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First Edition: 2020

16-11-1/1/2, 5th floor, Above Bantia Furnitures, Near Super Bazar Bus Stop,
Price: 350/-
Malakpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500036

Phone: +91-9000770927, E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.kulkarniacademy.com
Fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing Any measurable characteristic is a property.
or deforming under the action of shear force. 1.2.1 Density/Mass density ( ):
[However small the shear force may be] This It is a defined as ratio of mass of fluid to its
definition of a fluid is also known as a classical volume. It actually represent the quantity of
definition of a fluid.
kg/m3 and it dimensional formula is [ML 3].
The density of water for all calculation purpose
is taken as 1000 kg/m3 (at 4 C).
Density depends on temperature and pressure.

1.2.2 Specific weight /Weight density(w)

It is defined as the ratio of weight of the fluid to
3
As long as there is a shear force fluid flows or
deform continuously. Ex: liquids, gases, vapour formula [ML 2T 2].
etc. Weight of thefluid
w
Difference between solids and fluids : Vol.
In case of solids under the action of shear force mg
w
there is a deformation and this deformation does V
not change with time. Therefore deformation m
w= g
(d ) is important is solids when this shear force V
is removed, solids will try to come back to the
original position.
In case of fluids the deformation is
continuous as long as there is a shear force and w = F(P, T, Location)
this deformation changes with time, therefore in
fluids rate of deformation (d /dt) is important 1. Specific weight of water
than deformation (d ). After the removal of shear wH 2 o g 1000 9.81 = 9810 N/m3
force fluid will never try come back to its original 2. Density is an absolute quantify where as specific
position. weight is not an absolute quantity because it
varies from location to location.
1.2.3 Specific gravity (s.g.) Liquids are generally treated as incompressible dt = time
It is defined as the ratio of density of fluid to the and gases are treated as compressible.
du
density of standard fluid. As fluid is treated as incompressible fluid if there As > 1 adiabatic bulk modulus is greater than velocity gradient =
isothermal bulk modulus. dy
In case of liquid the standard fluid is water and in is no variation of density with respect to
pressure. dudt
case of gases the standard fluid either hydrogen tan d =
or air at a given temperature and pressure. It is dy
d
i.e., 0 if d is small tan d = d
unitless and dimensionless. dp
[M0L0T0] dudt
(i) Isothermal compressibility of ideal gas: - d ,
s.g of water is 1. If s.g. of liquid is less than 1 it dy
PV = mRT
is lighter than water, if s.g. of liquid is greater d du
P = RT { T = constant
than 1 it is heavier than water. dt dy
dP Bulk modulus is not constant and it increases F
RT {A constant
d with increase in pressure because at higher
A
Though terms relative density and sp. gravity are pressure the flu d d
dP F
used interchangeably, there a difference between K RT P RT further compression.
d dt dt
d
density but all relative density need not be KT = P
dt d
specific . Isothermal bulk modulus is equal to pressure.
dt
1
1.2.4 Compressibility( ):
P
It is the measure of change of volume or change unit of compressibility: -
of density with respect to pressure on a given dp dp
mass of fluid. Mathematically is defined as m2 k1 k2
or pascal 1 dv dv
reciprocal of bulk modulus. N d d
v v is large is less (small)
1 (ii) Adiabatic bulk modulus of an ideal gas: - dt dt
i.e., { K = bulk modulus k2 > k1
K PV = C1 Flow is easy Flow is not easy
dP is less, resistance is more, resistance is
K m
dV P C1 Need to define viscosity: is less. more.
V Though the densities of water and oil almost represents the internal resistance offered by
P P C1 one layer of fluid to the adjacent layer and
dV m C1 C same, their flow behavior is not same and hence
V m hence is known as coefficient of viscosity
a property is required to define to flow behavior
dP P=C and this property is known as viscosity. or absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity or
We know that dP simply viscosity.
C 1 Definition: Internal resistance offered by one
Mass = density volume d layer of fluid to the adjacent layer is known as d d du
V = mass = constant dP viscosity. dy dt dy
K du
dV + Vd = 0 d
1 dy
dV d K C
d
V K= C r Here is known as rate of angular deformation
dt
1d K= P du
or rate of shear strain and is known as
dP 1 dy
If d = 0; = 0 (incompressible fluid) P velocity gradient.

Variation of viscosity with temperature:

app is decreasing with rate of
In case of liquids the intermolecular distance is
For a Newtonian fluid viscosity does not change deformation, these fluids is also known as shear
small and hence cohesive forces are large with
with rate of deformation. thinning fluid.
increase in temperature cohesive forces decrease
and the resistance of the flow is also decreases, 1.4.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids:
therefore
viscosity are known as non Newtonian fluid.
In case of gases intermolecular distance is The general relationship between shear stress ( )
large and hence cohesive forces are negligible du
with increase in temperature molecular and velocity gradient is
dy
disturbance increases and hence resistance to the
n
du Case-3: Bingham plastic fluid.
A B
dy B 0; n = 1
Case-1: B = 0; n > 1 Di-latent fluids (non Ex: Toothpaste
colloidal)
1.4.1 Newtonian Fluid: A fluid is said to be dilatant fluid for which the
apparent (similar) viscosity increases with rate of In case of Bingham plastic fluid certain min.
known as Newtonian fluid. According to deformation. shear stress is required for causing the flow of
Newtons low of viscosity shear stress is directly n
du fluid below this shear stress there is no flow
proportional to rate of shear strain that is A 0
dy therefore it acts like solid, after that it behaves
Unit of viscosity: d du du like a fluid. Such substances which behaves both
n 1
du dt dy dy du du fluids and solids are known as Rheological
A .
dy This equation is Valid for Newtonian fluid. dy dy substances and study of these substances is
N m 1 app known as rheology.
. .
m 2
s m du 1.4.3 Ideal Fluid:
app
N s dy A fluid which is non viscous and
= pascal. sec. (SI unit)
m 2
incompressible is known as an ideal fluid.
In MKS system: Though there is no ideal fluid it is introduced for
m bringing simplicity in the analysis.
kg . 2 .s
N s s kg
oil > water > air
m2 m2 m s
We know that
Dimensional formula of = [M1L 1T 1]
d
In cgs system: dt
kg gm d
1 1 poise { = constant Ex: Rice starch, sugar in water.
m s cm sec dt app is increasing with deformation, these
kg 103gm 10gm y=mx
1 10 poise fluids is also known as shear thickening fluid.
m-s 102cm-sec cm.sec m = = slope = constant Case2: B =0; n < 1 pseudo plastic fluids
N S If slope
1 2 10poise (colloidal)
m Examples of Newtonian fluid: For a pseudoplastic fluid apparent viscosity
N S Air, Water, petrol, diesel, kerosene, oil, decreases with rate of deformation.
1poise 0.1 2 0.1 pascal-sec
m mercury, Gasoline etc. Ex: Milk, blood, colloidal solution.
Remember: Unit of kinematic viscosity:
Note: Note:
at 20oC 1 CP Centipoise kg-m 1. In case of soap bubble there are two surfaces and
H 2O
m2 This force is very small force and hence it is
sec M o L2T 1
hence.
1 10 2 poise kg s neglected in further fluid mechanics analysis.
The surface tension for water air interface at 20oC 8
2 1 kg ms P
10 10 10 3 kg/m-s . is 0.0706 N/m. d
m.s
While washing cloths warm water is used 2
Hg at 200C = 1.55 cp In CGS system: 2. In case of liquid jet P
because warm water reduces surface tension and d
Water is 50 55 times more viscous than air. cm2 cm2 help in cleaning. 3. The pressure force tries to separate the droplet
In cgs system the unit of is and is
sec sec Liquid drops assume spherical shape due to whereas surface tension force tries the contract
equal to stoke. surface tension. the droplet. i.e., surface tension force tries to
The velocity profile can be approximated as a 1cm 2 m2 minimise the surface area and hence droplets take
1stoke 10 4 Dimension Formula: spherical shape because sphere has minimum
linear velocity profile if the gap between plates is sec sec
very small (narrow passages). F N 1MLT 2 surface area for a given volume.
Physical significance of : M 1L0T 2

L m L
Kinematic viscosity represent the ability of fluid
to resist momentum therefore it is a measure of Pressure in liquid drop in excess of
atmospheric pressure: Capillarity is the effect of surface tension and it
momentum diffusivity.
is not a property.
(a) Wetting liquid
Adhesion is large

Vdt
tan
y (b) Non wetting liquid
dudt cohesion is large
From triangle tan
dy Consider the molecule a which is below the
Vdt dudt du V surface of liquid this molecule is surrounded by
y dy dy y various corresponding molecule and hence under
du V the influence of various cohesive forces it will be
dy y in equilibrium. Now consider molecule B which The rise or fall of a liquid when a small diameter
is on the surface of liquid, this molecule is under Fs FP tube is introduced in it is known as capillarity.
F {P ; FP = PA
the influence of net downward force because of L A The capillary rise is due to adhesion. Ex: Water,
A
this there seems to be a layer form which can Fs L and the capillary fall is due to cohesion Ex:
AV
F resist small tensile this phenomenon is known as mercury, therefore capillarity is due to both
y surface tension, it is a line force that is it acts For equilibrium adhesion and cohesion.
normal to the line drawn on the surface and it lies Fs = FP
in the plane of surface. As surface tension is L = PA
In fluid mechanics the term appears frequently
basically due to unbalanced cohesive force and
and for convenience this term is known as with increase in temperature cohesive force is d P d2
4
kinematic viscosity.
with increases in temperature, and at critical 4
P
d

Expression far capillary rise/Fall in a glass Expression for capillary rise between two
tube: parallel plates:
The angle of contact between water and glass is
Where t distance between plates 1.1 A fluid is one which can be defined as a
22o.
The angle of contact between pure water and substance that
clean glass tube 0o (A) Has the same shear stress at all points
The angle of contact between mercury and (B) Can deform indefinitely under the action
glass is 130o. of the smallest shear force
If height of capillary tube is insufficient for (C) Has the same shear stress in all
the possible rise the liquid will rise up to the directions
top and stops because for further rise as there (D) Is practically incompressible
are no glass molecules it stops at the top. 1.2 The equation of a state for a is liquid
[Weight of liquid = vertical component of Fs] If the top of the capillary tube is closed then P = (3500 1/2
+2500) N/m 2 .
2 weight the capillary rise will decrease because the air The Bulk modulus of liquid at a pressure of
w. d h F4 cos w
4 volume trapped at the top exert pressure in the 100kPa is
Fs = 2 b downward direction.
Fs = L (A) 3500 N/m 2 (B) 2500 N/m 2
w hbt = 2 b cos
Fs = d (C) 48750 N/m 2 (D) 6250 N/m 2
2 cos
Weight = w x volume h
wt 1.3 A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a
w. d 2h cos volume of 0.04 m 3 at 50 kg/cm 2 and a
4
volume of 0.039m3 at 150 kg/cm 2 . The bulk
4 cos When a liquid surface support another liquid of
h w g modulus of liquid is
wd density b then rise in capillary is given as
(A) 400 kg/cm 2 (B) 4000 kg/cm 2
4 cos 4 cos
or h h Let us consider a closed container with liquid
( (C) 40 106 kg/cm 2 (D) 40 105kg/cm 2
gd b ) gd
partially filled in it the surface molecules due to
1.4 The saturation vapour pressure of three
Expression for capillary rise in the annulus of additional energy overcome cohesive force of
two concentric tubes: Work done is stretching the surface: fluid below the surface this process occurs until liquids at 200 C is as given below
Wt. of the fluid = vertical Component of surface the space above the liquid is saturated. Under Methyl Alcohol 12,500Pa
tension force (Fs) equilibrium conditions the number of molecules Ethyl Alcohol 5900P a
leaving the surfaces is equal to number of Benzene 10,000Pa
molecules joining the surface under these Select the correct statement from the
conditions the pressure exerted by vapour on the following
surface of liquid is known as vapour pressure.
(A) Benzene vaporizes faster than methyl
Vapour pressure increases with increase in
alcohol at the same temperature
temperature because at higher temperatures the
(B) Methyl alcohol vaporizes faster than
molecular activity is high.
ethyl alcohol at the same temperature
(C) Ethyl alcohol vaporizes faster than
w. d02 d12 h d0 di cos Work = Force distance Highly volatile liquid (Ex: petrol) have more benzene at the same temperature
4 vapour pressure, mercury has least vapour
= L x (D) Benzene vaporizes faster than both
4 cos 2 cos pressure and because of this it is used in methyl and ethyl alcohols at the same
h
w(d 0 d i ) w(r0 ri ) Work = (increase in surface area) manometers. temperature
1.5 Kinematic viscosity of air at 200 C is 1.10 A fluid obeying the constitutive equation Assume, linear velocity profile between the (R) Property which explains rise of sap in a
1.6 10 5 m2 /s , its kinematic viscosity at du plates and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid. The tree
0 K is held between two
700 C will be approximately dy shear stress ( N/m2 ) at the upper plate is____ (S) Property which explains the flow of jet
(A) 2.2 10 5 m2 /s (B) 1.6 10 5 m2 /s parallel plates a distance 'd' apart. If the stress of oil in a unbroken stream
(C) 1.2 10 5 m2 /s (D) 10 5 m2 /s applied to the top plate is 3 0 , then the List - II
1.6 With increase in temperature, while keeping velocity with which the top plate moves 1) Viscosity
the pressure constant, the dynamic viscosity relative to the bottom plate would be 2) Surface Tension
, and the kinematic viscosity , behave in 2 2
3) Compressibility
0 0
the following manner for gases. (A) 2 d (B) 4 d
K K 4) Vapour pressure
(A) Both & increases at the same rate 1.14 Match the items between the two groups.
2 2
Choose the correct matching 5) Capillarity
(B) Both & decreases at the same rate (C) 3 0
d (D) 9 0
d P Q R S
K K Group - I
(C) Increases, while increases faster (A) 1 2 4 5
(P) Ideal fluid
(D) decreases, while increases faster 1.11 Consider a fluid of viscosity between two
(Q) Dilatant fluid (B) 2 4 5 1
circular parallel plates of radii R separated by
1.7 A 20cm Cubical box slides on oil (mass (R) Newtonian Fluid (C) 4 2 5 1
a distance h. The upper plate is rotated at an
density = 800 kg/m3 ), over a large plane (S) Pseudo Plastic Fluid (D) 1 2 3 4
angular velocity . Whereas the bottom plate
surface with a steady state velocity of 0.4m/s is held stationary. The velocity profile Group - II 1.16 Match list I with list II and select the correct
.The plane surface is inclined at an angle of between the two plates is linear. The torque 1) Is the one for which shear stress is answer using codes given below the list
experienced by the bottom plate is linearly proportional to the rate of
300 with the horizontal plane. The oil film List - I List - II
deformation
between the block and the plane surface is (A) R 4 / 2h (B) R 4 / 4h (A) Specific Weight 1) L/T2
0.4mm thick. The weight of the box is 64 N . 2) Is the one for which there is no resistance
to shear (B) Density 2) F/L3
The kinematic viscosity of the oil is (C) 2 R3 / 3h (D) R3 / h
3) Is the one for which apparent viscosity (C) Shear Stress 3) F/L2
(A) 0.8Pa.s (B) 0.001m 2 /s 1.12 A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of
increases with increasing deformation (D) Viscosity 4) FT/L2
40mm and length 40mm .The shaft is
(C) 1.6Pa.s (D) 0.002 m 2 /s rate 5) FT2/L4
rotating at 20rad/sec and the viscosity of
1.8 Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is 4) Is the one for which the apparent A B C D
lubricant is 20mPa-S . The clearance is viscosity decreases with the increasing
proportional to (A) 4 4 1 2
0.02mm .The loss of torque due to the deformation rate.
(A) Pressure
viscosity of lubricant is approximately (B) 4 3 2 5
(B) Strain (A) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
(B) P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-3 (C) 4 3 5 2
(C) Strain Rate (A) 0.04 Nm (B) 0.252 Nm
(C) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2 (D) 2 5 3 4
(D) The inverse of the viscosity (C) 0.4 Nm (D) 0.652 Nm
(D) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 1.17 A piston of 60mm diameter moves inside
1.9 A Bingham fluid of viscosity 10Pa s, and 1.13 Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are 1.15 Match List - I (Description) with List - II cylinder of 60.1mm diameter. The
yield stress 10k Pa , is sheared between separated by a small gap ( d 20mm ) as
0
(Property of fluid) and select the correct percentage decrease in force necessary to
flat parallel plates separated by a distance shown in figure. The bottom plate is fixed answer using codes given below move the piston when the lubricant warms up
10 3 m . The top plate is moving with a and the gap between the plates is filled with List - I from 00 C to 1200 C . ( 00 C 0.0182 NS/ m 2 )
velocity of 1 m/s. The shear stress on the plate oil having density of 890 kg/m 3 and (P) Property which explains the spherical
is ( 1200 C
0.00206 NS/ m 2 )
kinematic viscosity of 0.00033 m 2 /s . A shear shape of the liquid drop
(A) 10kPa (B) 20kPa (Q) Property which explain the phenomenon (A) 11.32 (B) 88.68
flow is induced by moving the upper plate
(C) 30kPa (D) 40kPa with a velocity of 5m/s . of cavitation in a fluid flow (C) 66.67 (D) 33.33

1.18 A skater weighing 800N skates at a speed of

15m/s on ice at 00 C . The average skating
area supporting him is 10cm 2 and the
coefficient of friction between skates and ice With increase in temperature, kinematic
is 0.02, if there is actually a thin film of water viscosity of air increases. So, kinematic
between skates and ice, then its thickness is Given data : viscosity of air at 70 C is more than
1
( 10 3 N s/ m 2 ) 2500 N 1.6 10-5 m2/s.
P 3500 2

4 5
m2 Hence, the correct option is (A).
(A) 9.375 10 m (B) 9.375 10 m
P = 100 kPa
(C) 9.375 10 6 m (D) 9.375 10 7 m We know that
1.19 Consider a soap film bubble of diameter D. If dP
1.23 A spherical water drop of radius 'R' splits up Bulk modulus K
the external pressure is P0 and the surface d
in air into 'n' smaller drops of equal size the
tension of the soap film is , the expression Given data :
work required in splitting up the drop 1

for the pressure inside the bubble is P 3500 2

2500 oil = 800 kg/m3
( Surface tension of water) is 1
2 dP 1 1750 v = 0.4 m/s
(A) P0 (B) P0 (A) 4 r 2
n 3500 2
1
D d 2 2 = 300
1
4 8 1
(C) P0 (D) P0 (B) 4 R2 n 3 1 1750
D D K . 1
1750 2

2
1.20 A small drop of water at 200 C in contact with 1

air has a diameter of 0.05mm . If the pressure (C) 4 r R2 n 3 P 2500

1750.
within the droplet is 0.6kPa higher that of 2 3500
2
the atmosphere, the surface tension is (D) 4 R n 3
1 1750(100 103 2500)
K
(A) 7.5 10 3 N/m (B) 7.5 10 2 N/m 3500 AV
F wsin
K = 48750 N/m2 y
(C) 7.5 10 1 N/m (D) 7.5 10 N/m
Hence, the correct option is (C).
1.21 If the diameter of tube is 1mm then the (20 20 10 4 ) 0.4
1.1 B 1.2 C 1.3 B 64 sin30
capillary rise is 3cm . What will be the 0.4 10 3
capillary rise when diameter changes to Given data : N s
1.4 B 1.5 A 1.6 C 0.8
0.2 mm ? V1 = 0.04 m3 m2
(A) 3cm (B) 0.6 cm P1 = 50 kg/cm2
1.7 B 1.8 C 1.9 B We know that kinematic viscosity
V2 = 0.039 m3
(C) 15cm (D) 7.5cm 0.8
P2 = 150 kg/cm2 0.001 m2 /s
1.22 An open glass capillary tube of 2mm bore is 1.10 B 1.11 A 1.12 A 800
We know that
lowered into a cistern containing mercury Hence, the correct option is (B).
dP
(density = 13600 kg/m3 ) as shown in the 1.13 73.425 1.14 A 1.15 B Bulk modulus (K) =
dV
figure. Given that the contact angle between V
1.16 D 1.17 B 1.18 D d
mercury and glass = 1400 , surface tension 150 50 100 .
coefficient = 0.484 N/m and gravitational k dt
1.19 D 1.20 A 1.21 C 0.039 0.04 0.025
Shear stress is directly proportional to rate of
acceleration 9.81m/s 2 , the depression of 0.04
deformation or stain rate.
mercury in the capillary tube below the free 1.22 5.558 1.23 B 4000 kg/cm 2
Hence, the correct option is (C).
surface in the cistern, in mm, is______ Hence, the correct option is (B).
 F1 F2
Percentage decrease in force = 100
n F1
du Given :
A B
dy d = 20 10 3 m k 1 k 2
100
= 890 kg/m2 k
For Bingham plastic fluid n = 1; B 0 oil 1

= 0.00033 m /s 2 0.0182 0.00206

du 100
A B v = 5m/s 0.0182
dy
V ( . )V 88.68%
1 du V y y Hence, the correct option is (B).
10 10 103 pascal
10 3 dy y
(0.00033 890) 5
73.425pascal
10 103 10 103 pascal 20 10 3 Given data :
20 10 pascal 3 Hence, the correct answer is 73.425. W = 800 N
Torque dT = dF r
= 20 kPa V = 15 m/s
A = 10 cm2
Hence, the correct option is (B). u. 2 rdr r .r
dF (Friction coefficient) = 0.02
h
R (viscosity) = 10 3 Ns/m2
u 2 rdr r r R4
du T weight F
0 k 0
h 2h Specific weight =
dy volume L3
Hence, the correct option is (A).
mass
density
volume
F /a F FT 2
L3 L 3 L4
2
.L
T
du N = weight of skater = 800 N
3 k Force F
0 0
dy Shear stress = Fs = 0.02 800 N
area L2
'VA
2 du F FT Fs
2 0 k2 AV Viscosity = y
dy F du L
L2
h L2 T
10 3
15 10 10 3
2 dy L 0.02 800
du 4 0
.dy V dA y
k 2 dF Hence, the correct option is (D).
h y = 9.375 10 7 m
2
Torque = dF r Hence, the correct option is (D).
u 4 0
.d
k r dl r 0.0182 Ns / m 2
T 0o C

Hence, the correct option is (B). h

2 3 120o C
0.00206 Ns / m 2 Soap bubble
20 10 20 10 20
AV 8
40 40 10 6
20 10 2 F P Pi P0
AV y D
F 0.02 10 2
h F 8
Pi P0
T = 0.0402 N -m D
u 2 rdr r F1 = k 1; F2 = k 2
dF Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (D).
h

4
P
D
4
0.6 103 3
0.05 10
3
7.5 10 N/m
Hence, the correct option is (A).

We know that
4 cos
h
gd
1
h
d
hd = constant
h1d1 = h2d2
3cm 1 mm = h2 0.2 mm
h2 = 15 cm
Hence, the correct option is (C).

4 cos
h
gd
4 0.484 cos140
h 3
5.558 10 3 m
13600 9.81 2 10
= 5.558 mm
Note : ve sign shows depression of mercury in the
capillary tube.
Hence, the correct answer is 5.558.

