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Module 9B - Transcription and Post-Transcriptional Modification

This document discusses the process of transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by defining transcription and describing its key phases - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences. Elongation is the synthesis of RNA, and termination occurs via rho-dependent or rho-independent signals. Post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts includes splicing, addition of a 5' cap, and creation of a poly-A tail. Transcription and these processes are more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes.

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77 views46 pages

Module 9B - Transcription and Post-Transcriptional Modification

This document discusses the process of transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by defining transcription and describing its key phases - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences. Elongation is the synthesis of RNA, and termination occurs via rho-dependent or rho-independent signals. Post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts includes splicing, addition of a 5' cap, and creation of a poly-A tail. Transcription and these processes are more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes.

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gleni robredo
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Introductory Genetics

Transcription and Post-


transcriptional Modification

JON RAY M. MAGLONZO, MSc


[email protected]
Lecture Discuss the process and
01
Objectives involved enzymes in
transcription
02 Compare and contrast
transcription in
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
03 Discuss the process of
Post-transcriptional
Modification
Overview of Transcription
Definition of Transcription

- Synthesis
of RNA
using DNA
as
template

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Transcription is highly selective
- Due to signals embedded in the DNA sequences
- Specific sequences mark the beginning and end of the DNA
segment which is to be transcribed
RNA transcripts may be precursors
- Many of the RNA transcripts are synthesized as precursors that are
known as primary transcripts
- Modification and trimming (of introns) converts the primary
transcript into a functional RNA
- Transcription: Prokaryotes – cytoplasm
Eukaryotes – Nucleus (or mitochondria)
Transcription occurs in various
phases
- In the current lecture, we’ll be adding post-transcriptional
modification
Phase of Transcription: INITIATION
Initiation Phase

- RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter


region and initiates transcription
- 2 types of promoter sequence elements:
- both are around 6 to 8 nucleotides
- both has high content of T and A (TATA Box)
- located at -35 and -10 bp upstream of the
starting point of transcription

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Coding and Template sequences
- 5’ to 3’ coding strand (sense)
- 3’ to 5’ template strand (antisense)
RNA polymerases

- RNA polymerase synthesize RNA in the


direction of 5’ to 3’ that means DNA template is
read in 3’ – 5’ direction
- Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase which
is a multimeric enzyme with six subunits (next
slide)

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Photo credits: https://bit.ly/2SataBa
Phase of Transcription:
ELONGATION
“Elongation” the synthesized RNA
Phase of Transcription:
TERMINATION
Termination of Transcription

- The transcribed region of DNA template


contain stop signals
- Prokaryotes have two classes of termination
signals
1. rho-dependent
2. rho-independent

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Rho-dependent termination

- Rho (ρ) factor proteins recognize sequence


(RUT- rho utilized sites rich in C)
- Rho is an ATP-dependent RNA –stimulated
helicase which binds to the signals. This
inhibits further movement of RNAP, causing its
dissociation from the DNA and disrupting the
nascent RNA-DNA complex.

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Rho-independent termination

- Distinguished but connected ways:


1. Palindromic G-C rich region, followed by
an A-T rich region (Palindrome sequence of the
RNA transcript allows the formation of hairpin
structure)
2. Highly conserved A residues – The RNA
transcript ends within or just after them.

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Phase of Transcription:
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Transcription in Eukaryotes

- Much more complicated


- Three different RNA polymerases
- Requires various transcription factor protein
- Transcription initiation needs promoter and
upstream regulatory regions
- Enhancers/silencers are DNA sequences that
regulate the rate of initiation of transcription by
RNA polymerase II
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Phase of Transcription:
Post-transcriptional Modification
Post-transcriptional modification

- The primary RNA transcript needs to be


modified to become functional tRNAs, and
mRNA
- Primary transcripts of mRNA are called
heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

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Post-transcriptional modification

- Splicing
- Addition of 5’ cap
- Creation of poly A tail

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Splicing
Poly A tail

- At their 3’ end, most eukaryotic mRNAs have a


string of 40 to 200 adenine residues, making
up the poly (A) tail
- Adenine nucleotides are added by enzyme
adenylate transferase
- Increases stability of the mRNA molecule

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