specific location,
thing. enabling them to transform the space into a
customized, interactive environment.
Installation art is characterized into three
major characteristics: immersive, large-
scale and site specific.
 - Immersive. This unique characteristic FURNITURE DESIGN
entices the viewers’ senses and invites them
- A specialized field where function and
to experience the art from new and different
aesthetics are brought together. Interior
perspectives. Chuck Close is a stalwart of
designers believe that furniture is one of the
photorealism (Image credit: Chuck Close)
most important aspects of an interior space.
163
Furniture not only add function and space,
- Large-Scale. Most works are massive or
but they also add style and personality.
large in scale. Their size engulfs the viewers
Chair, table and couch should be more
and enables them to become completely
than just functional, it should be aesthetic
immersed in this environment.
and decorative.
- Site-Specific. Before artists create their
massive installations, they usually plan it
with certain sites already in mind. These
areas may be rooms in galleries, museums or
outdoor spaces.
APPLIED ARTS
- Applied Arts refers to the application of
artistic designs and decorations to
everyday utilitarian objects to make them
aesthetically pleasing. This includes,
industrial design, fashion design, furniture
design, and commercial art.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
- Industrial design is a process of design
applied to products that are to be
manufactured through techniques of mass
production. A key characteristic is that
design precedes manufacture: the creative act
of determining and defining a product's form
and features takes place in advance of the
physical act of making a product, which
consists purely of repeated, often automated,
replication.
FASHION DESIGN
- It is defined as popular way of dressing at
a particular time and place, and among a
particular group of people. It is the art of
applying design and aesthetics or natural
beauty to clothing and accessories.
Fashions designs are influenced by culture
and social attitudes which has varied over
time and place. Designers are tasked to come
up with works that are original, flattering, and
comfortable. They also consider who is likely
to wear the garment and situations in which it
will be worn.