Work done = increase in surface area

Work = [4 r2 n 4 R2]
= 4 R2[n-2/3. n 1]
Work = 4 R2(n1/3 1)
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 If h is taken in upward direction as the pressure
decreases with height
For a static fluid forces acting on static fluid are
pressure and gravity forces.
At free surface all the other forces except
Pabs. = Patm. + Pgauge atmospheric pressure force is zero.
A
1 2.7.1 Pressure at any depth h:
It is defined as the external normal force exerted a
The pressure less than atmospheric pressure is Assumption:
per unit area. The area can be real or imaginary. A W
known as vacuum pressure.
The unit of pressure is N/m2 or Pascal. a F Density of fluid is constant.

W
1
F
Pressure is compressive in nature. Pvacuum
Patm.
W>F Pabs..
For a static fluid there is no shear stress and there As W > F that is by applying small force large
are only normal forces (pressure) therefore Mohr weight can be raised this does not mean the Vacuum pressure = Patm. Pabs.
circle is a point as shown in Fig. energy conservation is violated because smaller
force moves through a larger distance whereas
There can be positive gauge or negative gauge
larger force move through smaller distance. pressure but there cannot be negative absolute At free surface h = 0
pressure.
While calculating absolute pressure local P = Patm
If atmospheric pressure must be taken into account. dP
the shear force is zero. This is possible only if the w
dh
fluid is ideal.
dP = wdh
P = wh + c
in a static fluid is equal in all directions. At h = 0 ; P = Patm
The pressure exerted by environmental mass is
Conversely if pressure is applied in static fluid it
known as atmospheric pressure. Then Patm = c
is transmitted equally in all direction.
Applications: The atmospheric pressure is around 1.01325 bar. Pabs. = wh + Patm
Hydraulic lift, hydraulic brake etc. For gauge pressure Patm = 0
Pgauge = wh = gh
The pressure measured with respect to
atmospheric pressure, is known as gauge Weight = (Specific weight Volume) P = gh is based on the assumption that the
pressure. PdA + gdAdh = (P +dP)dA density is constant.
dP Sometime pressure is expressed in height
g w hydrostatic law
dh column because and g are almost constant
The pressure measured with respect to zero
and pressure varies directly with h, therefore
pressure is known as absolute pressure.
it is expressed in height column.

s1h1 = s2h2 1. Simple U-tube manometers:

2.8.1 Barometer: where, s is specific gravity.

2.1 In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is
Barometer is used for measuring atmospheric Let us assume both are gases.
(A) Equal to the weight of the fluid above
pressure. 1 1h h
2 2
(B) Equal in all directions
air air
(C) Equal in all directions only if its
s1h1 = s2h2
viscosity is zero
2.8.3 Piezometer:
(D) Always directed downwards
Piezometer is a device which is open at both the
end with one end connected to a point where is 2.2 Three containers are filled with water upto
(a) Jumping of fluid technique
the pressure is to be calculated and another end is the same height as shown. The pressure at the
open to atmosphere. P gy m gx 0 bottom of the containers are denoted asP1, P2
and P3. Which one of the following
0 + gh = Patm P m gx gy relationships is true?
Patm = gh Where, P gauge pressure
From scale we measure height h = 0.76 m
Patm = 13.6 103 9.81 0.76
= 1.01396 105 N/m2
1 bar = 105 N/m2
(A) P P2 P1 (B) P2 P1 P3
Patm = 1.01396 bar 3
Piezometer are not suitable for measuring. (C) P P P (D) P1 P2 P3
1 2 3
If water is used instead of mercury the Very high pressures
2.3 The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on
corresponding height will be 10.3m of water as Gas pressures the system show pressures of PG1 = 5 and
this height is very large therefore Piezometers are suitable for measuring PG2 = 1 bar.
moderate liquid pressure. The value of unknown pressure P is
(b) Datum line technique:
2.8.2 Conversion of 1 fluid column into
another fluid column: P A = PB
Piezometers are also known as simple
P + gy = P A
manometers.
0 + mgx = PB
2.8.4 Manometers:
Manometers are used for measuring pressure and P A = PB
are based on balancing of liquid column. P + gy = mgx

P1=P2 P= mgx gy (A) 1.01 bar (B) 2.01 bar

1gh1 = 2gh2
(C) 5 bar (D) 7.01 bar
1h1 = 2h2 Generalised equation.
2.4 A diver descends 200 m in a sea (where the
Let us assume both are liquids. density of sea water is 1050kg/m3) to as
h
1 1 h
2 2 unken ship wherein a container is found with
H2o H2 o a pressure gauge reading of 225 kPa .
 Taking the pressure at the surface of the sea 2.12 Multi U- tube manometers with different 2.16 The standard atmospheric pressure is 762
to be atmospheric (Patm =100kPa), the fluids are used to measure mm of mercury. At a specific location, the
absolute pressure in the container is (g = 10 (A) Low pressures barometer reads 700 mm of mercury. At this
m/s2) (B) Medium pressures place, what does an absolute pressure of 380
mm of mercury corresponds to
(A) 225 kPa (B) 325 kPa (C) High pressures
(A) 320 mm of mercury vacuum
(C) 2325 kPa (D) 2425 kPa (D) Very low pressure
(B) 382 mm of mercury vacuum
2.5 Choose the correct combination of true 2.13 In order to increase sensitivity of U-tube (C) 62 mm of mercury vacuum
statements from the following: manometer, one leg is usually inclined byan
(D) 700 mm of mercury vacuum
For a fluid at rest in equilibrium. angle . What is the sensitivity of inclined
2.17 The force F needed to support the liquid of
tube compared to sensitivity of Utube
P. The pressure must be the same over any density d and the vessel on top of figure is
horizontal plane 1
(A) sin (B)
Q. The density must be the same over any (A) 3.573kPa (B) 4.573kPa sin
horizontal plane (C) 6.573kPa (D) 7.573kPa 1
(C) (D) tan
R. the shear stress must have the same non- cos
2.9 Pressures have been observed at four
zero value over any horizontal plane different points in different units of 2.14 Which one of the following statements is
dP measurement as follows NOT CORRECT
S. g (A) A gauge always measures pressure
dz (1) 150 kPa
above the surrounding atmospheric
(A) P, Q, R (B) Q, R, S (2) 1800 milli bar pressure
(C) P, R, S (D) P, Q, S (3) 20 m of water (B) At a point in a static fluid, pressure is (A) gd [ha ( H h) A]
2.6 An open tank contains water to a depth of 2m (4) 1240 mm of mercury equal in all directions (B) gdHA
and oil over it to a depth of 1m. If the specific (C) Typical actual variation of pressure with (C) gdHa
Then the points arranged in descending order
gravity of oil is 0.8, then the pressure elevation in atmosphere is more
of pressure are (D) gd ( H h) A
intensity at the interface of the two fluid adiabatic than isothermal
layers will be (A) 1,2,3, and 4 (B) 3, 2, 1 and 4 (D) Vacuum pressure at a point is always 2.18 Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas
(C) 3, 2, 4 and 1 (D) 2, 1, 4 and 3 measured above absolute zero pressure A in the bulb is
(A) 9750 N/m2 (B) 8720N/m2
(C) 9347 N/m2 (D) 7848N/m2 2.10 The pressure at the base of the mountain is 2.15 Three immiscible liquids of densities ,2
750 mm of mercury and at the top, the and 3 are kept in a jar as shown in figure.
2.7 A manometer measures the pressure
pressure is600 mm of mercury. If the density Then the ratio H/h is
differential between two locations of a pipe
carrying water. If the manometric liquid is of air is 1kg/m 3 , then the height of mountain
mercury (S = 13.6) and the manometer is approximately
showed a level difference of 20cm , then the (A) 3 km (B) 2 km
pressure head difference of water between (C) 5 km (D) 7 km
the two tappings will be 2.11 When can a piezometer be not used for
(A) 1.26 m (B) 2.72 m pressure measurement in pipes?
(C) 1.36 m (D) 2.52 m (A) The pressure difference is low (A) 771.2mmHg
2.8 The tank shown in the figure is closed at top (B) The velocity is high (B) 752.65mmHg
and contains air at a pressure PA. The value
(C) The fluid in pipe is a gas (A) 9 (B) 3.5 (C) 767.35mmHg
of PA for the manometer reading shown will
(D) The fluid in the pipe is highly viscous (C) 3 (D) 2.5 (D) 748.8mmHg
be

2.19 In given figure, if the pressure of gas in bulb 2.27 Which one of the following figures correctly
Assuming 30 0 and the manometer fluid as
represents the Mohr s circle for a static fluid
A is 50cmHg vacuum and oil with specific gravity of 0.86, the pressure (hydrostatic condition)
Patm 76cm of Hg , then height of column H at A is
is equal to (A)

(B)

(A) 43 mm water (vacuum)

(A) 26 cm (B) 50 cm (B) 43 mm water
(A) 1225 N/m2 (B) 980 N/m 2
(C) 76 cm (D) 126 cm (C) 86 mm water
(C) 1250 N/m 2 (D) 1000 N/m 2 s (C)
2.20 Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass density (D) 100mm water
3
900 kg/m ) and the other water, are 2.22 A differential U-tube manometer with 2.24 A manometer is made of a tube of uniform
connected to a manometer as shown in the mercury as the manometric fluid is used to bore of 0.5cm 2 cross-sectional area, with one
figure. By what amount the pressure in the measure the pressure difference between two
limb vertical and the other limb in clinedat
water pipe should be increased so that the sections P and Q in a horizontal pipe carrying
300 to the horizontal. Both of its limbs are (D)
mercury levels in both the limbs of the water at steady state as shown in the figure.
open to atmosphere and initially, it is partly
manometer become equal? If the difference in mercury levels in the two
filled with a liquid of specific gravity1.25. If
limbs of the manometer is 0.75m , the
(mass density of mercury = 13,500kg/m 3 an additional volume of 7.5cm 3 of water is
difference in pressure ( kPa )between sections
and g 9.81m/s 2 ) added to inclined tube, calculate the rise of 2.28 5m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is
P and Q is
the liquid in vertical tube from initial level?
filled up to a level of 3m from the bottom
(A) 4 cm (B) 7.5 cm and the remaining space is filled with oil of
(C) 12 cm (D) 15 cm specific gravity 0.88. Assume density of
2.25 Which property of mercury is the main water as 1000 kg/m 3 and acceleration due to
reason for its use in barometers? gravity to be 10 m/s 2 . The gauge pressure(in
(A) High density kN/m2 , rounded off to the first decimal
(B) Negligible capillary effect place) at a depth of 2.5m from the top of the
(C) Low vapour pressure tank will be__
(A) 49.275 (B) 94.275 (D) Low compressibility 2.29 The figure below shows the pressure
(A) 24.7kPa (B) 26.5kPa (C) 9.4275 (D) 492.75 2.26 Atmospheric pressure at a place is equal to measured in a well at different depths. AB is
(C) 26.7kPa (D) 28.9kPa 2.23 A U-tube manometer, as shown in figure has gas cap; B is gas oil contact and C is water -
10cm of water. A liquid has a specific weight
2.21 In the inclined manometer shown in the water as a manometric fluid. When an oil contact. Density of gas in cap is 2kg/m 3 ,
of 12kN/m3. The absolute pressure at a point
figure, the reservoir is large. Its surface may unknown pressure 'P' acts at 5mm diameter
2 m below the free surface of liquid in kPa oil density is 800 kg/m 3 and water density is
be assumed to remain at a fix edelevation. A limb, the water rises in the limb by 100 mm
is 1000 kg/m 3 . The difference between pressure
is connected to a gas pipe line and the from initial level; if the other limb is open to
deflection noted on the inclined glass tube is atmospheric (pressure Pa), the pressure (A) 2.4 (B) 12.4 at point D and point B (PD-PB) is ______
100 mm. differential (P - Pa) is (C) 24 (D) 122.1 105N/m2. (Take g=9.81m/s2)
 PA + oil gh + water gh m. g h = 0
2.1 C 2.2 D 2.3 D PA + 750 9.81 1.5 + 1000 9.81
0.6 13600 9.81 0.1 = 0
2.4 D 2.5 D 2.6 D
PA = (13600 0.1 1000 0.6 750
2.7 D 2.8 A 2.9 C 1.5) 9.81
2.10 B 2.11 C 2.12 C PA = 35800.65 Pa = 3.58 kPa.
Hence, the correct option is (A).
2.30 Consider the density and altitude at the base 2.13 B 2.14 A 2.15 C
of an isothermal layer in the standard P = gh
atmosphere to be 1 and h1 respectively. The 2.16 A 2.17 B 2.18 A (1) 150 kPa = 15 104 Pascal
1050 10 200 = 2100 kPa
density variation with altitude ( versus h) in 2.19 B 2.20 A 2.21 B (2) 1800 milli bar = 1800 10 3 bar
Pabs = Pguage + Plocal atm
that layer is governed by (R = gas constant; T = 18 104 Pascal
2.22 B 2.23 A 2.24 A 225 + (100 + 2100) 2425 kPa.
= temperature; g = acceleration due to (3) 20 m of water = 1000 10 20
Hence, the correct option is (D).
gravity) 2.25 A 2.26 D 2.27 b = 20 104 Pascal
g g
(4) 1240 mm of mercury = 13600 9.81
( h h1 ) ( h1 h ) 2.28 22.6 2.29 7.84 2.30 A
(A) e RT
(B) e RT 1.240 = 16.54 104 Pascal
1 1 2.31 A Descending order of pressure is 3 2 4 1.
RT
( h h1 )
RT
( h1 h )
Hence, the correct option is (C).
g g
(C) e (D) e
1 1
air hair=hhghg
2.31 Which of the following pressure units
150
represent the LEAST pressure hair 13600 m
1000
(A) millibar Pinterface = oil g h = 2040 m = 2.04 km
(B) mm of mercury As height is same in all containers, so, Hence, the correct option is (B).
= 900 9.81 1
pressure is same. 7848 N/m2
(C) N/mm2
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (D). Piezometers are not suitable for measuring
(D) kg-f/cm2 gas pressures.
Hence, the correct option is (C).

Multi u tube manometer with different

fluids are used to measure high pressure.
Hence, the correct option is (C).

P1 + H + 0.2 0.2 13.6 H = P2

P = P1 + PG1
P1 P2 2.72 0.2
P = S + 2.01 = 7.01 bar
2.52m of water head
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (D).

25 100
1 h 25mm
l x 100
sin
125
1 Pa 1000 9.81 P
is the sensitivity of inclined u tube. 1000
sin 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). P Pa = 1226 N/m
Hence, the correct option is (A).

PA 50 = 0
g(3h) + 2 g(1.5h) 3 g(H h) = 0
PA = 50 mm of oil
g(3h) + 2 g(1.5h) + 3 gh 3 gh = 0
PA H Patm PB 76 50 sw hw = s0h0
gh = 3H abs abs
hw = 0.86 50
H H Patm PA = 26 cm
3 abs hw = 43 mm of water (+)
h
H = 76 26 Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (C).
H = 50 cm
Hence, the correct option is (B). After adding 7.5 cm3 of water to inclined tube
7.5
y1 y2 15cm
0.5
Let, y1+y2 = h = 15 cm (1)
Poil + 900 9.81 3 13500 9.81 0.2
h2 = y1 (2)
1000 9.81 1.5 = Pwater
Pvacuum Plocal atm Pabs y1 = 2h1 (3)
P0 Pw = 14715 Pascal (1) Patm 1250 g (h1 h2 )
700 380
320mm of Hg vacuum PP - H2O gH- Hg 0.75 + 7.5
1000 g Patm
Hence, the correct option is (A). H2O g (0.75 + H) = PQ 100
PP PQ = 13600 9.81 0.75 1000 h2 7.5
1250 g h2 1000 g
9.81 0.75 2 100
Force Pressure Area
92704.5 Pa h2 = 0.04 m
dgHA
92.7 kPa h2 = 4 cm
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (A).

2
PA g (0.17) 13600 9.81
100
P0 + 900 9.81 2.9 1000 9.81 1.6
5 Patm = 10 m of water
1000 9.81
100 = Pw+ P = gh
= 101325 Pascal P0 + 9908.1 = Pw + P = 1000 9.81 10 = 98.1 kPa
PA 101325 = 13600 9.81 0.02 +
1000 9.81 0.05 1000 9.81 0.17 P0 Pw + 9908.1 = P
PA = 1598.22 + 101325 pascal 14715 + 9908.1 = P
102923.22 pascal
760 102923.22 P = 24623.1 Pascal = 24.62 kPa By using volume conservation
771.98 mmof Hg A h=a h
101325 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (A). D2 h = d2h
 Pabsolute = Patm + wh 804616.2 N/m2
= 98.1 + 12 2 PB = air 9.81 1010
= 122.1 kPa 2 9.81 1010
Hence, the correct option is (D).
19816.2 N/m2
PD PB = 804616.2 19816.2
For a static fluid there is no shear stress and 784800 N/m2
there are only normal forces (pressure)
therefore Mohr circle is a point. 7.84 105 N/m2
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct answer is 7.84.

dP = gdh
P = RT (From ideal gas equation)
dP = RT. d (T = C; isothermal atmosphere)
Given : d RT gdh
g = 10 m/s2
h
h = 2.5 m (from the top) d
dh
Pgauge = ? 1 h1

Pgauge oil g 2 water g 0.5 g

n h h1
880 10 2 + 1000 10 1.5 1 RT
22.6 kN/m2 g
h h1
Hence, the correct answer is 22.6. e RT

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Given
air = 2 kg/m3
3
oil = 800 kg/m3 Millibar = 10 bar = 102pascal
water = 1000 kg/m
3 1 mm of Hg = 1 torr = 138.32 pascal
PD PB = ? N
106 pascal
PD air g 1010 oil g 50 mm2
g 40 kg.f
w 9.81 10 4 pascal
cm 2
2 9.81 1010 + 800 9.81 50 +
Hence, the correct option is (A).
1000 9.81 40

[1] Stable equilibrium

[2] Unstable equilibrium

[3] Neutral equilibrium

Note:
When a body is submerged either partially or [1] When a homogeneous body is completely
completely the net vertical upward force exerted submerged, in a fluid then the centre of gravity
by the fluid on the body is known as buoyancy (c.g.) of the body and centre of buoyancy is [3] A floating body will be in neutral equilibrium
force [Fb] and this buoyancy force is equal to coincide. when G & M coincide.
weight of the fluid displaced and this is known as
[2] For a floating homogeneous body centre of
Archimedes principle.
buoyancy is below the centre of gravity.
[3] For a non-homogeneous body (heterogeneous) It is the point of intersection of normal axis of the
centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity may not body with the new axis of line of buoyancy force.
coincide even if it completely submerged. When a body is tilted. i.e. it is the point about
which the body is suppose to be oscillating.

[1] A completely submerged body will be in Metacentric height (GM):

For a floating body to be in equilibrium weight
of the body must be equal to the weight of the stable equilibrium when centre of buoyancy
fluid displaced and line of action of these two (B) is above the centre of gravity (G).
Vfd = Volume of the body submerged forces must be same.
[2] A completely submerged body will be in
= (x2 x1)A unstable equilibrium when the centre of
Net vertical upward force exerted by fluid on the buoyancy (B) is below the centre of gravity
body = f gx2A - f gx1A (G).
FvNet = f g(x2 x1)A
[3] A completely submerged body will be in
FvNet = fgVfd
neutral equilibrium when centre of gravity
FvNet = weight of the fluid displaced (G) and centre of buoyancy (B) is coincide.
FBuoyancy = WtFd
The distance between centre of gravity (G) and
Buoyancy is basically due to pressure difference. Metacentre (M) measured along normal axis is
[1] A floating body will be in stable equilibrium known as Metacentric height.
when Metacentre (M) is above the centre of
It is the point from which the buoyancy force is gravity (G). For stable equilibrium GM > 0 or positive
suppose to be acting and this buoyancy force will Wbody = FB
act at the centroid of the displaced volume. [2] A floating body will be in unstable Unstable equilibrium GM < 0 or Negative
FB = Weight of displaced fluid (Wfd) equilibrium when Metacentre (M) is below
Therefore, centre of buoyancy will lie at the
Wbody = Weight of displaced fluid the centre of gravity (G). Neutral equilibrium GM = 0
centroid of the displaced volume.
 rolling and oscillations about transverse axis is
A plastic boat with a steel ball floating in
water containing if steel ball is thrown in
water container then what will happen to the
level of water.
Sol. Concept:
If the displaced volume of the fluid is more,
the level will rise.
If the displaced volume of the fluid is less the
[BMrolling< BMpitching] level falls.
For more stable equilibrium condition BM or If the displaced volume of the fluid is same,
If rolling is taken care of then pitching is
GM must be as large as possible. the level will remain same.
automatically taken care of.
I
BM Weight loss
VFd
k g2 =T T1
BM is known as Metacentric radius. T 2
g (GM ) W W + FB
= FB
GM T i.e. more oscillation Case: 1 Case: 2
Weight loss = buoyancy force
kg least radius of gyration I Ak g2 In case 1
Note: Wbody = WFd
I As the density of air is very small buoyancy Mbody g = F g VFd1
kg
A effect is negligible in air therefore the correct (Msb + Mpb) = F VFd,1 (1)
For more stable equilibrium condition weight of the body is obtained when it is In case 2
Metacentric height GM must be larger but larger submerged in air. WPb = WFd
GM results in smaller time period of oscillations. Dead body floats on water because after the death MPb g = F g VFd, pb
i.e., more number of oscillations in a given time due to biological activities gases are released Mpb = F VFd, pb (2)
I LL therefore passengers are not comfortable under specially methane (CH4) hence the density of the
BM L Wsb> FB
VFd such conditions, therefore for passenger ships body decreases & due to buoyancy force dead
metacentric height is not very high. Msb.g > F gVFd,sb
body floats.
I tt b3 b 3 Msb> FVFd,sb )
BM t I LL ; I tt
VFd 12 12 In case of war ship stability is important than
VFd2 = VFd,pb + VFd,sb
comfort therefore GM for war ships is larger than
Itt > ILL Add (2) + (3)
that of passenger ship.
BMt> BML Msb + Mpb = F(VFd,sb + VFd,pb)
From equation 1:
From design point of view least BM is calculated
F vFd,1> F[VFd,sb+VFd,sb]
that is BM about longitudinal axis is calculated. Metacentric height for passenger ship is 0.3 m to
1.2 m. VFd,1> VFd.2
As BMt> BML the body will be more stable when
VFd2< VFd1
it oscillates about transverse axis compare to Metacentric height for war ship is 1.0 m to 1.5 m.
Level fall.
oscillation about longitudinal axis.

In case 2 3.5 The following terms relate to floating bodies:

An ice block float on water, if complete ice Wwater = WFd Centre of gravity - G; Metacentre - M;
melt then show that level of water remains 3.1 Force of buoyancy on a floating body equals Weight of floating body - W; Buoyant force
mwg = F g VFdice
same. - FB.
(A) Total pressure on the vertical projection
Sol. mw = F VFd, ice (a) Match List-I which List-II and select the
of the body
Wiron > FB correct answer
(B) Total pressure on the horizontal
m2g > Fg VFd, iron (b) List-I
projection of the body
(A) G is above M
m2> F VFd, iron (C) Weight of liquid equal to the volume of (B) G and M coincide
VFd2 = VFd, ice + VFd, iron the body (C) G is below M
Add equation (a) & (b) (D) Weight of the liquid equal to the (D) FB W
Wice = WFd ice water
immersed volume of the body
mice g = FgVFd m =V (m1 + m2) > F VFd2 List-II
VFd1 F> FVFd2 3.2 When a ship moving on seawater enters a 1) Stable equilibrium
Mice = FV Fd (1)
river, it is expected to 2) Unstable equilibrium
m VFd1> VFd2
v (A) Rise a little 3) Floating body
F Level will go down. 4) Neutral equilibrium
(B) Sink a little
m A B C D
vFd
F
(C) Maintain the same level of draft (A) 1 3 2 4
A ship enters from sea water to river water, ship (B) 3 1 4 2
Level is same because displaced volume of will go down and level of river rises. (D) Rise or fall depending on whether it is
fluid is same. made of wood or steel (C) 2 4 1 3
(D) 2 3 4 1
3.3 In an ice berg, 15% of the volume projects
3.6 Match List I with List II and select the
If inside the ice, there is a piece of metal or above the sea surface. If the specific weight
correct answer
iron nail, then what will happen to the level of sea water is 10.5 kN/ m3 , the specific
List-I
of water. weight of ice berg in kN/m3 is (A) Stable equilibrium
Sol.
(A) 12.52 (B) 9.81 (B) Stable equilibrium
(C) Unstable equilibrium
(C) 8.93 (D) 7.83
(D) Unstable equilibrium
3.4 A metallic cube of side10cm, density List-II
6.8 gm/cm 3 is floating in liquid mercury 1) Below G of a floating body
(density 13.69 gm/cm 3 ) with 5 cm height of 2) M above G of a submerged body
cube exposed above the mercury level. Water 3) B above G of a floating body
Case: 1 Case: 2 (density 1gm/cm 3 ) is filled over to 4) M below G of a submerged body
In case 1 submerge cube fully. The new height of cube A B C D
exposed above mercury level is (A) 2 1 4 3
Wice block = WFd
(B) 4 3 2 1
mice block g = FgVFd (A) 4.6 cm (B) 5.4cm
(C) 2 3 4 1
(m1 + m2) = vFd1. F (1) (C) 5.0 cm (D) 5.8 cm (D) 2 3 1 4
3.7 A body weighs 100N in air and 80 N in water. Which one of the following is the correct 3.18 A homogenous right circular cylinder of
The density of the body is condition for stability? length L, radius R and specific gravity SG is
(A) 4000 kg/m 3 (B) 5000 kg/m 3 floating in water with its axis vertical. If
SG 0.8 , then the minimum value of R/L
(C) 8000 kg/m 3 (D) 7000 kg/m3 above which the body will always be stable is
3.8 A body weighs 30 N in a liquid of density (A) 0.16
800 kg/m 3 and 15 N in a liquid of density
(B) 0.36
1200 kg/m 3 . The volume of body is
(C) 0.56
(A) 3.82 10 3 m3 (B) 2.82 10 3 m3
(D) Cannot predict due to insufficient data
(C) 5.76 10 m 3 3
(D) 8.98 10 m 3 3 3.13 The tension in the wire is
3.19 During floods, water entered an office having
3.9 The weight of a sphere is 100 N. If it floats in (A) 1962N (B) 981N b h
(A) 2
1 1
0 wooden tables. The position of tables, if
water just fully submerged, the diameter of (C) 491N (D) 768N 6 1 h b 2 floating, will be
sphere is 3.14 The volume of the buoy that is submerged is
b h (A) Legs upwards
(A) 112 mm (B) 213 mm (A) 0.1m3 (B) 0.6 m 3 (B) 2
1 1
0
6 1 h b 2
(B) Legs on sides
(C) 269 mm (D) 315 mm
(C) 0.8 m 3 (D) 0.2 m 3 (C) Legs downwards
3.10 The metacentric height for a floating b h
3.15 A spherical balloon of diameter 15m is (C) 2
1 1
0
spherical ball of radius R and depth of 6 1 h b 2
(D) Any position
supposed to lift a load of 3000 N . The lifting
immersion also equal to R is
of load is achieved by heating the air inside b h
(D) 2
1 1
0
(A) R (B) 1 R2 the balloon. Assume, air to be an ideal gas 6 1 h b 2

6R and atmospheric pressure either outside or

(C) (D) 0 3.17 A rectangular boat 6 m wide and 15 m
inside the balloon. The value of acceleration
5 long(dimension perpendicular to the plane of
due to gravity is 9.81m/s 2 and the values of
3.11 The least radius of gyration of ship is 9 m and the figure) has a draught of 2M. The side
temperature and density of atmospheric air view of the boat is as shown in the figure. The
the meta centric height is 750 mm. The time
period oscillation of the ship is are 150 C and1.2 kg/m3 , respectively. In order centre of gravity G of the boat is at the free
to lift the specified load, the air in side the surface level. The metacentric height of the
(A) 42.41 S (B) 75.4 S
balloon should be heated to a temperature ( boat in m
(C) 20.85 S (D) 85 S 0
C ) of___
3.12 A solid cylinder (density 600 kg/m 3 ) of 3.16 A container of square cross section is
length L and diameter D floats in water under partially filled with a liquid of density 1 .The
neutral equilibrium conditions with its axis cylinder is intended to float in another liquid
vertical. Then L/D is of density 2 as shown in the figure. The
Linked Answer Questions (3.13 to 3.14) distance between metacentre and centre of
I
A metallic sphere of volume Vm 0.1m3 ¸ buoyancy is where I and Vsub are area
Vsub
density 20000 kg/m3 and fully submerged in
moment of inertia of the cross-section and
water is attached by a flexible wire to a buoy (A) 1.0 (B) 0.5
submerged volume respectively. Neglect the
of volume VB 1m3 and density = 100 kg/m 3 weight of the container. (C) 1.5 (D) 2.0

Alternate method:
Given data : Weight in air
3.1 D 3.2 B 3.3 C Specific gravity of body =
Side of metallic cube = 10 cm Weight loss
3.4 B 3.5 C 3.6 C Density of metallic cube = 6.8 gm/cm3 100 100
3.7 B 3.8 A 3.9 D mercury = 13.69 gm/cm
3 s.g. body
5
(100 80) 20
3.10 D 3.11 C 3.12 B
Then density = 5 1000 = 5000 kg/m3
3.13 B 3.14 D 3.15 63.5 Hence, the correct option is (B).
3.16 A 3.17 B 3.18 C
3.19 A Hence, the correct option is (D).

By using principle of floatation K g2

Weight of the body = Buoyancy force T 2
g (GM )
Wbody = (FB)water + (FB)Mercury
6.8 10 10 10 = 1 10 10 x+ 92
2 20.847.sec
As the density of sea water is more (1050 13.69 10 10 (10 x) 9.81 0.750
kg/m3). The buoyancy effects are more. If x = 5.4 cm Hence, the correct option is (C).
ship enters from sea water to river water, as Hence, the correct option is (B).
the density of river water is less, buoyancy
forces are les therefore ship will sink a little, 3 3
1 = 800 kg/m 2 = 1200 kg/m
as ship sinks, more volume of the fluid
Case 1 Case 2
displaced therefore level rises.
Let actual weight of body (in air) is W
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Body weight in air (W) = 100 N then in case 1
W = mg = 100 W 30 = 1gVFd (1)
Given that 100 In case 2
m (1)
Wsea water= 10.5 kN/m3 g W 15 = 2gVFd (2)
VFd = 0.85 V Body weight in water (Ww) = 80 N VFd = volume of body (V)
(let V is the volume of the body) Buoyancy force (FB) = 100 80 = 20 N Equation (2) equation (1)
FB = FgVFd = 20 15 = ( 2 1) g V
20 15 Given that
VFd V 9.81 3.82 10 3 m3
1000 g 400 SC = 600 kg/m
3

For fully submerged body volume of fluid Hence, the correct option is (A). By using principle of floatation
displaced is equal to volume of the body. Wcylinder = WFd
20 cy.Vcy = FVFd
V (2) Weight of sphere = Buoyancy force
By using principle of floatation 1000 g
W = F gVFd 600 D2 L 1000 D2 h
Wbody = WFd From equation (1) & (2) 4 4
b g Vbody = F gVFd 100 100 1000 9.81 d 3
3L
m g 6 h
WbV = WF(0.85 V) 5000 kg/m 3 5
Wb = 10.5 0.85 = 8.93 kN/m3. V 20 d = 269.46 mm
L h L 3L
1000 g Hence, the correct option is (D). BG
Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 2 2 10
 L
BG 15 63
5 I
T + WB = FB BM 12 1.5 m
D4 V 15 6 2
I 5 D2 981 + BgVB = FgVFd
BM 64 Metacentric height
VFd 5L 48 L 981 + 100 9.81 1 = 1000 9.81 VFd
D2 GM = BM BG = 1.5 1.0 = 0.5m
4 5 VFd = Volume of buoy submerged = 0.2 m3 Hence, the correct option is (B).
Under neutral equilibrium conditions Hence, the correct option is (D).
BM = BG
5D2 L Let after heating the density of air inside the
48L 5 By using principle of floatation
balloon is b2 & b1 1.2 kg/m3,
2 Weight of container = FB
25 L 3 2 2
4 3 4 15 1gb h = 2gb x
48 D2 V r
3 3 2 x 1
h
L 25 5
Then 2
D 16 3 4 3 V 1767.145 m3 h x h h
BG 1
.
Hence, the correct option is (B). For lifting 2 2 2 2 2
Total downward force = Buoyancy force h
1 1

Given that Wb + 3000 = FB 2 2

Given data :
V s.g of cylinder = 0.8
Vm = 0.1 m3 b 2 ·g 300 = V air·g b4 2
I 12 b 2 By using principal Wbody = FB
= 2000 kg/m3 BM
VFd b2. 1
h 12 1h bgVb = FgvFd
VB= 1 m3 2 2 0.8 R2L = R2h
B = 100 kg/m3 For stable equilibrium h = 0.8L
GM > 0 L h L 0.8 L
3000N FB BM > GB or BM BG > 0 BG
2 2 2 2
V .g ( b2 2 h BG = 0.1L
air b2 ) 3000 1 1 0
12 1h 2 2 R2
(V = 1767.145 m3)
Divided by b I 4 R2
3 BM
b2 1.027 kg/m 2 b h VFd R 2 (0.8 L) 3.2 L
. 1 1 0
6 1 h b Body will always be stable equilibrium is
P = RT 2

Hence, the correct option is (A). GM 0

For constant pressure
BM BG 0
1T1 = 2T2
Given data : L = 15 m, Width (b) = 6m R2
T + FB = Weight of metallic sphere (Wms) 1 0.1L 0
T2 = ·T1 BG = 2 1 = 1 m 3.2 L
T+ FgVFd = mgVms 2 2
R
T+1000 g VFd = 2000 g Vms {Vms=VFd 1.2 3.2 0.1
T2 = 288 L
T = (2000 g 1000 g)Vms 1.027
R
T2 = 336.51 0.5656
T = 1000 g 0.1 L
T = 981 N T2 63.5°C Hence, the correct option is (C).
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct answer is 63.5.

IGG is the MOI about centroidal axis which is

parallel to OO .
(a) Inclined surface:
Taking a small elemental area dA we can = angle made by the surface with respect to free
calculate the force on this small element and total surface
force can be calculated by integrating therefore
x cp x I GG sin 2
total hydrostatic force.
Ax
F=wA x
w = sp. Weight of fluid
The centre of pressure is below the centre of
A = area of surface gravity because pressure increases with depth.
x = vertical distance of c.g. from the Case 2: Plane vertical surface:
free surface.
Put = 90o in case (1).
Centre of pressure:
It is the point through which total hydrostatic
force is suppose to be acting.
From principle of moments the centre of
pressure can be calculated.

x cp x I GG sin 2
Ax
Case:1 Plane inclined surface
 F wA x dF = PdA
IGG dF = gxdA 4.1 The centre of pressure of a liquid on a plane
xcp x sin 2 90
Ax surface immersed vertically in a static body
IGG of liquid, always lies below the centroid of
xcp x
Ax the surface area, because
Case 3: Plane horizontal surface (A) In liquids the pressure acting is same in
all directions
Put = 00 in case (1) Special cases:
(B) There is no shear stress in liquids at rest
(1)
(C) The liquid pressure is constant over
dFH = dFsin depth
dFH = gx dA sin (D) The liquid pressure increases linearly
Vertical projection area with depth
P gx The horizontal component of force on curved 4.2 A plate of rectangular shape having the
surface is equal to hydrostatic force on dimensions of 0.4m 0.6m is immersed in
F g xA vertical projection area and this force acts at water with its longer side vertical. The total
the centre of pressure of corresponding area.
F wA x hydrostatic thrust on one side of the plate is
=0 estimated as18.3kN . All other conditions
FH F
H2
1
remaining the same, the plate is turned
xcp x
FH FH F 0 through 900 such that its longer side remains
net 1 H2
S.No. Case Force Centre of vertical.
pressure What would be the total force on one face of
1 Inclined wAx IG the plate?
x sin 2
Ax (A) 9.15kN (B) 18.3kN
2 Vertical wAx IG (C) 36.6kN (D) 12.2kN
x
Ax
4.3 The force on the door submerged in a liquid
3 Horizontal wAx x Volume = x dAcos of density (See figure) is
dFv = dFcos g
(A) 2 g (B)
dFv g xdA cos 2
vol
(2) g 2
(C) (D)
dFv = g x Volume. 2 2 g
dFv = weight of fluid
The vertical component of force on the curve
surface is equal to weight of the liquid
contained by the curved surface taken upto
free surface.
This weight will act from the centre of gravity
of the corresponding weight.

4.4 A circular plate 1.5 m diameter is submerged 4.9 A vertical gate 6m x 6m holds water on one 4.13 The vertical force on a submerged curved
in water with its greatest and least depths side with the free surface at its top. The surface is equal to the
moment about the bottom edge of the gate of (A) Force on the vertical projection of the
below the surface being 2m and 0.7m (R)
respectively. What is the total pressure the water force will be ( w is the specific curved surface
(approximately) on one face of the plate? weight of water) (B) Force on the horizontal projection of the
(A) 18 (B) 36 curve surface
(A) 12kN (B) 16kN w w
(C) Weight of the liquid vertically above the
(C) 24kN (D) None of these (C) 72 w (D) 216 w curved surface
4.5 The point of application of a horizontal force 4.10 A container having a square cross-section has (D) Product of the pressure at the centroid
on curved surface submerged in liquid is (S) water filled up to a height of 0.6m. The net and the area of the curved surface
I IG Ah 2 force on one side and the location of the 4.14 The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces
(A) G h (B) centre of pressure from the bottom are given Fxand Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a
Ah Ah
List II respectively by width w into the plane of figure,
Ah IG
(C) h (D) hA (Depth of centre of Pressure) (A) 264.5Nand0.1m Are
IG h
d d (B) 600.5 Nand0.4m
4.6 A vertical dock gate 2 metre wide remains in 1. 5 2. 3
8 4
position due to horizontal force of water on (C) 1058.4 Nand0.3m
d d
one side. The gate weighs 800kg and just 3. 4. 2 (D) 529.2 Nand0.2m
2 3
starts sliding down when the depth of water 4.11 A rectangular tank with length, width and height
upto the bottom of the gate decreases to 4 (A) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4
in the ratio 2 :1: 2 is filled completely with
metres. Then the coefficient of friction (B) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
water. The ratio of hydrostatic force at the
between dock gate and dock wall will be (C) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 bottom to that on any LARGER vertical (A) Fx ghrw and Fy 0
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.2 (D) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3 surface is
(B) Fx 2 ghrw and Fy 0
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.02 4.8 The figure below show a hydraulic gate PQR (A) 1/2 (B) 1
4.7 Math List I with List II and select the correct whose weight is negligibly small compared (C) Fx 2 ghrw and Fy gwr 2 / 2
(C) 2 (D) 4
answer to the hydrostatic forces. The gate opens (D) Fx 2 ghrw and Fy rgwr 2 / 2
4.12 Choose the correct statements about
List -I when h exceeds
horizontal component of resultant hydrostatic 4.15 A dam is having a curved surface as shown in
(Type of Vertical Surface) pressure on a curved submerged surface the figure. The height of the water retained by
(A) It is equal to the product of pressure at the dam is 20m , density of water is
the centroid and the curved area 1000kg/m 3 .Assuming g as 9.81m/s 2 , the
(P) (B) It is equal to the weight of the liquid horizontal force acting on the dam per unit
above the curved surface acting at length is
0.5depth of the surface
(C) It is equal to the projected area of the
surface on a vertical plane multiplied by
the pressure at the centre of gravity of
area
(Q)
(D) It is equal to the weight of the liquid
(A) 1.414 b (B) 0.500 b
above the curved surface multiplied by
(C) 2.732 b (D) 1.732 b the projected area on a vertical plane.
 (A) 1.962 102 N (B) 2 105 N 4.19 Find the vertical hydrostatic force, f z ' on the
(C) 1.962 106 N (D) 3.924 106 N surface P-Q due to the water in the tank.
Note, f z is the fore per unit width along y. 4.1 D 4.2 B 4.3 C
4.16 Choose the correct combination of true
(C)
statements from the following: The surface P - Q is shaped like a quarter-
4.4 C 4.5 B 4.6 C
cylinder of radius R. The atmospheric
P. For a horizontal plane surface in a liquid
at rest, the centre of pressure is at the pressure is 0 4.7 B 4.8 D 4.9 D
centroid of the surface
Q. For an inclined plane surface submerged 4.10 B 4.11 B 4.12 C
(D)
in a liquid at rest, the centre of pressure
4.13 C 4.14 D 4.15 C
is always lower than the centroid of the
surface.
4.21 Assertion (A): For a vertically immersed 4.16 A 4.17 C 4.18 A
R. The horizontal component of the force
surface, the depth of the centre of pressure is
exerted on a curved surface in a liquid at 4.19 A 4.20 D 4.21 C
independent of the density of the liquid.
rest acts at the centroid of the curved
surface. Reason (R): Centre of pressure lies above the
(A) P, Q (B) Q, R centroid of area of the immersed surface.
(C) P, R (D) P, Q, R (A) g R2 R2 (A) Both A and R are individually true and
w
4
4.17 A circular cylinder of diameter 2m and span- R is the correct explanation of A
wise length 3m placed in a tank of water
(B) P0 R g R2 R2 (B) Both A and R are individually true but R
divides it in two parts as shown in figure. The w
4
net vertical force on the cylinder due to the is not the correct explanation of A
fluid is ( g 10 m/ s 2 ) (C) w g R2 (C) A is true but R is false
4
(D) A is false but R is true
(D) P0 R w g R2
4 4.22 A semi-circular gate of radius 1 m is placed
4.20 In which one of the following arrangement at the bottom of a water reservoir as shown in
figure. The hydrostatic force per unit width of
would the vertical force on the cylinder due
(A) 9428 N (B) 47124 N the cylindrical gate in y-direction is_____
to water be the maximum
(C) 70686 N (D) 23562 N kN . The gravitational acceleration g
9.8m/s 2 and density of water 1000 kg/m 3 .
4.18 A cylindrical gate rests on the crest of a (A)
spillway and water stands up to the top of the
gate. Diameter of the gate is1m . The vertical F gAx
component of the pressure force per meter
1
length of the gate is F g (1). sin 45o
2
(A) gkN (B) gkN g
8 4 (B)
F
2 2
(C) gkN (D) gkN Hence, the correct option is (C).
2

Weight = Frictional force (R)

800 9.81 = F P
h
800 9.81 = [1000 9.81 (4 2) 2)
G
= 0.05 Fpq CP
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Q

I cg FPQ wAx
P 4, Q 2, R 3, S 1. X cp x
Ax
(P) h w2
bd
3
36 w h
d 2 2
3 bd d
3
2
1.3
x 0.7 1.35m
2 d
X cp
F g xA 2
I cg (S)
1000 10 1.35 (1.5) 2 {g = 10 m/s2 X cp x
4 Ax
3

23856.46 N d bd 12
2 bd d 2
23.8 kN (24 kN approx.)
d d 4d FQR wAx
Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 6 6 FQR wAx
2d I cg
X cp X cp x =w b h
The point of application of horizontal force 3 Ax
on curve surface, at the centre of pressure of (Q) 4
corresponding area. d d 64

Hence, the correct option is (B). 2

d2 d
2
4
5d
X cp
8
Hence, the correct option is (B).
I cg h b
X cp x FPQ FQR
Ax 3 2
2
2d
3
bd 36 wh h b
wbh
3 bd 2d 2 3 2
2 3 h2
b2
2d d 9d 3
F wAx 3 12 12
h 3b 1.732b
3d
F = 1000 9.81 (4 2) 2 X cp Hence, the correct option is (D).
4
 FH g xA
F w A x
w 2 2 = 4 w .N (bottom) 1000 9.81 10 (20 1)
Any larger = 1.962 106 N
FLVS w 2 2 1 Hence, the correct option is (C).

=4w
FB 4w
1
Fvs 4w
Hence, the correct option is (B).
2h 2 6
X cp 4m
3 3
Moment = F 2 R2
R2 g 1 P0 R 1
F w A x 4
w 6 6 3 = 108 w FV = .g.V
Moment = 2 108 w = 216 w 3 p0 R Pw g R 2 R2
= 1000 10 (1) 2 3 4
Hence, the correct option is (D). 4
= 70685.83 N Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (C).

FH w (2r b)h
2 gr b h 2w
w

= 2 ghrw.
2 0.6 Fy = weight = gv
X cp 0.4m from free surface
3 r2
Hence, the correct option is (B). = g w
2
g r 2w
L:W:H = F Vol. Fv = gv
2
2:1:2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (D).
FV = .g.V
1
= g (1) 2 1
4 2

g 103 N
8

= g kN
8
Hence, the correct option is (A).

dV
0
Kinematics deals with motion of fluid without d space atgiven time
any reference to cause of the motion i.e. force.
Space means (x, y, z)
The fluid flow is analyzed by using
(3) Laminar & Turbulent flow:
(1) Lagrangian Technique In laminar flow fluid particles move in the farm
(2) Eulerian Technique of layer with one layer sliding over other, laminar
In Lagrangian technique single fluid particle is flow generally occurs at low velocity.
taken and the behaviour of this particle is Ex: Flow of blood through veins, flow through
analyzed at different instant of time. narrow passage.
In Eulerian technique certain section is taken In turbulent flow fluid particles move in highly
and the fluid flow is analyzed at that section. Due disorganized manner leading to rapid mixing of
to its simplicity Eulerian technique is mostly particle, turbulent flow generally occurs at high
used in fluid flow behaviour. velocity.
Ex. Floods, flow of water in rivers, flow of
(1) Steady & unsteady flow: exhaust gases from chimney.
A flow is said to be steady flow when fluid (4) Rotational and irrotational flow:
properties do not change with respect to time at A flow is said to be rotational when fluid
any given section. Otherwise the flow is particles rotates about their own mass centre
unsteady. otherwise the flow is irrotational.
For steady flow Rotation is possible when there is a tangential
force these tangential forces are associated with
dv
0; viscous fluids, therefore real fluid flows are
dt given sec tion
generally rotational flows and ideal fluid flows
d are irrotational flows.
0
dt given section (5) Internal and external flows:
(2) Uniform & non uniform flow: When the fluid flows through confined passages
A flow is said to be uniform when fluid (Ex: fluid flow through pipe, ducts) then the flow
properties (specially velocity) do not change with is known as internal flow.
respect to space at any given instant of time. When the fluid flows through unconfined
Otherwise the flow is non-uniform. passages (Flow of fluid over aircraft wing) then
For uniform flow. the flow is known as external flow.
 Equation of stream line: Steady flow:
Flow can also be categorized into 1 D, 2 D, 3 D. It is the locus of different fluid particles passing Wind direction is not changing, and wind is
When fluid properties vary in 1 direction, it through the fixed point. flowing from north to south.

is a 1 D flow.
When fluid properties vary in 2 directions, the
flow is 2 D dimensional.
When fluid properties vary in 3 directions, the
V ui vj wk
flow is 3 D dimensional flow.
Flow can never be one dimensional because of V u2 v2 w2
viscosity. Flow of fluid through a pipe can be In 2 D
approximated as 1 D flow. If average velocities V ui vj
are taken into consideration.

It is an imaginary line or curve drawn a space also

such that a tangent drawn to any point gives Unsteady flow:
velocity vector. Stream line gives the direction of distance dx Let us consider a wind is flowing 11:00 am to
velocity u (in x dirn);
flow as there is no component of velocity in time dt 11:30 am from north to south. And 11:30 am to
perpendicular direction there is no flow across dx 12:00 noon from east to west.
dt
the steam line, there is flow always along a u In steady flow stream line, path line and streak
stream line. dy lines are identical.
In y-dirn v
dt
Stream line gives instantaneous snapshot of flow
pattern, it has no time history. dy
dt Stream line can intersect at stagnation point.
v
No two stream lines can intersect, a single dx dy
(equation of stream line in 2-D) Wind flow direction
stream line can never intersect because
u v 11:00am 11:30 am North (N) to south (S)
velocity is unique at any given instant of time
Similarly
at a particular point. 11:30am 12:00 Noon East(E) to west (W)
dx dy dz
equation of stream line in 3-D.
u v w
Generalised continuity equation:
It is the locus of single fluid particle at different
( u) ( v) ( w) 0
instants of time it follows Lagrangian approach. t x y z
A path line can intersect itself. This is 3 D generalized continuity equation.
Every fluid flow must satisfy mass conservation
or continuity equation. If the fluid flow does not
satisfy continuity equation then that flow is not
possible.
id
All three lines (Stream line, path & streak line)
are different for unsteady flow.

Case-1: Steady flow A1V1 = A2V2

m AV du u x u y u dz u dt
. . . .
0 Where V is velocity dt x dt y dt z dt t dt V1 = V2 (velocity is not changing with respect to
t space) for uniform flow convective acceleration
For steady flow u u u u
ax u v w is equal to zero.
( u) ( v) ( w) 0 m1 m2
x y z t
x y z Convective acc n local or
or temporal
1A1V1 = 2A2V2 acc n
Case-2: Incompressible ( = constant)
Continuity equation for 1-D steady flow. v v v v
0 If the flow is incompressible ay u v w
t x y z t
1= 2
u v w w w w w
0 1A1V1 = 2A2V2 az u v w
x y z x y z t
A1V1 = A2V2
u v w This equation is valid for steady,1-D and
0
x y z incompressible flow. The acceleration due to change of velocity with
Stream lines are converging convective
u v w space is known as convective acceleration for
0 acceleration.
Volume flow rate is known as discharge. uniform flow convective acceleration is zero.
x y z A1V1 = A2V2
volume A L
This equation is applicable for any type of Q A1> A2
incompressible flow. [Steady or unsteady time t The acceleration due to change of velocity with V2> V1
incompressible flow] Q = AV respect to time is known as temporal acceleration
A1V1 = A2V2 for steady flow temporal acceleration is zero. Stream lines are diverging deceleration.
Case-3: 2-D Incompressible flow
Q1 = Q2
The continuity equation for 2-D incompressible In a steady, 1- Dimensional, incompressible flow Type of flow Convective Local
u v discharge remains constant. acceleration acceleration
flow is 0
x y Steady & 0 0
Case-4: 1-D flow uniform
du dv dw
Continuity equation for steady ax ay az Steady & Exists 0
dt dt dt
1 Dimension flow: u = f(x, y, z t) non uniform
Unsteady & 0 Exists A1V1 = A2V2
v = f(x, y, z, t)
w = f(x, y, z) uniform A2> A1
Unsteady & Exists Exists V2< V1
nonuniform
Sign convention:
Counter clock wise +ve;
Clockwise ve.

mass
m * volume
Volume
Mass flow rate: du
ax
m Volume A L dt
m
t t t u = f(x, y, z, t)
 v d v Generally, in fluid mechanics we are dealing with
dxdt Note:
tan d x dt x 2 D flow x, y, z
dx For irrotational flow z = 0; vorticity = 0 and
d u z=0
circulation = 0.
If d is small dt y 1 v u v u
v 0
tan d = d = dt 1 d d 2 x y x y
x z
2 at dy Vorticity: -
d v Twice the rotation is known as vorticity.
1 dv u It is a function of space and time defined in such
dt x z
2 az dy i j k a manner that its negative derivative with respect
1 to space gives velocity in that direction.
i j k 2 x y z
x y z
The negative sign is taken because the flow is in
i j k u v w the direction of decreasing potential.
i j k u v w
x y z x y z
vorticity 2
u v w x y z Velocity potential function can be defined for a 3
Short trick u v w D Flow.
Circulation ( ): u v
0
It is the line integral of the tangential component x y
u of velocity taken around a closed curve.
dydt u v
y
tan d x y x x y y
dy 1 w v
2 2
tand = d (d is small)
x
2 y z u v
d u x y x2 y2
dt y 2 2
Case-1: If 0
d u x2 y2
(Clockwise rotation)
dt y 1 u w Velocity potential function satisfies Laplace
In fluid mechanics angular velocity is defined as y
2 z x equation.
2 2
the average angular velocity of initially two
0 continuity equation is satisfied
perpendicular line segments. x y
v u
udx v dx dy u dy dx vdy flow is possible.
x y 2 2

1 v u v u Case-2: If 0
z dxdy x2 y2
2 x y x y
Velocity potential function does not satisfy
We know that
Laplace equation.
1 v u
x i y j z k z
2 2
2 x y 0
For irrotational flow x y
v u
Vorticity 2 continuity equation is not satisfied
=0 z
x y
i.e. x = 0; y = 0; + z =0 Circulation ( ) = vorticity Area Flow is not possible.

Case-3: Rotational component Case-2: If not satisfies Laplace equation. Q=A V

1 v u 2 2
z 0 = (dx 1) v
2 x y x2 y2
1 2 0; rotational flow. Q v.dx dx ----- (a)
y
2 x y y x Velocity potential function exists only for
2 2 irrotational flow whereas stream function exists d dx dy
1 x y
z for rotational &irrotational flow. If satisfies
2 x y y x
Laplace equation then the flow is irrotational.
z =0 irrotational flow d dx ------ (b)
Significance of stream function x
Velocity potential function exist only for dx dy From equation a and b
irrotational flows. i.e. the existence of velocity u v Q = d = difference in stream function.
potential function implies the flow is irrotational. Equipotential and constant stream function lines
vdx = udy {u are orthogonal (perpendicular) to each other in
y
flow field.
Sometimes irrotational flows are also known as
vdx udy = 0 {v
potential flows. x

dx dy 0 (1) u v
x y = f(x, y) = Constant y x
It is a function of space and time define in such a Equation of a particular streamline. From above equations we can say that
manner that it satisfies continuity equation. d dx dy 0
(x, y) x y
u v x y
y x dx dy (2)
x y dy x
and u these equations are known as
From equation (1) and (2) dx y x
Though velocity potential can be defined for y Cauchy-Reimann equations.
=0
3 D flows, it is difficult to define stream dy u
= constant slope of equipotential line
function in 3 D flows therefore, stream function
dx v
is generally defined for 2 D flows. For particular stream line, stream function
remains constant. = f(x, y) = constant
1 v u
z
2 x y d dx dy 0
x y
1
2 x x y y
dy x
2 2
1 dz
z
2 x2 y2 y

Case-1: If satisfies Laplace equation. dy v

slope of constant stream function line
2 2 dx u
0
x2 y2 u v
Product of slope 1
0 ; irrotational flow. v u
z
 5.5 The shape of the streamline, passing through 5.9 The velocity field for flow is given by 5.13 In a two-
the origin, in a flow field and v along the x and y directions,
5.1 Which of the following statements is true? u cos( ), v sin( ) for a constant is V (5 x 6 y 7 z )i
respectively, the convective acceleration
(A) Eulerian description of fluid motion determined as (6 x 5 y 9 z ) j along the y-direction is
follows individual fluid particles (A) y x3 (3 x 2 y z)k v v v v
(A) u v (B) v v
(B) Lagrangian description of fluid motion (B) y x cot 2 ( ) x y x y
and the density varies as 0 exp( 2t ) . In
is a field description
(C) y x tan( ) order that the mass is conserved, the value of u v u u
(C) Both Eulerian and Lagrangian (C) u v (D) u v
(D) y x sin( ) should be x y x y
description follows individual fluid
5.6 Consider the following statements: (A) - 12 (B) - 10 5.14 For a two-dimensional incompressible
particles but in different reference
(1) Streak line indicates instantaneous irrotational flow, the x-component of
frames (C) - 8 (D) 10
position of particles of fluid passing velocity u 2x 3y . The corresponding y-
(D) Eulerian description is a field description 5.10 A steady flow occurs in an open channel with
through a fixed point component of velocity is
while Lagrangian description follows lateral inflow of qm3 /s per unit width as
(2) Streamlines are paths traced by a fluid (A) 2 y 3x (B) 2 y 3x
individual fluid particles. shown in the figure. The mass conservation
particle with constant velocity (C) 2 y 3x (D) 2 y 3x
5.2 A streamline in a fluid flow is a hypothetical equation is
(3) Fluid particles cannot cross streamlines 5.15 For a given location in a flow, the rate of
line at any instant such that
irrespective of the type of flow change of density following a fluid particle
(A) The fluid velocity is not varying along (4) Streamlines converge as the fluid is
it D
accelerated, and diverge when retarded. u v w , is
Dt t x y z
(B) There is no flow across it Which of these statements are correct?
(C) Fluid can flow across it (A) 1 and 4 (B) 1, 3 and 4 2.4 kg/(m 3 /s) . If the density at that point is
(D) It is always perpendicular to the main (C) 1, 2 and 4 (D) 2 and 3 q Q 1.2 kg/m 3 , then the divergence of the
5.7 A compressible fluid is flowing steadily through (A) 0 (B) 0
direction of the flow x x velocity field ( ) at the point is
a duct whose area reduces by 40 percent from
5.3 The flow field represented by the velocity Q Q (A) 0.5 s 1
(B) 0.5 s 1
section (1) to section (2). It is further known (C) q 0 (D) q 0
vector x x
that the corresponding reduction in density of (C) 2s 1 (D) 2 s 1
V axi by2 j czt 2k where a, b and c are the fluid is 15 percent. Compared to the 5.11 Which of the following two-dimensional 5.16 Water enters a pipe of cross-sectional area A1
constants is velocity of the fluid at section (1), the incompressible velocity fields satisfies the that branches out into sections of equal areas
(A) Three-dimensional and steady resulting velocity at section (2) is increased conservation of mass
A2 and A3 , as shown in the figure below.
(B) Two-dimensional and steady by a factor of (A) u x, v y
At one instant, the flow velocities are
(A) 1.67 (B) 1.96
(C) Two- dimensional and unsteady (B) u 2x, v 2 y V1 2 m/s, V2 3 m/s and V3 5 m/s . At
(C) 2.69 (D) 2.96
(D) Three- dimensional and unsteady (C) u xy, v xy another instant, V1 3 m/s and V2 4 m/s .
5.8 The velocity components in the x and y
5.4 A fluid element is said to have vorticity with directions are given by What is the value of V3 at this instant?
(D) u x2 y2 , v 0
respect to a reference frame if in that 3 4
reference frame u hxy3 x2 y, v xy2 y . The value of 5.12 In a steady one dimensional flow the velocity
4
(A) it travels along a circular streamline for a possible flow field involving an x
u 5/ 1 . The
(B) it travels along a circular pathline incompressible fluid is 3
(C) it revolves about its arbitrary point in 3 4 acceleration at x 0 is given by
(A) (B)
the flow-field 4 3 (A) 14.43 m/s2 (B) 25 m/s2
(D) it rotates about its own centre of mass 4 (A) 5 m/s (B) 6 m/s
(C) (D) 3 (C) +43.3 m/s 2
(D) +0.0693 m/s2
as it moves 3 (C) 7 m/s (D) 8 m/s

5.17 The velocity of an incompressible fluid flow 0.5 m3 /s is flowing in the duct and is found The volume flow rate across A and B is 5.30 If for a flow, stream function exists and
is given U (Px Q)i Ryj Stk m/s to increase at a rate of 0.2 m3 /s . The local proportional to satisfies the Lapalce equation, then which
where, P 3 s 1 , Q 4 m/s, R 3 s 1 and acceleration (in m3 /s ) at x 0 will be (A) (B) one of the following is the correct
A B A B
(A) 1.4 (B) 1.0 statements?
S 5 m/s2 , x and y are in m and t in s:
(C) (D)
The local and convective acceleration (C) 0.4 (D) 0.667
A B A B (A) The continuity equation is satisfied and
5.25 A potential function can be defined for a flow the flow is irrotational
components at x 1 m, y 2 m and t 5 s , 5.21 The relation that must hold for the flow to be
irrotational is if and only if it is (B) The continuity equation is satisfied and
are respectively
(A) Laminar (B) Incompressible the flow is rotational
(A) 5k m/s2 and ( 3i 18 j) m/s2 u v u v
(A) 0 (B) (C) The flow is irrotational but does not
y x x y (C) Steady (D) Irrotational
(B) zero and ( 3i 18 j ) m/s 2 2 2 5.26 A stream function is given by satisfy the continuity equation
u v u v
(C) 5k m/s2 and (18i 3 j ) m/s 2 (C) 0 (D) 2 x 2 y ( x 1) y 2 . The flow rate across a (D) The flow is rotational
x2 y2 y x
2 2 line joining points A (3, 0) and B(0, 2) is 5.31 The stream function in xy-plane is given
(D) 5k m/s and (3i 18 j ) m/s 5.22 Choose the correct combination of true
below
statements from the following (A) 0.4 units (B) 1.1 units
5.18 In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow
(C) 4 units (D) 5 units 1 2 3
velocity on the nozzle axis is given by P. For a steady two-dimensional flow, a x y
2
v u0 (1 3 x / L)i , where x is the distance streamline is identical to a streak line 5.27 The circulation around a circle of radius 2
units for the velocity field u 2 x 3 y and The velocity vector for this stream function is
along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet Q. For a steady two-dimensional
plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The irrotational flow, equipotential lines are v 2 y is 3 2 2 3 2 2
(A) xy3i x y j (B) x yi xy3 j
time required for a fluid particle on the axis parallel to the streamlines. 2 2
(A) 6 units
to travel from the inlet to the exit plane of the R. For a steady two-dimensional 3 2 2 3 2 2
(B) 12 units (C) x yi xy 3 j (D) xy 2i x y j
nozzle is irrotational flow, equipotential lines are 2 2
L L orthogonal to the streak lines (C) 18 units 5.32 Match the Group I (Condition) with Group II
(A) (B) ln 4
u0 3u0 S. For a unsteady flow, the streak lines are (D) 24 units (Regulating Fact) and select the correct
identical to the streamlines at any given 5.28 Consider two-dimensional flow with stream answer using the code given below the lists
L L
(C) (D) instant 1 Group I
4u0 2.5u0 function ln x2 y2 . The absolute
(A) P, R (B) P, R, S 2 (P) Existence of stream function
5.19 For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of (C) Q, S (D) P, Q value of circulation along a unit circle centred (Q) Existence of Velocity floe potential
length L having inlet and outlet radii of R1
5.23 The differential form of the mass balance at (x = 0, y = 0) is (R) Absence of temporal variations
and R2 respectively and a constant flow rate equation V 0 is valid for (A) Zero (B) 1 (S) Constant velocity
of Q assuming the velocity to be axial and (A) Any flow
uniform at any cross section, the acceleration (C) (D) Group II
(B) Steady flows only 2
at the exit is (1) Irrotationality of flow
(C) Any incompressible flow 5.29 For a certain two-dimensional steady
2Q ( R1 R2 ) 2Q 2 ( R1 R2 ) (2) Continuity
(A) (B) (D) Only incompressible flows that are incompressible flow, the horizontal and
LR2 LR23 steady (3) Uniform flow
vertical velocity components are given by
2
2Q (R1 R2 ) 2
2Q ( R2 R1 ) 5.24 For a two-dimensional flow, it is given that the u 6 y, v 0 , where 'y' is the vertical (4) Steady flow
(C) (D)
2
LR25 2
LR25 values of the steam function and potential distance. The angular velocity and rate of (A) P 2, Q 1, R 4, S 3
function are, respectively, A and A at a shear strain respectively are (B) P 2, Q 1, R 3, S 4
5.20 The area of a 2 m long tapered duct decreases
as A (0.5 02. x) point A. The corresponding values at another (A) - 3 and 3 (B) 3 and - 3 (C) P 1, Q 2, R 4, S 3
in meters. At a given instant a discharge of point B are B and A , respectively. (C) 3 and - 6 (D) - 6 and 3 (D) P 1, Q 2, R 3, S 4
5.33 Potential function is given as x2 y2 5.37 Let and represent, respectively, the (C) Both velocity potential and stream 5.43 The rate of rotation of a fluid particle is given
what will be the stream function ( ) with the velocity potential and stream function of a function can be defined by
condition ( 0) at x y 0? flow field of an incompressible fluid. Which (D) Both velocity potential and stream v
of the following statements are TRUE ? function cannot be defined (A) y 0, z
(A) 2xy (B) x2 y2 2h
P. exists for irrotational flows only
Common data For 5.41 to 5.42 v
(C) x2 y2 (D) 2x 2 y 2 Q. exists for both irrotational and (B) y 0, z
h
5.34 If the stream function is given by y 3xy , rotational flows The velocity field for a 2 - dimensional flow y v
then the velocity at a point (2, 3) will be R. exists for rotational flows only is (C) y , z
h h
(A) 7.21 unit (B) 10.82 unit S. exists for both rotational and U0 x U0 y
u , v y v
(C) 18 unit (D) 54 unit irrotational flows L L (D) y , z
h h
5.35 In a certain 2-D potential flow the stream line (A) P, R (B) Q, S 5.41 The above flow can be described as 5.44 The power required to keep the plate in
passing through a point A = (1, 1) has the (C) Q, R (D) P, Q (A) Rotational and compressible steady motion is
following equation, xy 1. In the 5.38 In an incompressible irrotational fluid (B) Irrotational and compressible (A) 5 10 4 watts
neighbourhood of A, the Equi-potential line motion, if the y component of velocity at any
(C) Rotational and incompressible
passing through A may be approximated by point ( x, y ) is v 6 xy x y , the x- 2 2 (B) 10 5 watts
(D) Irrotational and incompressible
(A) x y (B) x 2y 1 component of velocity at that point is given (C) 2.5 10 5 watts
5.42 If L = 0.2 m and the result of total
(C) 2x y 1 (D) x 2 y by (D) 5 10 5 watts
acceleration in x - and y - directions at
5.36 A pipe has a porous section of length L as (A) v 2 xy 3( x 2 y2) Statement for Linked Answer Questions 5.45 to 5.46
( x L, y L) is 10 m/s2 ; the value of U U 0
2 2
shown in the figure. Velocity at the start of (B) v 3xy 2( x y )
in m/s is The gap between a moving circular plate and a
this section is V0 . If fluid leaks into the pipe (C) v 3xy 2( x 2 y2 ) (A) 1.414 (B) 2.38 stationary surface is being continuously reduced, as
through the porous section at a volumetric the circular plate comes down at a uniform speed V
2
(D) v 2 xy 3( x 2 y2) (C) 1.19 (D) 11.90
rate per unit area q ( x / L) , what will be the towards the stationary bottom surface, as shown in
5.39 The stream function for a two-dimensional Common data for 43 to 44 are given below. Solve
axial velocity in the pipe at any x? Assume the figure. In the process, the fluid contained between
incompressible flow is given by the problems and choose the correct answers.
incompressible one dimensional flow i.e., no the two plates flows out radially. The fluid is
gradients in the radial direction ( px 2 qy 2 ) , where p and q are non-zero
The laminar flow takes place between closely spaced assumed to be incompressible and inviscid.
constants. A potential function for this flow
parallel plates as shown in figure below. The velocity
can be determined only when
y
q profile is given by u V . The gap height, h, is 5
(A) p (B) p q h
2
mm and the space is filled with oil (specific gravity
(C) p q (D) p 2q
= 0.86, viscosity 2 10 4 N-s/m2 ). The bottom
qx3 5.40 For a general 3 - dimensional plate is
(A) Vx V0 incompressible, irrotational flow, which one
L2 D stationary and the top plate moves with a steady
of the following statements is true? velocity of V = 5 cm/s. The area of the plate is
qx3 5.45 The radial velocity at any radius r, when the
(B) Vx V0 (A) Velocity potential function can be
3 L2 0.25 m2 . gap width is h, is
defined but stream function cannot be
2qx3 defined Vr Vr
(C) Vx V0 (A) vr (B) vr
LD (B) Velocity potential function cannot be 2h h
4qx3 defined but stream function can be 2Vh Vh
(D) Vx V0 (C) vr (D) vr
3L2 D defined r r

5.46 The radial component of the fluid 5.49 In a given flow field, the velocity vector in 5.52 Steady state incompressible flow through a
acceleration at r R is Cartesian coordinate system is given as: pipe network is shown in the figure. Inlets
2 2 2
V (x y z )i marked as (1), (2), and (3) and exit marked as
3V 2 R V 2R
(A) (B) ( xy yz y2) j ( xz z 2 )k (4), are shown with their respective
4h 2 4h2
diameters. The exit flow rate at (4) is 0.1 . A
What is the volume dilation rate of the fluid
V 2R V 2R 20% increase in flow rate through
(C) (D) at a point where x 1, y 2 and z 3 ?
2h 2 4h2 (3) results in a 10% increase in flow rate
(A) 6 (B) 5
through (4). The original velocity through
5.47 During an experiment, the position of a fluid (C) 10 (D) 0 inlet (3) is____ m/s.
particle is monitored by an instrument over a 5.50 A reservoir connected to a pipe line is being
time period of 10 s. The trace of the particle filled with water, as shown in the figure. At
given by the following figure represents any time t, the free surface level in the
reservoir is h. Find the time in seconds for the
reservoir to get filled upto a height of 1 m. If
the initial level is 0.2 m _____.

5.53 A cylindrical tank of 0.8 m diameter is

completely filled with water and its top
(A) Stream line (B) Streak line
surface is open to atmosphere as shown in the
(C) Path line (D) Timeline figure. Water is being discharged to the
atmosphere from a circular hole of 15 mm
5.48 Smoke is released from a tall chimney from 5.51 Water (density = 1000 ) at 0.1 and alcohol diameter located at the bottom of the tank.
ABC industry. Wind blows from north to The value of acceleration due to gravity is .
(specific gravity = 0.8) at 0.3 are mixed in a
south upto time T and there after, the How much time (in seconds) would be
T-junction as shown in
direction changes from east to west. required for water level to drop from a height
the figure. Assuming all the flows to be
of 1 m to 0.5 m?
After time T, streak lines for smoke particles steady and incompressible, average density
coming out of the chimney are oriented as of the mixture of alcohol and water, in , is

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (A) 188 (B) 266

(A) 340 (B) 560 (C) 376 (D) 642
(C) 680 (D) 850
 v u
u = xy3 x2 y 2-D incompressible flow x y
3 4 u v f (x) = 3
V xy 2 y 0
4 x y f (x) = 3x
u v V = 2y + 3x
0 Option (a) x y 1 1 0 Hence, the correct option is (C).
x y x y
y 3 2 xy 2 xy 3 / 4 4 y 3 0 (b) 2x 2y 2 2 0
x y Generalised continuity equation is
3=0
Hence, the correct option is (B).
=3 u v w 0
t x y z
Hence, the correct option is (D).
dx dy 5 u v
u . u
u V t x x y
x
u = 5x+6y + 7z 1 w
dx dy 3 v w 0
cos sin v = 6x+5y + 9z v u y y z
w = 3x+2y + z ax u
x t u v w 2.4 (Given)
sin dx cos dy
= 0 exp ( 2t) t x y z
= Constant u v w 0 5 5 1 u v w
ax 2.4 0
t x y z 2 x y z
x. sin = y. cos x x 3
2 + (5) + (5) + ( ) = 0 1 1
3 3 u v w
y = x tan 1.2 2.4
( 2+10+ ) = 0 ax at x = 0 x y z
Hence, the correct option is (C). = 8 1
5x 5 14.43 m/s 2 u v w
2s 1
Hence, the correct option is (C). 3 x y z
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (C).
q m3/s/m

A1V1=A2V2 + A3V3
take width = dx u = 2x + 3y 2A1 = 3A2 + 5A3
q per unit width A2 = A3 (Given)
A1 A2 2-D incompressible, irrotational flow
Q 2A1 = 8A2
u v
0 A1
dx x y 4
A2
v u
q dx At another instant
1A1V1 = 2A2V2 y x
V1 = 3 m/s ; V2 = 4m/s
= 0.85 Q v
2 1 Q Q dx 2 3A1 + 4A2 + A2V3
x y
1 A1 V1 = 0.85 1 0.6A1 V2 3A1 + (4+V3) A2
Q V= 2 y
Q qdx Q d/x A
V1 = 0.51 V2 V = -2y + f(x) 3 1 4 V3
x A2
v
V2 = 1.96V1 Q 0 f ( x) 3 4 4 V3
q 0 x
Hence, the correct option is (B). x V3 = 12 4 = 8m/s
As flow is irrotational. so,
Hence, the correct option is (C). z=0
Hence, the correct option is (D).

y A = 0.5 0.02x
tan
Given : u = Px-Q, v = Ry, w = st x Q = 0.5 m3/sec
u u u u R y = x tan
a x u. v w dQ
x y z t R1 = R R1 = x tan 0.2m 3 / sec
dt
Temporal Acceleration R2 R = R1 + x tan
u v w R2 R1 Q Au
0; 0; s 5m / s 2 tan
t t t RL Q d Q
L u
at = 0+0+5 = 5 K m/s2 x R2 R1 A dt A
Q = constant R R1R2 R1 K
convective acceleration L L
ac x u P V (0) w(0) Steady, 1-D incompressible R = R1 + Kx du 1 dQ
V ui yj wk A = R2 dt A dt
ac x
3u 3 px Q 3(3(1) 4) 3
V=u A = (R1+Kx)2 du 1
ac y
4(0) VR w(0) 3V 0.2
Q2 1 dt 0.5 0.02x
= -3(Ry) = 3 ( 3 2) = 18 a a xi a 2 2
R1 kx x R1 kx at x = 0
ac z
0 u u u
a ax u { 0 steady flow
x t t Q 2 = 2 0.2 = 0.4 m/s2
3i 15 j m/s 2 2
R1 kx
2

u u R1 kx x Hence, the correct option is (C).

Hence, the correct option is (A). a u v
x x Q2 3
a 2 R1 kx k
L Q = AV 2
R1 kx
2

Q For irrotational flow

V 2Q 2 k
dx A = 2 5 1 u v
R1 kx wz 0
Q Q Q2 1 2 y x
a At x = L
A x A A x A
R2 R1 u v
x
Let us calculate a at a distance x R1 kx R1 L
3x L y x
V u0 1 i R1 kx R2
L Hence, the correct option is (A).
dis tan ce R R1 R 2 2Q 2 R2 R1 1
time aexit 2
.
velocity L R25
R1 R
dx 2Q 2 ( R1 R2 )
dt aexit
3x x 2
LR25
u0 1 .V=0
L Hence, the correct option is (B).
T L dx u v w
dt 0
0 0 3x x y z
u0
L L valid for any incompressible flow
L
1 3x L
T n 1 T Hence, the correct option is (C).
u0 L 3 0
R2 R1
L
T n4
3u0
L 2m
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 = 2x2y + (x+1) y2 u = 6y v = 0 = x2 y2 qx 2
Q
at (3,0) 1 v u 1 = ? at x = y = 0 L2
2
= 2(3) (0) +(3+1)(0) 2 wz 0 6 3
1 2 x y 2 By using C-R equations
Q0
1 =0 V0 D
Rate of shear strain
2 at (0,2) x y
1 v u 1 x=0 x=L
2 = 0+(0+1)4 = 4 0 6 3 dx
2 x y 2 2x x
2 = 4 0 = 4 units
1 y Q0 = AV0
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (A). = 2xy + C Q0
At x = 0; y = 0 ; V0
A
= 2xy qx 2
U = 2x+3y dQ Dxdx
u Hence, the correct option is (A). L2
V = 2y y
Radius = 2 unit q D x3
Q C
v u v Given L2 3
Circulation area x At x=0, Q = Q0 ; C = Q0
x y = 3xy
u v q d x3
= (0 3) 4 0 Q Q0
x y u 3x L2 3
Hence, the correct option is (B). y
2 2
at (2,3) Q Q0 q Dx 3
0 Velocity =
x y x y u = 6 unit A A 3L2 D2
1 4
n x2 y2 ;r 1 Continuity equation is satisfied.
2 V 3y 4qx 3
1 v u x Velocity V0
U wz 0 at (2,3) 3L2 D
2 x y
V=9 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Flow is irrotational.
rd V ul vj
Hence, the correct option is (A).
V u2 v2 36 81 10.82 units
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Given
Given
x2+y2 = r2 1 2 3
x y Stream line passing through a point A (1,1) = Px2 + qy2
1 2 Stream function is valid for both rotational
nr xy = 1
2 1 2 2 3 2 2 and irrotational flow, but potential function
11 u x 3y x y j xdy + ydx = 0
y 2 2 dy y 1 is valid for only irrotational flow.
r 2r m1 1 Then it should satisfies Laplace equation
1 dx x 1
2
.rd v 2 xy3 xy3 j 2 2
0 r x 2 Equation potential line m1 m2 = 1 0
then m2 = 1 x2 y2
21 3 2 2 3
r.d x yi xy j y-y1 = m(x-x1) 2P + 2q = 0
0 2r 2
1 2 2 y-1 = 1 (x-1) P= q
Hence, the correct option is (B).
2 0 2 x=y Hence, the correct option is (C).
Hence, the correct option is (F). Hence, the correct option is (A).

0.1 1.1 1.2Q3 Q3 0.1

2-D flow 1 v u 0.11 0.2Q3 0.1
wz u v w
u0 x u0 y 2 x y Volume dilation rate 0.01
u v x y z Q3 0.05 m3 /s
L L 0.2
1 y 2x+x+z+2y+x 2z
u v u0 u0 0 By using continuity equation
0 i.e incompressible 2 h At (1,2,3)
x y L L A3V3 Q3
y 2(1) + 1 + 3 + 2 (2) + 1 2 (3) = 5
1 v u wz Q3 0.05
wz h V3 17.68 m/s
2 x y Hence, the correct option is (B). V3
Hence, the correct option is (A). (0.06) 2
1 4
0 0 0 i.e irrotational Hence, the correct answer is 17.68.
2
Hence, the correct option is (D). AV
F
h
4
0.25 5 10 2
2 10
L = 0.2
5 10 3
10 a x i ayj
= 0.5 10 3N
u u x x u0 Power = F V
ax u 10 10
x L L = 0.5 10 3 5 10 2 =2.5 10 5 Watt
2
u 0 0.2 10 u0 = 1.414 m/s Hence, the correct option is (C).
Volume to be filled (m 3 )
u u u u Time
a u v w Volume flow rate (m 3 /s)
x y z t A R2 V Q va a 2 gH
(0.5) 2 0.8 dH
a a x2 a 2y 4 Velocity
20 sec
u0 x u0 x u0 y dt
ax 0 0 (0.1) 2 1 dH
L x L L h A 2 Rh; V Vr 4 Discharge = Negative sign is taken
A
2
dt
u0 x u 0 u x
0 dH
ax because height is decreasing A a 2gH
L L L 2
Given data : dt
R2V = 2 Rh Vr
u02 x VR 1000 kg/m3 A dH
Similarly a y Vr
water dt
L2 2h Qwater 0.1 m3 /s a 2g H
t H
u02 x
2
u02 x
2
Hence, the correct option is (A). 0.8 1000 800 kg/m3 A 1 2 dH
10 alcohal dt
L2 L2 3 0
a 2 g H1 H
Qalcohal 0.3 m /s
u A 2
2
ar u Average density of mixture of alcohol and t H 21/2 H11/2
u02 x r a 2g
2 10 water
L2 Vr Vr V Note : From above equation, we can say that time
Vr 1000 0.1 800 0.3 (kg/s)
2 850 kg/m3 required to empty a tank of height H is proportional
u 02 x r 2h 2h 0.1 0.3 (m3 /s)
10 2 2 to H 1/2 .
L2 V 2r Hence, the correct option is (D).
ar (0.8) 2
X = L, L = 0.2 4h 2 4 2
Hence, the correct option is (B). t (0.5)1/2 1
2 u04 L2 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (0.015) 2 2 9.81
100 50 L2 u04
L4 4
Q1 Q2 1.20Q3 0.1 1.1 t 376.1726 sec
U0 = 1.189 m/s
Hence, the correct option is (A). Q1 Q2 0.1 1.1 1.2Q3 Hence, the correct option is (C).
 From Newton second law of motion
Generally, forces acting on the fluid element are
pressure force (FP), gravity force (Fg) and viscous F m as
force (Fv). In Navier stokes equation all these PdA ( P dP ) dA gdAdz
three forces are taken into consideration. In V V
dAds V
s t
only pressure and gravity forces are taken into
V V
consideration. dP gdz ds V
s t
V V
dP gdz ds V 0
Assumptions: s t
1. Flow is not viscous In Euler equation z = vertical distance
2. Flow is along the stream line.
Stream wise direction
energy principle.
Assumptions:
1. Flow is non viscous
2. Flow is along a stream line
3. No energy is supplied and no energy is taken
out from the fluid during the flow.
4. steady flow
5. Incompressible flow.
Steady
flow
V V
dP gdz ds V 0
s t

a F ( s, t )
For steady flowa F (s )
V V VdV
s ds
dz
cos V
ds dP gdz ds V 0
dz dscos s

Irrotational flow: P1 P2 V22 V12

dP gdz VdV 0 V2 z1 z2 h
2. Velocity head : w w 2g
dP 2g
gdz VdV 0
For horizontal pipe z 1= z2
It is the height by which fluid falls in a
By integrating above equation frictionless environment to reach a particular P1 P2 V22 V12
P1 V12 P2 V22 h
dP velocity. z1 z2 c12 50 w w 2g
gdz VdV 0 w 2g w 2g
V 2 gh V 2
V 2
2 gh
2 1
= C incompressible P3 V32 P4 V42
V2 z3 z4 c34 50 Q = A1V1 = A2V2
P V2 h w 2g w 2g
gz Constant 2g
2 Q Q
3. Potential energy head (z): P1 V12 P4 V42 V1 V2
z1 z4 50 A1 A2
It is the vertical distance with respect to same w 2g w 2g
equation. In the above equation each term reference line. Q2 Q2
represents energy of the fluid per unit mass.
h 2g
4. Piezometric head: can be applied between any two points A12 A22
The sum of pressure head and potential throughout the flow field. Because stream line
constants are same for different stream lines for
A A22
2
In a steady incompressible non viscous flow energy head is known as piezometric head. Q2 1
h 2g
along a stream line the sum of pressure energy, irrotational flow. A12 A22
P
z = piezometric head.
kinetic energy and potential energy is constant. w Rotational flow: A1 A2 2 gh
Q
P V2 A12 A22
gz const .
2
As no losses is assumed while deriving this
P V2
z const . equation this discharge is known as ideal
g 2g P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2 c12 30 discharge or theoretical discharge.
In this equation each term represent energy per w 2g w 2g
unit weight. A1 A2 2 gh
P3 V32 P4 V42 Qth
z3 z 4 hL c34 25 A12 A22
w 2g w 2g
1. Pressure head [P/w]: h calculation:
The height of which the fluid rises due to
P1 V12 P2 V22 must be applied only for a particular stream line
pressure when a piezometer is connected z1 z2
g 2g g 2g because stream line constants are different for
known as pressure are head.
P1 V12 P2 V22 different stream line.
g 2g g 2g
:
[1] Venturimeter:
It is used for calculating discharge.

P1 XS m P2
o + gh = P H x H
w s w
wh=P P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2 hL sm
P P w 2g w 2g P1 V12 P2 V22 P1 P2
h or z1 z2 x 1 h
w g hL = head loss between 1 & 2. w 2g w 2g w s
 It is a circular disc with a circular hole.
A12 A22
Q2 2 g (h hL ) Coefficient of contraction (Cc)
A12 A22 It is used for finding the velocity of flow.
By reducing area in a steady incompressible flow
velocity increasing (from continuity equation) a2 vena controcta area Case-1: Velocity in open channels.
A1 A2 2 g h hL Cc
this results in decrease in pressure (from Qact a0 orifice area
A12 A22
Due to this pressure a2 = Cc a0
difference, there will be manometric fluid From equation (1) and (2)
deflection. When a differential manometer is apply continuity equation between 1 & 2
C d A1 A2 2 gh A1 A2 h hL 2g
connected by measuring this deflection (x), a1v1 = a2v2
A12 A22 A12 A22
discharge can be calculated.
a 2 v2 c 2 a0 v 2
h hL V1 v1
Cd a1 a1
It is defined as the ratio of actual discharge to the h
theoretical discharge. Cd depends on type of flow between 1 and 2
(Reynolds No) and area ratio. P1 v12 P2 v 22 Stagnation point is a point at which velocity is
As Venturimeter is gradually converging & w 2g w 2g brought to be rest isentropically.
diverging device losses are less and hence Cd is P1 V12 P2 V22
0.94 to 0.98. P1 P2 v22 v12
h w 2g w 2g
w 2g
Qact V2 0
Cd 1 1
Qth d2 to d1 v22 v12 2 gh
3 2 P1 V12 P2
Qact C d Qth w 2g w
Angle of convergence 20 to 22o Cc2a02
v22 1 2 gh
Cd . A1 A2 2 gh Angle of divergence Less than 7o a12 V12
Qact h0 h h0 v1 2 gh
A12 A22 2g
2 gh
V2 V12
The angle of divergence is generally kept < 7o in 1 cc2 a02 h dynomic head
real fluid flow order to avoid flow separation. 2g
a12
2 2
P1 V 1 P2 V 2 If d2 is very low then Pressure decreases, chances v1 2 g ( dynamic head )
hL
w 2g w 2g Discharge (Q) = a2v2
of cavitation will be more.
v1 2 g (stagnation head static head
P1 P2 V22 V12 a2 = cca0
hL Static head + Dynamic head = stagnation head
w w 2g 2g
This device is used for finding out discharge and a02
1 Case-2: Velocity in pipes
V22 V12 it is the cheapest instrument for calculating cc a0 2 gh a12
h hL
2g discharge. c 2a 2 a2
1 c 20 1 02
V22 V12 2 g h hL It is based on the same principle as that of a1 a1
Venturimeter.
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 cd .a1a0 2 gh
Q
Q Q a12 a02
V2 ;V1
A2 A1
As the area reduction is sudden in orifice meter
Q2 Q2 losses are more and hence Cd of orifice meter is
2 g (h hL )
A22 A12 less. (0.68 0.76).

6.5 Bernoulli's equation represents

P1 sm P2
H x x H (A) Momentum balance
w s w
6.1 The Euler's equation of motion is a
(B) Mechanical energy balance
P2 P1 s (A) Statement of conservation of momentum
x m 1 (C) Mass balance
w w s of a real fluid
(B) Statement of conservation of energy for (D) Total energy balance
From (1) and (2)
incompressible flow 6.6 Match List - I (forms of Bernoulli's Equation)
V12 sm sm (C) Statement of Newton's second law of with List - II (Units of these forms) and select
x 1 v1 2 gx 1
2g s s motion of an inviscid fluid the correct answer using the code given
(D) Statement of generation of entropy below the lists:
If the specific gravity (s.g.) of manometric fluid
6.2 Consider Euler's equation for one- List I
is less than the s.g. of flowing fluid then the
equation for velocity is dimensional horizontal unsteady flow. In a V2
(P) p wz
25cm diameter pipe, water discharge 2
sm increases from 30 to 150 liters /sec in 3.5
v1 2 gx 1 p V2
s seconds. What is the pressure gradient that (Q) gz
2
can sustain the flow?
Note: (A) 558Pa/m (B) 698Pa/m p V2
Fx & Fy force exerted by the bend on the pipe in (R) z
Actual velocity = Cv theoretical velocity x & y direction. (C) 0 (D) 7960Pa/m w 2g

Apply momentum equation in x direction 6.3 Which of the following assumptions are List II
made for deriving Bernoulli's equation? (1) Total energy per unit volume
P1A + Fx P2A2 cos = Q[V2cos V1] (i)
(1) Flow is steady and incompressible (2) Total energy per unit mass
Actual disch arg e Momentum equation in y direction
Cd (2) Flow is unsteady and compressible
Theoretical disch arg e (3) Total energy per unit weight
Fy P2 A2sin = Q [V2 sin - 0] (3) Effect of friction is neglected and flow is
(A) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (B) P-1, Q-3, R-2
Aact Vact along a stream line
Cd Fy =P2 A2sin + Q V2 sin (ii) (C) P-2, Q-1, R-3 (D) P-2, Q-3, R-1
Ath Vth (4) Effect of friction is taken into
consideration and flow is along a 6.7 In the siphon shown in figure, assuming ideal
Cd = Cc Cv
stream line Select the correct answer flow, pressure PB
using the codes given below:
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
Momentum equation (C) 1 and 4 (D) 2 and 4
F = ma 6.4 Bernoulli's theorem

m(v u) p V2
Z constant is valid
t g 2g
(A) Along different streamlines in
F m(v u) rotational flow
(B) Along different streamlines in
m AV Q irrotational flow
(A) PA (B) PA
(C) Only in the case of flow of gas
F = Q(v u) Momentum equation (C) PA (D) PC
(D) Only in the case of flow of liquid
 6.13 A smooth pipe of diameter 200mm carries 6.15 For a Venturimeter, which of the following
6.8 A Venturimeter of 20mm throat diameter is
water. The pressure in the pipe at section S1 combination of statements will make a true
used to measure the velocity of water in a
realistic description?
horizontal pipe of 40mm diameter. If the (elevation: 10m ) is 50kPa . At section S 2
(P) The area ratio ( AThroat / Apipe ) is very
pressure difference between the pipe and (elevation: 12m ) the pressure is 20kPa and
throat sections is found to be 30kPa then, close to unity
velocity is 2ms 1 . Density of water is
neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity (Q) The discharge coefficient is very close
1000kgm 3 and acceleration due to gravity is
to unity
is 2
9.8 m/s . Which of the following is
(R) The angle of convergence is around 60
(A) 0.2m/s (B) 1.0m/s TRUE?
(S) The angle of divergence is around 60
(A) Flow is from S1 to S 2 and head loss is (A) P, Q (B) Q, R
(C) 1.4m/s (D) 2.0m/s h1 h2
(A) 2 gh3 1 1 2 0.53m (C) Q, S (D) R, S
3 h3 3 h3
6.9 Air is inducted from atmosphere through a (B) Flow is from S1 to S 2 and head loss is 6.16 Two Venturimeter of different area ratios are
bell-mouthed duct by the application of (B) 2 g ( h1 h2 h3 )
0.53m connected at different locations of a pipeline
suction at the other end. A glass tube with its to measure discharge. Similar manometers
h h h (C) Flow is from S1 to S 2 and head loss is
lower end immersed into a vessel containing (C) 2g 1 1 2 2 3 3
are used across the two Venturimeter to
water is attached to the cylindrical part of the 1 2 3 1.06m register the head differences. The first
duct (see figure). If the liquid level in the Venturimeter of area ratio 2 registers a head
1h2 h3 2 h3h1 hh
3 1 2 (D) Flow is from S 2 to S1 and head loss is
glass tube rises by 25mm above the free (D) 2g
1h1 2 h2 3h3 1.06m difference 'h', while the second Venturimeter
surface and the density of air is equal to registers '5h'. The area ratio for the second
6.11 The flow of a fluid in a pipe takes place from 6.14 A pipeline system carries crude oil of density
1.2 kg/m 3 , the velocity of air in the Venturimeter is
(A) Higher level to lower level 800kg/m3 . The volumetric flow rate at point
cylindrical portion is (B) Small end to large end (A) 3 (B) 4
(C) Higher pressure to lower 1 is 0.28 m 3 /s . The cross sectional areas of (C) 5 (D) 6
Pressure the branches 1, 2 and 3 are 0.012, 0.008 and 6.17 The pressure differential across a vertical
(D) Higher energy to lower energy 0.004m2 respectively. All the three branches venturimeter (shown in figure) is measured
6.12 A siphon draws water from a reservoir and are in a horizontal plane and the friction is with the help of a mercury manometer to
discharges it out at atmospheric pressure. negligible. If the pressures at the points 1 and estimate flow rate of water flowing through
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is 3 are 270kPa and 240kPa respectively, it. The expression for the velocity of water at
large, the velocity at point P in the siphon then the pressure at point 2 is the throat is
tube is

(A) 28.6m/s (B) 14.3m/s

(C) 40.4m/s (D) 20.2m/s

6.10 A large tank with a nozzle attached contains

three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown.
Assuming that the changes in are negligible, (A) 2gh1 (B) 2gh2 (A) 202kPa (B) 240kPa
the instantaneous discharge velocity is (C) 2g (h2 h1) (D) 2 g (h2 h1) (C) 284kPa (D) 355kPa

6.20 The diverging limb of a Venturimeter is kept 6.25 The operation of a rotameter is based on 6.28 The following instruments are used in the
V22 V12 xSm
(A) longer than the converging limb to (A) Variable flow area measurement of discharge through a pipe:
2g Sw
1. Orifice meter
(A) Ensure that the flow remains laminar (B) Rotation of a turbine
V22 V12 Sm 2. Flow meter
(B) x 1 (B) Avoid separation
2g Sw (C) Pressure drop across a nozzle
3. Venturimeter
V22 Sm (C) Ensure that the flow remains turbulent (D) Pressure at a stagnation point The correct sequence of the ascending order
(C) H x 1 (D) Avoid formation of boundary layer
2g Sw 6.26 Figure shows the schematic for the of the head loss in these instruments is
6.21 The discharge coefficients of a Venturimeter measurement of velocity of air (density = (A) 1, 3, 2 (B) 1, 2, 3
V 2 V12 S
(D) 2 x m H and an orifice meter, both installed on a pipe 1.2 kg/m 3 ) through a constant-area duct using (C) 3, 2, 1 (D) 2, 3, 1
2g Sw
of internal diameter 100mm , are 0.95 are a pitot tube and a water-tube manometer. The 6.29 An orifice meter being used for measuring flow
6.18 Water is flowing with a volume flow rate Q
0.65, respectively. The venturi throat differential head of water rate of a liquid in a pipe shows a pressure
through a pipe whose diameter reduces to
diameter is the same as the orifice diameter. differential of x meters of water column,
half across a reducer. If the flow is (density = 1000kg/m3 ) in the two columns of
If the pressure drop across the orifice meter is when the flow rate is 6. If the flow rate is
frictionless, compare the manometer reading the manometer is 10mm . Take acceleration
measured as 300 mm of water column, the doubled the pressure differential in meters of
corresponding to the three different
corresponding pressure drop for the due to gravity as 9.8m/s2 . The velocity of air water column will be
0 0
inclinations of the pipe 30 , 0 and
1 2 Venturimeter in mm of water column, is in m/s is (A) 2x (B) 8x
3 300 Note that only the pipe tilts, while approximately (C) x 2 (D) 4x
the manometer always stays vertical. (A) 205 (B) 80 6.30 Group I gives a list of devices and Group
(C) 140 (D) 66 II gives the list of uses.
6.22 In an orifice meter, if the pressure drop Group I
across the orifice is overestimated by 5%, (P) Pitot tube (Q) Manometer
then the PERCENTAGE error in the (R) Venturimeter (S) Anemometer
measured flow rate is Group II
(A) 2.47 (B) 5 1) Measuring
(C) 2.47 (D) 5 2) Measuring velocity of flow
(A) h1 h2 h3
6.23 The discharge coefficient, C d , of an orifice (A) 6.4 (B) 9.0 3) Measuring air and gas velocity
(B) h1 h2 h3 4) Measuring discharge in a pipe
meter is (C) 12.8 (D) 25.6
(C) h1 h2 h3 (A) P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3
(A) Greater than the C d of a Venturimeter 6.27 Water flow through a pipeline having four
(D) h1 h3 and h1 h2 (B) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
different diameters at 4 Stations is shown in
(B) Smaller than the C d of a venturimeter (C) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3
6.19 An orifice plate of 60 mm diameter and the given figure. The correct sequence of
(C) Equal to the C d of a venturimeter station numbers in the decreasing order of (D) P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2
discharge coefficient 0.6 is used for
measuring the flow rate of air pressure is 6.31 Water is flowing at 1m/s through a pipe (of
(D) Greater than one
1.2kg/m3 , 1.8 10 5 kgm 1s 1 through 10cm I.D). With a right angle bend. The
6.24 A fluid jet is discharging from a 100mm nozzle
force in Newton exerted on the bend by the
a pipe of 100mm diameter. A manometer and then vena contracta formed has a dimeter water is
(with water as the working liquid) connected of 90mm . If the coefficient of velocity is
5x
across the orifice plate reads 180mm . The air 0.95, then the coefficient of discharge for the (A) 10 2x (B)
2
flow rate is approximately equal to nozzle is
5 5x
(A) 0.3m /s 3 3
(B) 0.1m /s (A) 0.855 (B) 0.81 (A) 3,1,4,2 (B) 1,3,2,4 (C) (D)
2x 2
(C) 0.01m 3 /s (D) 0.003m3 /s (C) 0.9025 (D) 0.7695 (C) 1,3,4,2 (D) 3,1,2,4
 Q V
Linked Answer Questions 32 to 33 Linked Answer questions 35 and 36
A free jet of water is emerging from a nozzle Water enters a symmetric forked pipe and dP
= pressure gradient
(diameter 75mm ) attached to a pipe discharges into atmosphere through the two ds
(diameter 225mm ) as shown below. branches as shown in the figure. The cross-
V
sectional area of section 1 is 0.2 m 2 and the dP ds
t
velocity across section 1 is 3m/s . The density
of water may be taken as 1000kg/m3 . The dP Q
;Q AV
viscous effects and elevation changes may be ds t A
neglected.
dP Q
ds A t

103
0.03428
2
The velocity of water at point A is 18m/s . 0.25
4
Neglect friction in the pipe and nozzle. Use
g 9.81m/s 2 and density of water 698 pa/m
1000 kg/m 3 . Hence, the correct option is (B).
6.32 The velocity of water at the tip of the nozzle 6.35 The gauge pressure at section 1, in kPa , is
(in m/s) is
(A) 13.4 (B) 18.0 (A) 0.6 (B) 13.5
(C) 23.2 (D) 27.1 (C) 135 (D) 600 D = 25 cm
6.33 The gauge pressure (in kPa ) at point B is 6.36 The magnitude of the force, in kN required 3
dQ 150 30 10
(A) 80.0 (B) 100.0 to hold the pipe in place, is m3/sec
dt 3.5
(C) 239.3 (D) 367.6
(A) 2.7 (B) 5.4 120 10 3
6.34 The figure shows a reducing area conduit 0.03428 m3/sec
(C) 19 (D) 27 3.5 conservation equation because while
carrying water. The pressure p and velocity V
are uniform across sections 1 and 2. The
and work transfer are not taken into
density of water is 1000kg/m3 .
If the total loss of head due to friction is just is known as mechanical energy balance
equal to the loss of potential head between the equation.
inlet and the outlet, the V2 in m/s will
Hence, the correct option is (B).
be___________.
v
Diameter is uniform so 0
s
0
V2 N m Joule Energy
P wz
2 m2 m m3 volume
A = AV
Hence, the correct option is (A).
A=C

A1V1 = A2V2
A1 = A 2
d2 = 20 mm, d1 = 40 mm
V1= V2 = 2m/s
P1 P2 = 30 kPa
A1V1 = A2V2 P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2 hL
2 2 w 2g w 2g
40 V1 20 V2
4 4 P1 P2
16V1 = 4V2 z1 z2
w w
V2= 4V1
3
50 10 20 103
10
1000 9.81 1000 9.81
2 h2 3.hour

h 15.102 > 14.0387

hour 2 2

2 2 3
As piezometric head 1 is greater than
P1 V 1 P2 V2 piezometric head at 2. So, flow is from 1 to 2.
g 2g g 2g h h
aBVB = acVc 2 2 3 our
hL = 15.102 14.0387
P1 P2 V22 V12 h
VB = V c hour 2 2
hL = 1.0632m
g 2g 3
aAVA = acVc Hence, the correct option is (C).
2 30 103 PA = PB = Patm
acVc (4V1 ) 2 V12 VA = 0
VA 1000
aA 2
= 15V1 60
aA is very large = VA is negative PA VA2 PB VB2
V12 4 zA zB
g 2g w 2g
Pc = PA V1 = 2m/s
2
Hence, the correct option is (D). h h v
Apply 1 1 2 2
h3 B
0
3 3 2g
PB VB2 Pc Vc2
zB zc h h
w 2g w 2g VB 2g 1 1 2 2
h3
3 3
PB Pc
zB Hence, the correct option is (A). Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3
w w
PB Pc = 0.28 = a2v2 + a3v3
z B {Pc PA
w w Q = 0.28 m3/s

PB PA A1 = 0.012 m2
zB = 1.2 kg/m3
w w air A2 = 0.008 m2
PB PA V2 A3 = 0.004 m2
h
2g
In this problem the fluid is flowing from B to P1 = 270 kPa; P3 = 240 kPa; P2 = ?
1ha = whw
C i.e. the fluid is flowing from low pressure For calculating v3
3
to high pressure therefore pressure alone will 1000 25 10 between 1 and 3
ha 20.83m
not decide the direction of flow it is the total a 1.2
2
Q1 = A1V1
energy that decides the direction of flow. V = 2 9.81 20.83
V = 20.21 m/s 0.28
Hence, the correct option is (B). V1 23.33 m/s
Hence, the correct option is (D). 0.012
 Water Manometric fluid 0.95
2
p0
P1 V12 P3 V32 2.136
g 2g g 2g cd = 0.6 0.65 pv
D0 = 60mm
P1 P3 V32 V12 300
pv 140.44 mm of water column
= 1.2 kg/m3; = 1.8 10 5 kg/m-s. 2.136
2
30 2 1000 a1a0 2 gh Hence, the correct option is (C).
v32 5.44.44 Q cd .
8000 a12 a02
3 2 3 2
270 10 23.33 240 10 V 3
h x w
1 beacuse one fluid is water and cd a1a0 2 gh
1800 9.81 2 9.81 800 9.81 2g Q
a12 a02
v3 = 24.89 m/s another is air.
P
0.28 = 0.008 V2 + 0.004 24.89 1000 Q h h
h 0.18 1 149.82m w
V2 = 22.5 m/s 1.2
Q P w=c
a1 (0.1)2 0.00785m2
and 2, we get P2 = 284.5 kPa. P1 V12 P2 V22 4 Q1 P
z1 z2
Hence, the correct option is (C). w 2g w 2g
a0 (0.06)2 0.002827 m2 Q2 1.05 P 1.0246 P
P1 P2 V22 V12 4
H ------ (1) 2.46%
w w 2g 2.20 10 5
0.6 0.00785 0.002827
P1 SM P2 Q is overestimated because P is
x x H 2 9.81 149.82
w Sw w Q overestimated.
2 2
0.00785 0.002827
Hence, the correct option is (A).
P1 P2 SM Q = 0.01 m3/s
x 1 H -------- (2)
w w Sw
Hence, the correct option is (B).
a1
ar From equation (1) and (2)
a2 2 2
V2 V 1 SM Qact
x 1 cd
a1a2 2 gh 2g Sw Qth
Q
a 2
1 a2
2
Hence, the correct option is (B). D = 100 mm
(cd)vent = 0.95 (cd)orifice = 0.65
a1a2 2 gh a1 2 gh
Q a2 = a 0
a12 ar2 1 Important points:
a2 1 The discharge equation remains same H = 300 mm of water column.
a22
irrespective of positioning of venturimeter. Discharge is same in both venturimeter and
Q = same
Hence, the correct option is (C). orifice meter
a1 2 gh a1 2 g ( sh) Qv = Q 0
ar21 1 ar22 1
cd a1a2 2 gh cd a1a2 2 gh 2
90
1 5 a12 a22 a12 a02 cd cc cv 4
ar22 15 1 Cc = 0.81
2
3 a 2
r2 1 cdv hv cd0 h0 100
4
ar 2 4 pv po Cd = 0.95 0.81 = 0.7695
0.95 0.65
Hence, the correct option is (B). w w Hence, the correct option is (D).

Given V = 1 m/s

Rotameter is used for calculating discharge. I.D. = 10 m Apply equation between B and C.
Hence, the correct option is (B). Q = AV ABVB = ACVC
2 2
2 2 225 VB 75 27.1
= 10 10 1
4 4 4
v 2 gx M
1 VB = 3.01 m/s
= m3/s
400
10 1000 F = ma PB VB2 Pc Vc2
2 9.81 1 zB zc
100 1.2 w 2g w 2g
V u
= 12.77 m/s m m V U For gauge pressure Pc = Patm = 0
t
Hence, the correct option is (B). PB Vc2 VB2 Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3
5 0.5
Fx AV V U 100 0 1= 2 2g A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3
400 2
5 PB 27.12 3.012 0.2 0.2
Fy AV V U 100 1 0 = 0.5 0.2 3 v v
400 2 w 2 9.81 4 4
Device Shape Losses Cd Cost
PB = 367.576 kPa v = 6 m/s
Venturimeter Less High High F Fx2 Fy2
Hence, the correct option is (D).
2 2
Flow nozzle or Medium Medium Medium 5 5 5 5 0
nozzle meter 2
2 2 2 2
Orifice meter High Less Cheap Given
Hence, the correct option is (D). P1 = 130 kPa
V1 = 2 m/s v22 v12 (36 9)
Hence, the correct option is (C). P1 1000
P2 = 100 kPa 2 2
D = 225 mm
V2 = ? P1 13.5kPa
Q h D0 = 75 mm
hL = Loss of potential head between inlet and
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Q2 h2 2Q h2 outlet.
Q1 h1 Q 2
and outlet. Pressure force exerted by the fluid on the pipe
h2 = 4x
Hence, the correct option is (D). P1 V12 P2 V22 is equal to magnitude of the force required to
z1 z2 hL
g 2g g 2g hold the pipe.
P1 P2 V22 V12 F=P A
z1 z2 hL
g 2g = 13.5 0.2= 2.7 kN
2 2
P1 V c P2 V a
zc za (130 100) 103 v22 (2) 2
w 2g w 2g
1000 g 2 g As the pipe is symmetric the net force in the
Vc2 182
0 21 V22 2 30 4 y direction is zero, Therefore, whatever the
2g 2 9.81
force required to hold the pipe it is in the x
V22 64
Vc = 27.1 m/s direction.
V2 = 8m/s
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 The pressure decreases in the direction of flow in
order to overcome losses i.e. pressure gradient is
It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force that negative in the direction of flow.
VL
is, Re
This equation is used for calculating head loss
Where L is the characteristic dimension. due to friction.
Significance of L: FLV 2
hL ;
It is such a dimension over which significant 2 gD
changes in properties occur. For flow through 4 F ' LV 2
pipes the characteristic dimension is pipe hL
2 gD
diameter and for a flow over a flat plate the
F = 4F
characteristic dimension is the distance from the
leading edge (x).
friction factor
Reynolds found from his experiments for flow
through pipes: F = fanning friction coefficient
This equation is applicable for laminar or
Re < 2000 Laminar flow
turbulent flow, horizontal, inclined or vertical
2000 < Re < 4000 Transition flow
pipes but the flow must be steady.
Re > 4000 Turbulent flow

A flow is said to be fully developed flow if the

velocity profile does not change in the
longitudinal direction and the pressure gradient
dP
remains constant.
dx

z 1 = z2
a1v1 = a2v2
a1 = a 2
v1 = v2
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2 hL
w 2g w 2g
P1 P2
hL
w

Velocity distribution: -
umax.R 2
Q
(Hagen Poiseuille flow) 2
Assumption: Q = AV
Q = R2.V
(1) steady flow
umax. R 2
(2) Fully developed flow R 2 .V
r+y=R 2
dr + dy = o umax.
V
dy = dr Velocity distribution is parabolic in laminar flow 2
du through pipes.
dy Discharge :
du P r
.
Temporal (steady) = 0
dy x 2
F = ma 1 P
du r.dr
Convective (Fully developed)=0 2 x
F = ma = O
1 P r2
P u . c Let us calculate discharge through elemental
P. r 2 P dx r2 .2 rdx 0 2 x 2 umax
ring. v
x 2
at pipe wall
d = u 2 rdr 1 1 P 2
P at r = R v R
dx.r .2dx R
x Q 2 urdr 2 4 x
u=0
x2 p2
P r
0
8 V
. 1 P R2 dx P
x 2 c . R
r2 R2
2 x 2 Q 2 umax 1 rdr x1 p1

For fully developed flow 0

R2 8 V ( x2 x1 )
1 P 2 1 P 2 P1 P2 { x2 x1 = L
u r R R2 R2 R2
P 4 x 4 x Q 2 umax
= constant 8 VL 32 VL
x 2 4 P1 P2 . (6)
1 P R2 D2
u (r 2 R2 )
r 4 x R2 umax.R 2 Where V is average velocity.
Q 2 umax. Q
4 2 From equation (i)
1 P
Or u [R 2 r 2 ] 1 P 2 2 P1 P2
4 x R R hL
4 x w
1 P 2 r2 Q
u R 1 2 P1 P2 = ghL
4 x R2 P 4
Q R FLV 2 32 VL
As the shear stress is zero at the centre of the u= umax at the centre (r = 0) P1 P2 g ; P1 P2
8 x 2 gD D2
pipe therefore viscous forces are zero at the 1 P 2 Average velocity (v):
umax R g ( FLV 2 ) 32 VL
4 x 2 gD D2
applied along the axis of the pipe.
r2 64
In a laminar flow through pipes the shear u umax . 1 F
R2 VD
stress varies linearly from zero at the centre 64
to the maximum at pipe wall. Where u is local velocity. F
Re
 1 dP 2
16 c1 t Q umax.t
F = 4F F' (1) Case 1: Fixed parallel plates: 2 dx 3
Re
Width of plate = 1 unit 1 dP 2 1 dP Average velocity:
F = Fanning friction coefficient
u y yt
2 dx 2 dx 2
Q V t umax.t
3
1 dP 2
u ( yt y ) 2
2 dx V umax
3
u
For maximum velocity 0
y
In laminar flow through pipes friction factor t
The velocity is maximum at centre y
depends on Reynolds number only. 2
F = ma 0 (fully developed & steady)
Shear velocity (V*): 2
d P 1 P t t
Pdy dy dx dx P dx dy 0 umax. t
dy x 2 x 2 2

P 1 P
Pdy dx dxdy dx Pdy dxdy 0 umax. t2
dy x 8 x
P
Discharge (Q):
P r y x
. dQ = u.dA
x 2 2
The pressure gradient is the flow direction is t v umax
P R 1 P 3
0
equal to shear gradient in the perpendicular dQ yt y 2 dy
x 2 direction. 2 x
0 2 1 P 2
P2 P1 D v t
. Velocity distribution: t 3 8 x
0
x2 x1 4 1 P t. y 2 y3
Most of common fluid are Newtonian fluid. Q
2 x 2 3 24 v( x)
P2 P1 D 0 P
0 du 2t 2
4L 1 P t3 t3
2 dy Q p2
12 V
x2
gFLV 2 x 2 3 p dx
P1 P2 whL
2 gD d 2u p1
t2 x1

gFLV 2
D y dy 2 1 P t3
Q 12 V ( x2 x1 )
0
2 gD 4L 2 x 6 P1 P2
P d 2u t2
2
FV x dy 2 1 p 3 12 VL
0
Q t P1 P2 P
8 d 2u 1 P 12 x t2
0 V2 dy 2 x We know that
F
8
u 1 P 2 1 P 2
F y c1 y c2 umax t
0
V y x 8 x
8
At y = 0; u = 0; c 2 = 0 (bottom plate) 1 p 2
0 4u max t
Shear velocity = V* y = t ; u = 0 (top plate) 2 x
1 dP 2 4umax.t
F o t c1t Q
V* .V 2 dx 6
8

7.6 The minimum value of friction factor that can 7.10 Velocity for flow through a pipe, measured at 7.16 Oil having a density of 800kg/m 3 and
occur in laminar flow through circular pipes
the centre is found to be 2m/s . Reynolds
7.1 Flow in a pipeline of constant diameter is said is viscosity of 0.2 Ns/m 2 of is flowing through a
number is around 800. What is the average
to be fully developed when (A) 0.02 (B) 0.032 pipeline of 50mm diameter at an average
velocity in the pipe?
(A) The flow rate in the pipeline increase (C) 0.016 (D) 0.08 velocity of 2m/s . The Darcy fraction factor
7.7 The mean shear stress in a fully developed (A) 2m/s (B) 1.7 m/s
along the length of the pipe for this flow is:
fluid flow in a pipe (C) 1m/s (D) 0.5m/s (A) 3. 2 (B) 0.07
(B) The flow rate in the pipeline decrease
(A) Is zero at the centre of the pipe and varies 7.11 The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional (C) 0.16 (D) 1.6
along the length of the pipe
linearly with distance from the centre incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
(C) The flow rate in the pipeline does not 7.17 Consider a fully developed laminar flow in a
(B) Is constant over the cross-section between two fixed parallel plates, is 6m/s
vary along the length of the pipe circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe is
(C) Is zero at the pipe wall and increases
(D) The velocity profile does not vary along The mean velocity of the flow is halved, while the flow rate and length of the
linearly towards the centre of the pipe
the length of the pipe pipe are kept constant, the head loss increases
(D) Varies parabolically across the section (A) 2 (B) 3
by a factor of
7.2 The inertia force on a fluid particle in a steady 7.8 The velocity profile in fully developed (C) 4 (D) 5
(A) 4 (B) 8
fully developed laminar flow through a laminar flow in a pipe of diameter D is given 7.12 The pressure drop for a relatively low (C) 16 (D) 32
straight pipe, at a Reynolds number of 100, is 4r 2 Reynolds number flow in a 600mm, 30m
by u0 1 , where 'r' is the radial 7.18 If laminar flow takes place in two pipes,
(A) 100 times the corresponding viscous D2 long pipe line is 70kPa . What is the wall having relative roughnesses of 0.002 and
force
distance from the center. If the viscosity of shear stress? 0.003, at a Reynolds number of 1815, then
(B) 0.01 times the correspond viscous force the fluid is , the pressure drop across a (A) The pipe of relative roughness of 0.003
(A) 0 Pa (B) 350Pa
(C) Zero length L of the pipe is has a higher friction factor.
(C) 700Pa (D) 1400Pa
(D) Infinity 32 u0 L 4 u0 L (B) The pipe of relative roughness of 0.003
(A) (B) 7.13 Laminar flow developed at an average
7.3 For an ideal fluid flow the Reynolds number D2 D2 has a lower friction factor.
velocity of 5m/s occurs in a pipe of 10cm
is 8 u0 L 16 u0 L (C) Both pipes have the same friction factor
(C) (D) radius. The velocity at 5cm radius is
(A) 2100 (B) 100 D2 D2 (D) No comparison is possible due to
(C) Zero (D) Infinity 7.9 The velocity profile of a fully developed (A) 7.5m/s (B) 10m/s inadequate data
laminar flow in a straight circular pipe, as (C) 2.5m/s (D) 5m/s 7.19 Flow rate of a fluid (density = 1000 kg/m 3 ) in
7.4 The Darcy-weisbach equation for head loss is
shown in the figure, is given by the
valid 7.14 For the laminar flow of a fluid in a circular a small diameter tube is 800 mm 3 /s . The
expression
(A) Only for laminar flow through smooth pipe of radius R, the Hagen- Poiseuille length and the diameter of the tube are 2m
R 2 dp r2
pipes u (r ) 1 equation predicts the volumetric flowrate to And 0.5mm, respectively. The pressure drop
4 dx R2 be proportional to
(B) Only for laminar flow through rough in 2m length is equal to 2.0MPa . The
pipes dp (A) R (B) R 2
Where is a constant. viscosity of the fluid is
(C) For laminar or turbulent flow through dx
(C) R 4 (D) R 0.5 (A) 0.025 N.s/m 2 (B) 0.012 N.s/m 2
smooth pipes only 7.15 In a laminar flow through a pipe of radius R, (C) 0.00192 N.s/m 2 (D) 0.00102 N.s/m 2
(D) For laminar or turbulent flow through the fraction of the total fluid flowing through
smooth or rough pipes 7.20 The pipe of 20cm diameter and 30 km
a circular cross-section of radius R/2 centered
7.5 For flow through a horizontal pipe, the The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is at the pipe axis is length transports oil from a tankers to the
dp R 2 dp R 2 dp shore with a velocity of 0.318m/s . The flow
pressure gradient the flow direction is (A) (B) 3 7
8 dx 4 dx (A) (B) is laminar. If 0.1Ns/m 2 the power
dx 8 16
(A) ve (B) 1 R 2
dp R 2
dp 1 3 required for the flow would be
(C) (D) (C) (D)
(C) Zero (D) ve 2 dx 2 dx 2 4 ( 900kg/m 3 )
 (A) 9.25kW (B) 8.36kW 7.25 The kinetic energy correction factor for a 7.29 Assertion(A): For a fully developed viscous Common Data Questions 7.32 to 7.33
(C) 7.63kW (D) 10.13kW fully developed laminar flow through a flow through a pipe the velocity distribution
circular pipe is across any section is parabolic in shape. Consider fully-developed, laminar flow in a
7.21 What is the discharge for laminar flow circular pipe of radius R. The centre-line
through a pipe of diameter 40mm having (A) 1.00 (B) 1.33 Reason (R): The shear stress distribution velocity of the flow is U.
centre-line velocity of 1.5m/s ? (C) 2.00 (D) 1.50 from the centre line of pipe upto the pipe
7.32 The velocity u at a radial distance r from the
7.26 In a 4cm diameter pipeline carrying laminar surface increases linearly.
3 3 3 centre-line of the pipe is given by
(A) m /s (B) m3 /s (A) Both A and R are individually true and
50 2,500 flow of a liquid with 1.6 centipoise, the
R is the correct explanation of A r r
velocity at the axis is 2m/s . What is the shear (A) 1 U (B) 1 U
3 3 R R
(C) m3 /s (D) m3 /s stress midway between the wall and the axis? (B) Both A and R are true but R is not the
5,000 10,000
correct explanation of A r
2
r
2

7.22 The value of friction factor is misjudged by (A) 0.16 N/m 2 (B) 0.016 N/m 2 (C) 1 U (D 1 U
(C) A is true but R is false R R
+25% in using Darcy-Weisbach equation. 2 2
(C) 0.02 N/m (D) 0.0125 N/m (D) A is false but R is true
The resulting error in the discharge will be 7.33 The value of the radial distance from the
7.27 For a steady fully developed laminar flow of Common data Questions 7.30 to 7.31 centre-line of the pipe at which the velocity
(A) 25% (B) 18.25%
be equal to the average velocity of the flow is
(C) 12.5% (D) 12.5% A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
pipes in series as shown in figure. The ratio
water and has at its end a 100mm long needle (A) 0.666 R (B) 0.696 R
7.23 It is desired to set up water flow with Reynolds h1 / h2 of the manometric fluid deflections
number of 2000 in a pipe of diameter 10mm of 1mm diameter. The internal diameter of (C) 0.707 R (D) 0.727 R
consider only friction losses in the pipes is
by controlling the inlet pressure. The pressure the syringe is 10mm . Water density is Common data Questions 7.34 to 7.35
difference, p (in terms mm of water 1000 mg/m 3 . The plunger is pushed in at
An upward flow of oil (mass density
column) over a 4m length of the pipe will be 10mm/s and the water comes out as a jet. 800kg/m 3 ,dynamic viscosity 0.8kg/m-s )
(A) 10 (B) 50 takes places under laminar conditions in an
(C) 25 (D) 100 inclined pipe of 0.1m diameter as shown in
7.24 Choose the correct combination of true the figure. The pressures at sections 1 and 2
statements from the following are measured as p1 435kN/m 2 and
P. The energy correction factor for 7.30 Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons p2 200kN/m2
4 4
turbulent flow is less than that for D1 L2 D2 L1 required on the plunger to push out the water
(A) (B)
laminar flow but is greater than unity. D2 L1 D1 L2 is
Q. The energy correction factor for 2 2 2 2 (A) 0 (B) 0.04
turbulent flow is greater than that for D2 L2 D1 L2
(C) (D (C) 0.13 (D) 1.15
laminar flow and is also greater than D1 L1 D2 L1
unity 7.31 Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume
7.28 Water flows downwards through a vertical
R. The momentum correction factor for a fully developed laminar viscous flow
straight circular pipe of 1m diameter. Assume
given flow is less than the corresponding throughout the needle; the Darcy friction
that the flow is laminar and fully developed
energy correction factor factor is 64/Re. Where Re is the Reynolds
and that there is no pressure gradient. The
number. Given that the viscosity of water is 1
S. Both the momentum correction factor frictional force acting on the pipe wall, over
centipoise the force F in newtons required on
and energy correction factor are always a length of 1m , is nearly ( g 10 m/s 2 ) 7.34 The discharge in the pipe is equal to
the plunger is
greater than unity
(A) 3925 N (B) 5890 N (A) 0.13 (B) 0.16 (A) 0.100 m 3 /s (B) 0.127 m 3 /s
(A) P, R (B) Q, S
3
(C) P, R, S (D) Q, R, S (C) 7850 N (D) 15,700 N (C) 0.3 (D) 4.4 (C) 0.144 m /s (D) 0.161m 3 /s

7.35 If the flow is reversed, keeping the same Q 1.1310 6 m3 /s

discharge, and the pressure at section 1 is
(A) 1.86 10 4 Pa.s 64 64
maintained as 435kN/m 2 , the pressure at F 0.032
section 2 is equal to (B) 3.38 10 4 Pa.s Re 2000
(C) 6.75 10 4 Pa.s Hence, the correct option is (B).
(A) 488kN/m 2 (B) 549 kN/m 2
(C) 586 kN/m 2 (D) 614 kN/m 2 (D) 7.43 10 4 Pa.s
7.36 A viscous, incompressible and Newtonian
fluid flowing through the main branch of a
32 VL
circular pipe bifurcates into two daughter P1 P2
branches whose radii are 4cm and 2cm . D2
respectively. The flow in both the daughter 4r 2
u u max. 1
branches are laminar and fully developed. If D2
the pressure gradients in both the daughter
umax = u0
branches are same, then fraction of total
volumetric flow rate (rounded off to the umax u0
V
second decimal place) coming out from the 2 2
branch with 4cm diameter is__________. 32 u0 L
P1 P2
2D2
16 u0 L
P1 P2
2D 2
Hence, the correct option is (A).

7.37 A liquid of specific weight 9 kN/m3 flows by R 2 dP r2

U (r ) 1
gravity through a 0.3m tank and 0.3m 4 dx R2
capillary tube at a rate of 1.13 10 6 m3 /s as Inertia Force 1 P 2
Re= R
shown in the figure. Top of the tank and Viscous Force U max. 4 x
outlet of the capillary are open to the V
Inertial Force = 100 Viscous Force 2 2
atmosphere. If the flow is laminar, fully
Hence, the correct option is (A). R2 P
developed and incompressible, then the V
viscosity of the liquid, neglecting entrance 8 x
effect, is numerically closest to Hence, the correct option is (A).
Inertia Force
Re=
Viscous Force
For ideal fluid flow viscous force = 0 Umax = 2 m/s
Re = Infinity Re = 800 (laminar)
Hence, the correct option is (D). V=?
U max 2
V 1 m/s
2 2
Hence, the correct option is (C).
 For parallel plates R 2U max P1 P2 Power required to overcome the losses in the
Q hL
2 w pipe
2
V U max P wQhL
3
Q D 2V
32 VL 4 P = gQhL
2 hL
6 4 m/s gD 2 4Q FLV 2
3 V hL
R /2 D2 2 gD
1
Hence, the correct option is (C). Q 2 rdr.u
32 L 4Q 64 64
0 hL F
R /2
D2 g D2 Re VD
1 r2
Q 2 U max 1 rdr 1 64 0.1
P r 0
R2 hL
. D4 900 0.318 0.2
x 2 r 2
r 4 R /2

Q1 2 U max So, if diameter is half, hL is increases by 16 F = 0.111

P R 2 4R2 times.
.
0 0.111 30000 (0.318) 2
w
x 2 hL
1 8R 2 R 2 Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 9.81 0.2
Q 2 U max
70 103 0.6 64 hL = 86.4 m
30 4 7 R2 P = gQhL
Q1 2 U max In laminar flow, friction factor depends only
= 350 pascal 64 on Reynolds number. = 900 9.81 (0.2) 2 0.318 86.4
7 4
Hence, the correct option is (B). Q1 R 2U max Hence, the correct option is (C).
32 = 7.63 kW.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
7 R 2U max
Q1 Given data :
16 2
r2 = 1000 kg/m3
U U max 1 7 U max 1.5
R2 Q 1
Q Q = 800 mm3/s
V 0.75
16 2 2
U max Hence, the correct option is (B). L = 2m 2 0.0012
V U max 10 Q 0.04 0.75
2 D = 0.5 mm 4 4
P = 2 MPa 12 3
25 3 Given : m3/s
U 10 1 10 7.5 m/s 40000 10000
100 4 oil = 800 kg/m 3 =?
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (A). N S 32 VL
0.2 P P1 P2
m2 D2
D = 2 m/s Q AV F2 F1 dF
100 100 25
VD 800 2 0.05 32 4.074 2 F1 F
P 4 Re 400 2 106 800 (0.5) 2V
Q R 0.2 0.5 10 3 2 4 dF
8 x 0.25
V 4.074m / s F
64 64
Q R4 F 0.16
Re 400 = 0.001917 N-S/m 2
FLV 2 FL 16Q 2
hL
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (C). 2 gD 2 gD D 4

1 (1) Q = AV (2) Q = A2V2

F
Q2
Given data : 4Q
Q D12 V1 V2
FQ2 = C D = 4 cm 4 D22
2
ln F + ln Q = const = 1.6 10 3 N S/m 2 4Q
V
lnF + 2 lnQ = C Umax = 2 m/s D12
dF dQ 32 4Q.L1
2 0 h1
F Q D14
dQ 1 dF 32 4Q.L2
h2
Q 2 F D24 2
F = P1A1 F1 P1 0.01
1 L1 4
(0.25) 0.125 12.5% 2
For P1
2 0 h1 D14 D2 L1
1 2 .
h2 L2 D1 L2
Hence, the correct option is (C).
0 =2 D24 P1 V12 P2 V22
{ P2 = 0
P r Hence, the correct option is (B). g 2g g 2g
. A1V1 = A2V2
Given : x 2
Re = 2000 D12V1 D22V2
P R
0 . V1 = 10 mm/s
D = 10 mm = 0.01 m x 2
= 10 10 3 m/s
VD 1 P 2
Re U max R V2 = 1 m/s
4 x
P1 V22 V12
3
Re. 2000 10 P U max 4 g 2g
V
D 1000 0.01 x R2
(V22 V12 )
V = 0.2 m/s 2 4 1.6 10 3 P1
2
32 VL (0.02) 2 1000 1 (10 10 3 ) 2
P P1
D2 P 2
32
32 10 3 0.2 4 x P1 = 495 N/m2
P
(0.01) 2 0.02 P1 P2 = 0
0 32 0.32 F1 495 (0.01)2
2 4
P = 256 N/m2 FF = w = gV
0.32 = 0.038 N = 0.04 N
10.3 0
0.16 N/m2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
256 0.02602 m of water 2 2 1000 10 (1) 2 1
101325 4
column Hence, the correct option is (A).
= 7850 N
Hence, the correct option is (C). FLV 2 64 V2 D2
= 26.02 mm of water. hL F
2 gD Re
Hence, the correct option is (C). 32 V1 L1
h1
D12
The parabolic distribution of velocity is
32 V2 L1 obtained from linear shear stress distribution.
h2
D22 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Head loss due to friction in needles only b/c
V12 V22
in problem neglect losses in the cylinder 0.6 0 hL
Q = Q1 + Q 2 2g 2g
0.064 0.1 1
hL r1 = 4 cm; r2 = 2 cm V2 1
2 9.81 10 3 hL 0.6 2 0.6 0.549 m
hL = 0.326 m d1 = 8 cm; d2 = 4cm 2g 2 9.81
32 VL
hL
gD2
P1 V12 P2 V22
hL 32 0.3
g 2g g 2g 0.549
917 9.81 (1.2 10 3 ) 2
2 2
P1 V V 0.00711
2 1
hL 4
g 2g 9.6
2 2 Q2 U max R 2
V2 V 1 P1 V 2
P2 V 2 ? Q Hence, the correct option is (D).
P1 g hL 1
z1 2
z 2 hL Q Q2 2
2g w 2g w 2g
R2 1 p 2 1 p 4
12 (10 10 3 )2 435 103 200 103 Q . R R
P1 1000 9.81 0.326 5sin 450 hL 2 4 x 8 x
2 9.81 800 9.81 800 9.81
Q R4
P1 = 3698 N/m2 hL = 26.4 m
R24 24
F P1 A1 3698 (10 10 3 )2 FLV 2 64 LV 2 0.058
4 hL . R14 R24 44 24
2 gD VD 2 gD
= 0.3 N Hence, the correct option is (C).
Hence, the correct option is (C), 32 0.8 V 5
26.4
800 9.81 0.12
V = 16.18 m/s

Q D2V = (0.10) 2 16.18

4 4
Q = 0.127 m3/s
r2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
U U max 1
R2
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Flow is reversed;

2
r
U 2V 1
R2
Q = A2V2
1 r2 r2 1 P2 P1
1 z2 z1 hL 1.13 10 6
1.2 10 3 2
V2
2 R2 R2 2 w w 4
R2 = 2r2
P2 435 10 3 V2 = 1 m/s
R 2r 5sin 450 +26.4
500 9.81 800 9.81 V1 0 (Large reservoir)
R
r 0.707 R P2 = 614 kN/m 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
2 z1 z2 hL
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (D). w 2g w 2g

In turbulent flow as there is continuous mixing of As it is difficult to find this equation is not used
fluid particle, the velocity fluctuates in practice. Reynolds developed the equation for
continuously and hence no turbulent can be turbulent shear stress as
purely steady flow. = uv
In turbulent flow the shear stress is due to where u and v are fluctuating component in x
fluctuation of velocity in the flow direction as and y direction respectively
well as in transverse direction.
The head loss in turbulent flow is proportional
y1.75 to y2. Mixing length is that length in the transverse
direction where in the particle after colliding
loose excess momentum and reach momentum of
new region. It is similar to mean free path in

l = 0.4 y
0.4 is Carmany constant

At the pipe wall (y = 0) P

u = actual velocity zero.
u = average velocity du
u' v' l
u = fluctuation velocity component dy

u u u' = uv
du du
u u u l .l
dy dy
u u u' 2
du
1
T
l2
u' u ' dt dy
T 0
= turbulent shear stress
Boussinesq developed for turbulent shear stress
Velocity distribution is turbulent flow
as 2
du du du
l2
dy dy dy
2
= fluid characteristic du
l2
= eddy viscosity, flow characteristic dy
 From experiment it is found that
du v k
l l = 0.4 y 1
Following the same procedure as we have done
dy y1 sooth pipe
v k 107 in laminar flow we have
du <4 Smooth boundary k
v 0.4 y y1
Rough pipe v v R
dy 5.75log10 1.75
30 v
v k
v dy > 100 Rough boundary Velocity for smooth pipes
du This equation is valid for smooth pipe.
0.4 y u y
v k 5.75log10 Friction factor in turbulent flow
2.5 v lny = u + c 4< < 100 Transition boundary v y'
For smooth pipe
u = actual velocity at distance y from wall 1
1 11.6 0.3164
Note: The velocity distribution in turbulent flow y1 y1 f upto Re 105
107 107 v Re1/4
is logarithmic in nature. It is found from experiments laminar sublayer
thickness u y 107v 0.221
5.75log10 f 0.0052
11.6 v 11.6 (Re)0.232
'
v u v y 107 Re = 105 to 4 107
5.75log10
= kinematic viscosity v 11.6 For rough pipe
v = shear velocity u v y 107
5.75log10 5.75log10 1 R
v 11.6 2log10 1.74
from equation (i) f k
2.5 v lny = u + c u v y
5.75log10 5.5 In laminar flow friction factor depends on
v
At the center y = R, u = u max
This equation is valid for smooth pipe.
2.5 v ln R = umax + c
Velocity for rough pipe number but also on average height of roughness.
umax u = 2.5 v lnR 2.5 v lny
u y If the pipe is smooth friction factor depends upon
umax u R 5.75log10
2.5ln v y' friction
v y factor depends on average height of roughness
k
At y = y , u is taken as zero y1
30
Were y is very small distance from pipe wall k = average height of roughest
2.5 v lny = u + c u 30 y
5.75log10
= laminar sublayer thickness (height) At y=y ,u=0 v k
k = average height of thickness roughness
2.5 v lny = 0 + c u y
Conditions for hydro-dynamically smooth and 5.75log10 30
C = 2.5 v lny v k
hydro-dynamically rough boundaries.
2.5 v lny = u + 2.5v lny u y
5.75log10 30 5.75log10
k u = 2.5 v [lny - lny ] v k
0.25 smooth boundary
' u y u y
2.5ln 8.5 5.75log10
k v y' v k
6 Rough boundary
' u y fv 2
u y 5.75log10 8.5 The equation is applicable for
k 5.75log10 valid for rough and smooth v k 0
8
0.25 6 Transition v y'
' This equation is valid for rough pipe. turbulent flow also.
pipe
Roughness criterion according to Reynold

umax v
1.33 f Rough pipe of 0.1 m diameter carries water
Find the distance from the pipe wall at which v
local velocity is equal to average velocity in umax at the rate of 50 liter/sec. The average height established the type of boundary for the
1 1.33 f of roughness is 0.15 mm. Find following data = k = 0.01 mm, shear stress
turbulent flow. v
(i) friction factor ( 0) = 4.9 N/m2, w = 0.001 Ns/m2, = 1000
u v y (ii) shear stress at the pipe surface
Sol. 5.75log10 3.75 kg/m3.
v R A rough pipe carrying water has an average (iii) shear velocity
y = distance from pipe wall height of roughness of 0.48 mm. The (iv) maximum velocity Sol. 1 10 6 m 2 / s
local velocity u = average velocity v diameter of pipe is 0.68 m and length is 4.5m. Take density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and
u=v the discharge of water is 0.6 m3/sec. Find the v = 10 6 m2/s. 49
y power required to maintain this flow. v 0
0.07
0 5.75log10 3.75 Sol. Q = AV 1000
r (Take viscosity of water 1 centipoises, treat
y the pipe as rough) Q 50 10 3
5.75log10 3.75 V 6.36m / s
R Sol. Given : A v k 0.07 0.01 10 3
(0.1) 2 0.7
y 3.75 4 1 10 6
log10 K = 0.48 mm = 0.48 10 3 m
R 5.75
D = 0.68 m, Q = 0.6m3/sec VD VD 6.36 0.1 v k
y
3.75 Re 636618.28 4 0.7 Hence, smooth boundary.
10 5.75 L = 4.5 m 10 6 v
R N s
y 10 3 Hence flow is turbulent. Rough pipe
0.223 m2
R A rough pipe has a diameter of 0.08m the
Power =? 1 R velocity at point 3 cm from the pipe wall is
y = 0.223R 2 log10 1.74
Q AV 0.68
2
V f k 25% more than velocity at 1cm from pipe
4 wall find the average height of roughness.
Show that for a turbulent flow in pipe the
0.6 1 0.05 Sol.
ratio of maximum velocity to the average V 1.652 m/sec 2log10 3
1.74
f 0.15 10
velocity is given by (0.68) 2
4
umax f = 0.02171
1 1.33 f VD 1000 1.652 0.68
v Re
183 fV 2 1000 0.02171 6.36 2
u v y
Sol. 5.75log10 3.75 Re = 1.123 106
0
8 8
v R
Flow is turbulent for rough pipe
at center u = umax ; y = R 0 = 109.806 N/m2
1 R u2 = 1.2541
umax v R 2log10 1.74
5.75log10 3.75 f k u y
v R v 0
0.3313m / s 5.75log10 8.5
We know that 1 0.34 v k
f 2 2log10 3
1.74
0 v f 0.48 10 Maximum velocity u1 y1
8 5.75log10 8.5 ----(1)
2 f = 0.01806 umax v k
0 fv 1 1.33 f
2 2
8 fLV 0.01806 4.5 1.652 v u2 y2
hL 5.75log10 8.5 ----(2)
2 gd 2 0.68 9.81 v k
f umax 1 1.33 0.02171 6.36
v .v hL =0.01662 m
8 Dividing equation 2 by equation 1
f Power = wQhL
umax v 3.75 v umax 7.6063 m/s k = 0.00371 m
8 = 9810 0.6 0.01662 = 97.86 kJ
 8.6 Consider a steady, fully developed turbulent 8.9 The flow of water (mass density (A) P 2, Q 3, R 4, S 1
flow in a pipe of circular cross-section at high 1000 kg/m3 ) and kinematic viscosity (B) P 3, Q 2, R 4, S 1
8.1 Turbulent flow generally occurs Reynolds number. 10 6 m2 /s ) in commercial pipe, having (C) P 2, Q 3, R 1, S 4
(A) At very low velocities If the pipe diameter is doubled at a constant equivalent roughness ks a 0.12 mm, yields an
(D) P 3, Q 2, R 1, S 4
flow rate, by what factor does the pressure average shear stress at the pipe boundary
(B) In flows of highly viscous fluids drop decrease? 2
8.13 The velocity profile in turblent flow through
600 N/m . The value of ks / ' ( ' being 1/7
(C) In flows through very narrow passages (A) 2 (B) 16 u y
the thickness of laminar sub-layer) for this a pipe is approximated as ,
(D) In flows at high velocities through large (C) 8 (D) 32 umax R
pipe is
passages 8.7 Water flows steadily through a smooth where umax is the maximum velocity, R is the
circular tube of 5 cm diameter at a flow rate (A) 0.25 (B) 0.50
8.2 Flow in a pipe can be expected to be turbulent radius and y is the distance measured normal
of kg/s. Take viscosity 0.001 Ns/m 2 (C) 6.0 (D) 8.0
when the Reynolds number based on mean to the pipe wall towards the centerline. If u av
and 1000 kg/m 3 . The Darcy friction 8.10 A steady flow of water takes place through a
velocity and pipe diameter is uav
pipe of 100 mm internal diameter and 10 m denotes the average velocity, the ratio
(A) = 0 (B) < 2000 factor is given as f D 64 / Red for fully umax
length. The average velocity of the flow is 5
developed laminar flow and is
(C) > 4000 (D) > 100 m/s and the wall shear tress is 250 N/m2 . The
f D 0.316Re0.25 for fully developed 2 1
d
pressure drop for the given pipe length is
8.3 Shear stress in a turbulent flow is due to turbulent flow. The approximate pressure (A) (B)
15 5
(A) The viscous property of the fluid drop per unit length in the fully developed (A) 2.5 105 N/m2 (B) 2.0 105 N/m2
1 49
(B) The fluid region of the tube is (C) 5.0 104 N/m2 (D) 105 N/m 2 (C) (D)
3 60
(A) 20 Pa/m (B) 120 Pa/m
(C) Fluctuation of velocity in the direction of 8.11 Velocity measurement of flow through a
(C) 480 Pa/m (D) 960 Pa/m
flow rough circular pipe indicate that the average
8.8 Match the flow conditions in a circular pipe velocity is 2.6 m/s and the centre line velocity
(D) Fluctuation of the velocity in the of diameter D and surface roughness k to the is 3.17 m/s. What is the friction factor for the
direction of flow as well as transverse to corresponding functional relationships of pipeline?
it friction factor. f. Choose the correct matching
(A) 0.027 (B) 0.020
8.4 Using the Prandtl's mixing length concept, Flow in a circular pipe
(P) Laminar flow in smooth pipe (C) 0.015 (D) 0.010
how is the turbulent shear stress expressed?
(Q) Turbulent flow in smooth pipe 8.12 Match the following flow patterns with their
du du
(A) l (B) l2 (R) Turbulent flow in rough pipe (at high Re) characteristics
dy dy
(S) Turbulent flow is rough pipe (at low Re) (P) Turbulent flow
2 2
du du Friction factor f (Q) Boundary layer separation
(C) l (D) l2
dy dy (1) f f (Re, k / D)
(R) Laminar flow
(2) f f ( k / D)
8.5 Friction factor in laminar and turbulent flow (S) Steady flow
(3) f f (Re)
in a circular pipe varies as Re 1 & Re 0.25 (1) No change in flow properties at any
respectively. If V is the average velocity, the (4) f 64 / Re
point in the flow field
pressure drop for laminar and turbulent flow Here, Re is the Reynolds number
(2) Highly irregular and rapid fluctuations
respectively will be proportional to (A) P 4, Q 1, R 2, S 3
of flow velocities
(B) P 2, Q 3, R 1, S 4
(A) V and V 0.8 (B) V 0.5 and V 2 (3) Wake formation
(C) P 3, Q 4, R 2, S 1
(C) V 0.5 and V 1.75 (D) V and V 1.75 (D) P 4, Q 3, R 2, S 1 (4) Smooth flow without mixing of layers

V = 2.6 m/s
D=5 10 2 m
Umax = 3.17 m/s
Given that
m kg/s
U max
= 1000 kg/m3 1 1.33 F
= 0.001 Ns/m2; V
= 10 6 m2/s 3.16
= 1000 kg/m3 1 1.33 F
KS = 0.12 mm 2.6
64
FD (For fully developed) F = 0.026
Re 0 = 600 N/m2

F = 0.316 Re 0.25 Hence, the correct option is (A).

600
Vx 0
0.7745
1000
m A V
11.6 11.6 10 6
2 ' 1.497 10 5 m
1000 0.05 V V* 0.7745
4 1/ 7
u y
V = 1.6 m/s = 1.497 10 2 mm
umax R
P1 P2 K 0.12
hL 2
8.01 u = V at y = 0.223R
w ' 1.497 10
1/ 7
Hence, the correct option is (D). V 0.223 R
wFLV 2 0.8016
P1 P2 whL umax R
2 gD
V 49
P1 P2 wFV 2 g F V2 FV 2 Di = 100 mm U max 60
L 2 gD 2 gD 2D
L = 10 m Hence, the correct option is (D).
VD Vavg = 5 m/s
Re
2
P V
0 = 250 N/m2
1000 1.6 0.05
Q d 2
V 80000 P FLV 2
4 0.001 hL
w 2 gD
(Re > 4000 so flow is turbulent)
4Q
V 0.25 FLV 2 FV 2
D2 F = 0.316 (80,000) P . g {w g 0
2 g .D 8
16Q 2 = 0.0187
P 2 4
FV2 = 8 0
d P1 P2 1000 0.0187 1.6 2
L 2 0.05 FLV 2 8 0L 8 250 10
If d = 2d, Q = constant P
2D 2D 2 100 10 3
P1 P2
P decreases by 16 times. 481 Pa/m
L 105 N/m2
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (C).
 When fluid flows though pipes it encounters D2
various losses. These losses are classified into m 4
D
major loss and minor loss.
D
m
4
The head loss due to friction is known as major
loss. This major loss is given by
Darcy-weisbach equation:
FLV 2
hL
2 gD

Q AV D2V
4
4Q
V
D2
i = hydraulic slope
2
FL 4Q 16 FLQ 2 hL
hL tan i
2 gD D2 2 g 2 D5 L
FLQ 2 V c mi
hL
2g 2 5 D hL
D V c .
16 4 L
FLQ2
hL {Flow should be steady 4 LV 2
12 D5 hL
c2 D
FLV 2
formula. hL
2 gD
4 LV 2 FLV 2
V c mi
c2 D 2 gD
m = hydraulic mean depth or diameter
8g
A area of flow c2
m F
P wetted perimeter
8g
c
F

m
c
sec.

From continuity equation Entrance loss

(3) Sudden contraction loss:
Losses due to Q
Q = A2V2 ; V2 0.5V 2
Sudden expansion V2 hentrance
2g
Sudden contraction P1 P2 V2 V2 V1 Where V is velocity in pipe.
(2)
Bend loss g g (5) Bend loss:
Entrance loss From equation 1 and 2 KV 2
Exit loss are known as minor losses. Bend losses are given by hbend
V2 (V2 V1 ) (V12 V22 ) 2g
hL e 2
1. Minor losses due to sudden expansion: g 2g
p
Vc V2
hcont Where V is velocity in pipe and K depends on
2 2 2
2g angle of bend and radius of curvature on bend.
2V 2VV V V
hL e p
2 1 2 1 2
2
2g V22 Vc
1
2 g V2 Water flows from a reservoir through a series
(V1 V2 ) 2
hL e of pipe joined as shown in Fig.,
p
2g ac
cc
a2

momentum equation and continuity equations are From continuity equation

(1) From B used. acvc = a2v2

2 Vc a2 1
P1 V12 P2 V22 V12 V
hL exp hL e p 1 2 V2 ac cc
w 2g w 2g 2g V1
2
P1 P2 V12 V22 AV A2V2 V22 1
hL exp 1 1 hcontr . 1
w 2g 2 g cc
V2 A1
Assumption: V1 A2 Note : If the coefficient of contraction cc is not given
The pressure in the eddy region is assumed to be then sudden contraction losses are taken as
2
equal to upstream pressure. V12 A1 0.5V22 Find the percentage error in discharge when
hL e 1 hcont
p
2g A2 minor losses are neglected. Assume K = 1 for
2g
bends and friction factor F = 0.02 for all pipe
(2) Exit loss: Where V2 = velocity in smaller diameter pipe. the available head of 20 m is used in
It is similar to sudden expansion with A2 is (4) Entrance loss: overcoming losses.
infinite. Sol. Discharge when all losses are taken into
It is similar to sudden contraction.
account (actual discharge).
a1v1 = a2v2 = a3v3 (discharge is same)
F m(v u )
d12v1 d 22v2 d 32v3
F Q( v u ) [momentum equation] 4 4 4
2
P1A1 + P1(A2 A1) P2A2 = Q[V2 V1] V 2
A 0.1 v1 = 0.2 v2 = 0.12v3
2 2
hL e p
1
1 1
2g v1 = 4v2 = v3
(P1 P2)A2 = Q[V2 V1]
P1 P2 Q V12 V2 0.5V 2 0.5v12 kv12 FL1v12 kv12
V2 V1 hL e p 20
A2 2g 2g 2g 2g 2g 2 gd1 2g
 (v1 v2 )2 FL2v22 0.5v32 FL3v32 v32 Note:
2g 2 gd2 2g 2 gd3 2g A horizontal pipe of given diameter d
3v1
2 HGL: suddenly enlarges to D. Find the ratio D/d
0.5v 2
v2
0.02 100v 2
v2 such that the rise in pressure for a given
1 1 1 1 4 P
The line joining piezometric heads z at discharge post the enlargement shall be
2g 2g 2 g (0.1) 2g 2g w
maximum.
various points in a flow is known as hydraulic
v12 Sol.
0.02 200. gradient line.
16 0.5v12 0.02 100 v12 In a flow HGL can rise or fall but the total energy
2 g 0.2 2g 2 g 0.1 If the pipe is horizontal and of uniform diameter line will never rise as long as there is external
v12 hydraulic gradient line represent pressure energy input. i.e. Total energy line will rise in the
20 variation.
2g case of pumps and compressors.
0.02548v12 0.05096v12 2.0387v12 P V2
TEL: The line joining total head z
2 2 2
w 2g
0.02866v 1 0.06371v 1 0.02548v 1 At a sudden expansion of a water pipe line
at various in a flow is known as total energy line
from a diameter of 0.24 m to 0.48 m the HGL
1.019v12 0.5096v12 20
rises by 10 mm, find the discharge through
3.7022v12 20 Distance between TEL and HGL gives velocity pipe. P1 V12 P2 V22
hL exp
head. Sol. w 2g w 2 g
v1 =2.9242 m/s
P2 P1 V12 V22 (V1 V2 )2
Qa AV 0.12 2.926 w 2g 2g
1 1 equation:
4 P2 P1 P V1V2 V22
Qa = 0.0229 m3/s g g 2g
P = [v1v2 v22]
FL1v12 FL2v22 FL3v32
20 P
2 gD1 2 gD2 2 gD3 0 for max pressure rise
P1 V12 P2 V22 V2
When minor losses are neglected z1 z 2 hL exp.
w 2g w 2g V1 2V2 = 0
0.02 100 v12 0.02 200 v12 2 2 V1 = 2V2
V 1 V 2 P2 P1
20 hL exp. z2 z1
2 g 0.1 16 2 g 0.2 2g w w D 2V1 D 2V2
4 4
0.02 100 v12 V12 V22 V1 V2 D2 V1
10 10 3 m 2
2 g 0.1 2g 2g d 2 V2
V = 3.084 m/s VV
1 2 V 10 102 3
g D
2 2
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 d
2
Qb AV d V1
1 1
4
1 0.242V1 0.482 V2
4 4 Assumption:
Qb Qa V1 = 4V2 (1) Minor losses are neglected.
= 0.02422 m3/s %error 100 (2) Friction factor is same.
Qb 4V22 V22 0.01 g
0.02422 0.0229 v = 0.18 m/s
%error 100
0.02422 Q d22 V2 0.482 0.18
4 4
= 5.456% Q = 0.3272 m3/s.

Q1= Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q Pa Va2 Pb Vb2

za za hL1 (1)
Neglect minor losses b/c pipe length is more w 2g w 2g
P ( gh) A V
hL hL1 hL2 hL3 ...... Pa Va2 Pb Vb2
za zb hL2 (2) 9.1 The Reynolds number for flow of a certain
Pth = WQH
FL Q 2
FL Q 2
FL Q 2 w 2g w 2g fluid in a circular tube is specified as 2500.
1 1 2 2 3 3
hL 5 5 5 hL1 hL2
Pact. = WQ(H hL)
What will be the Reynolds number when the
12d 1 12d 2 12d 3
Pact tube diameter is increased by 20% and the
Q 1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q Note:
Pth fluid velocity is decreased by 40% keeping
In case of parallel connection as the ends of pipes
fluid the same?
are connected between same points therefore the
A pipe of uniform diameter is said to be
energy loss is same for all parallel pipes. (A) 1200 (B) 1800
equivalent to a compound pipe when the
discharge and head losses are same in both pipes. (C) 3600 (D) 200
Assumption: 9.2 A pipeline is said to be equivalent to another,
1) All parallel pipes are assumed to be similar. if in both
H hL
i.e. the length and diameters of each pipes is
H (A) Length and discharge are the same
FLeQ 2 same.
hLe 2) Friction factor is assumed to be same in Condition for max. power transmission (B) Velocity and discharge are the same
12de5
all pipes. FLQ 2 (C) Discharge and frictional head loss are
FLeQ2 FL1Q 2 FL2Q 2 FL3Q3 Pact WQ H
... 12 d 5 the same
12de5 12d15 12d 25 12d35
(D) Length and diameter are the same
FLQ3
Le L1 L2 L3 Pact W QH
....... 12d 5 9.3 While deriving an expression for loss of head
d e5 d15 d 25 d 35 due to a sudden expansion in a pipe, in
For max. efficiency addition to the continuity and impulse -
parallel. dPact . 3FLQ 2 momentum equations, one of the following
H 0
Parallel connection is used for increasing dQ 12d 5 assumptions is made
discharge. H = 3hL (A) Head loss due to friction is equal to the
FLeQ 2 head loss in eddying motion
Q = Q1 + Q2 hLe This is condition for max. power transmission.
12de5
H hL 3hL hL (B) The mean pressure in eddying fluid is
Max. Efficiency = equal to the downstream pressure
H 3hL
2 (C) The mean pressure in eddying fluids is
2 max 66.67% equal to the upstream pressure
Q 1 3
hL FL .
n 12d 5 (D) Head lost in eddies is neglected
FLQ2 9.4 Water steadily flowing from a 100 mm
hL
12n2 d 5 diameter pipe abruptly enters a 200 mm
FLQ2 FLeQ2 diameter pipe. If the velocity in the 100 mm
12n 2d 5 12de5 diameter pipe is 5 m/s, the head loss due to
L Le abrupt expansion in terms of height of water
if Le = L is
n 2 d 5 d e5
de5 n2 d 5 (A) 1.276 m (B) 0.717 m
de n2/5d (C) 0.562 m (D) 1.5 m
9.5 The hydraulic diameter of an annulus of inner 9.10 A fire protection system is supplied from a If the friction factor is assumed to be the same 9.18 Match the items between the following two
and outer radii Ri and RO respectively is water tower with a bent pipe as shown in the for all the pipes, the value of d is groups concerning flow in a pipeline. Choose
figure. The pipe friction 'f' is 0.03. Ignoring approximately equal to which of the the most suitable matching
(A) 4( R0 R1 ) (B) R0 R1
all minor losses, the maximum discharge, Q, following options? List I
(C) 2( R0 Ri ) (D) R0 R1 in the pipe is (A) 37.5 cm (B) 40.0 cm (P) Head loss due to friction
9.6 Two reservoirs that differ by a surface
(C) 45.0 cm (D) 50.0 cm (Q) Head loss at entrance from a reservoir
elevation of 40 m, are connected by a
9.14 Two water carrying circular pipes are to a pipeline
commercial steel pipe of diameter 8 cm. If the
connected in parallel. The length L1 , (R) Head loss due to sudden expansion
desired flow rate is 200 N/s of water at 20 0C (S) Head loss due to a pipe bend
diameter d1 and friction factor f1 for the first
, determine the length of the pipe. Assume List II
pipe are 200m, 0.5 m and 0.025 m
fluid properties of water at 20 0C as (A) 31.7 lit/sec (B) 24.0 lit/sec V2 L V2
respectively, while L2 100 m, d 2 1.0 and 1. KL 2. f
1000 kg/m 3 and (C) 15.9 lit/sec (D) 12.0 lit/sec 2g D 2g
f2 0.02 . The velocity ratio V2 / V1 is
0.001 kg/m-s . The value of friction 9.11 A 12 cm diameter straight pipe is laid at a
(A) 4.0 (B) 2.0 V2 (V1 V2 ) 2
factor (f) = 0.0185 may be chosen if uniform downgrade and flow rate is 3. 0.5 4.
2g 2g
(A) 20.5 m (B) 205 m maintained such that velocity head in the pipe (C) 5.0 (D) 5
is 0.5 m. If the pressure in the pipe is 9.15 In a pipe flow, the head lost due to friction is (A) P 3, Q 4, R 1, S 2
(C) 2050 m (D) 20500 m
observed to be uniform along the length when 6m. If the power transmitted through the pipe (B) P 2, Q 4, R 1, S 3
9.7 A farmer uses a long horizontal pipeline to
the down slope of the pipe is 1 in 10, what is has to be the maximum, then the total head at (C) P 2, Q 1, R 3, S 4
transfer water with a 1 hp pump and the
the friction factor for the pipe? the inlet of the pipe will have to be (D) P 2, Q 3, R 4, S 1
discharge is Q litres per min. If he uses 5 hp
(A) 0.012 (B) 0.024 maintained at 9.19 Three reservoirs A, B and C are
pump in the same pipe line and assuming the
(C) 0.042 (D) 0.050 (A) 36 m (B) 30 m interconnected by pipes as shown in the
friction factor is unchanged the discharge
(C) 24 m (D) 18 m figure. Water surface elevations in the
will be approximately 9.12 A liquid is pumped at the flow rate Q through
9.16 The hydraulic diameter for flow in a reservoirs and the piezometric head at the
(A) 5 Q (B) 51/2 Q a pipe of length L. The pressure drop of the
rectangular duct of cross-sectional junction J are indicated in the figure.
(C) (5Q )1/2 (D) 51/3 Q fluid across the pipe is P Now a leak
develops at the mid-point of the length of the dimensions H, W is
9.8 The head loss due to a sudden contraction in
a pipeline is given by pipe and the fluid leaks at the rate of Q/2. HW HW
(A) (B)
Assuming that the friction factor in the pipe 2( H W )
1 V2 2 V2
(A) 1 (B) 1 C C
remains unchanged, the new pressure drop HW 2 HW
CC2 2g 2g
across the pipe for the same inlet flow rate (C) (D)
2 4( H W )2 (H W )
1 V2 2 V2 (Q) will be
(C) 1 (D) CC 1 9.17 The energy grade line (EGL) for steady flow
CC 2g 2g 1 5
(A) P (B) P in a uniform diameter pipe is shown in figure.
Here CC is the contraction coefficient and V 2 8 Which of the following items is contained in Discharge Q1, Q2 and Q3 are related as
is the average velocity of flow in the 3 the box?
(C) P (D) P (A) Q1 Q2 Q3
contracted section of the pipeline. 4
9.9 An elbow in a pipeline of cross-sectional area (B) Q1 Q2 Q3
9.13 A single pipe of length 1500 m and diameter
0.01 m2 , has a loss coefficient of 2.0. If the 60 cm connects two reservoirs having a (C) Q2 Q1 Q3
flow rate of water, through the pipeline is difference of 20 m in their water levels. The (D) Q1 Q2 Q3 0
360 m3 /hr , the head loss due to the elbow in pipe is to be replaced by two pipes of the (A) A pump 9.20 The phenomenon of water hammer in pipe
metres of water column is: same length and equal diameter d to convey (B) A turbine flow originates from
(A) 5 (B) 2 25% more discharge under the same head (C) A partially closed valve (A) The microscopic form of all matter
(C) 10 (D) 1 loss. (D) An abrupt expansion (B) The non-Newtonian behaviour of water

(C) The critical point singularity of the Passage 24 - 25 9.26 What would be the discharge through the
phase diagram pipe?
A pipeline (diameter 0.3 m, length 3 km)
(D) The compressibility of water when
carries water from point P to point R (see (A) 0.0311 m3 /s
subjected to suddenly applied high
figure). The piezometric heads at P and R are (B) 0.0322 m3 /s
pressure
to be maintained at 100 m and 80 m, (C) 0.0331 m3 /s
9.21 'n' identical pipes of length L, diameter d and
respectively. To increase the discharge, a
friction factor f are connected in parallel (D) 0.0341 m3 /s
second pipe is added in parallel to the existing
between two reservoirs. What is the size of a
pipe from Q to R. The length of the additional
pipe of length L and of the same friction
pipe is also 2 km Assume the friction factor,
factor f equivalent to the above pipe?
f = 0.04 for all pipes and ignore minor losses.
(A) n1/2 d (B) n1/5d
(C) n2/5d (D) n1/3d
9.22 A centrifugal pump is used to pump water
through a horizontal distance of 150 m and
then raised to an overhead tank 10 m above.
The pipe is smooth with an I.D. of 50 mm.
What head (m of water) must the pump
generate at its exit (E) to deliver water at a 9.24 What is the increase in discharge if the
Re = 2500
flow rate of 0.001 m3 /s ? additional pipe has same diameter (0.3 m)?
D = 1.2 D
The Fanning friction factor, f is 0.0062. (A) 0% (B) 33%
(C) 41% (D) 67% V = 0.6 V
9.25 If there is no restriction on the diameter of the VD
Re
additional pipe, what would be the maximum
increase in discharge theoretically possible 1.2 D 0.6V
from this arrangement?
(A) 0% (B) 50% VD
(A) 10 m (B) 11 m (C) 67% (D) 73% 0.72 0.72 2500
(C) 12 m (D) 20 m
Passage 26
9.23 A pipe carrying a discharge of 500 litres per = 1800
The Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss Hence, the correct option is (B).
minute branches into two parallel pipes, x
and y, as shown in the figure. The length and fLV 2
through a pipe is given as h f . A
diameter of pipes x and y are shown in figure. 2 gD
The friction factor f, for all pipes is 0.03. The reservoir, as shown in the figure, stores water
ratio of flow in pipes x and y is to a height of 8 m. The entrance from the
(A) 0.36 (B) 0.44 reservoir to the pipe (length 50 m, diameter
(C) 0.67 (D) 1.00 10 cm) is sharp, with a loss coefficient of 0.5, D1 = 100 mm D2 = 200 mm
and the friction factor for the pipe is 0.017. V1 = 5 m/s
A1V1 = A2V2
V2 A1 D12
V1 A2 D22
2
V1 V2
hL
2g
 2
V12 V P P12 P23
1 2 13
2g V1 2
L 2 L Q
2
A = 0.01 m2 F Q F
52 100 2 2 2 2
1 360 w. w.
2 9.81 200 2 K = 2; Q = 360 m3/hr = 0.1 m3/s 12d 5 12d 5
3600
hL = 0.7167 m Q 0.1
V V 10 m/s wF 1 1
hL = 0.717 m due to sudden exp. A 0.01 hL 1 LQ 2
tan slope 12d 5 2 8
Hence, the correct option is (B). KV 2 2 100 L 10
hL 10 m
2g 2 9.81 D = 0.12 m wFLQ 2 5
P13
Hence, the correct option is (C). V2 12 d 5 8
0.5m
4A 2g 5
Dh P13 P
p FLV 2 8
hL
2 gD Hence, the correct option is (B).
hL F V2
L D 2g
L = 1500 m, D = 0.6 m
1 F
(0.5)
4. Do2 Di2 10 0.12
4 0.12 0.12
Do Di F 0.024
10 0.5 5
Total length = 25 + 150 = 175 m
Do Di = 2(Ro R i) Hence, the correct option is (B).
A1V1 = A2V2
Hence, the correct option is (C). A2V2
V1 Head difference = 20 m
A1
FLQ 2 FLQ 2
A1 >> A2 V1 is negligible hL 20 (1)
12(d )2 12(0.6)5

1 hp pump P1 V12 P2 V22

z1 z2 hL
w 2g w 2g
Discharge = Q liter per min
2
V 2 P1 V12 P2 V22
P = wQhL 25 hL hL V1 = V2
2g w 2g w 2g
2
FLQ Exit loss so neglected P1 P2 = whL P = wh L
P wQ. ; P Q3 Q
12ds hL = 25 m Q
wFLQ 2 2
FLQ2 P ... (1)
P2 Q23 hL 12d 5 (both same diameter and same length)
P1 Q13 12d 5
Q = 0.625 Q
0.03 175 Q 2
5 Q23 25 FL(0.625Q ) 2
12(0.1)5 20 (2)
1 Q3 12(d )5
Q = 0.0239
Q2
1
5 3Q = 23.9 10 3 m3/sec Equation 1 = equation 2
= 23.9 lit/sec D = 49.71 50 cm
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (D).

FLQ2 20 12 (0.3)5
20 Q2
FLV 2
FL2V22 12d 5 0.04 3000
hL1 hL2 1 1
3
H=8m
2 gD1 2 gD2 Q1 = 0.0697 m /s
L = 50 m
0.025 200 V12 0.02 100 V22
D = 0.1 m
0.5 1 F = 0.0062
V2 Loss coefficient = 0.5 F = 0.017
5V12 V22 5 F = 4F = 0.0248
V1
I.D. = 50 mm = 50 10 3 m
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Q = 0.001 m3/5
L = 150 + 10 = 160 m
hL = 6 m 2
For max. power H = 3 hL FLQ2 Q2
hL 0.04 2000
H = 18 m 12d 5 0.04 1000 Q22 2
20
Hence, the correct option is (D). 12(0.3)5 12(0.3) 5 FLQ 2
0.0248 160 (0.001)2 hL
Q2 = 0.0985 m3/s 12(d )5
12 (0.05)2
Q2 Q1 0.0985 0.0697
hL = 1.05 m 100 100 0.017 50 Q 2
Q1 0.0697 hL
Head generates = 10 + 1.05 = 11.05 m 12 (0.1) 5
= 41.4%
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (C). FLQ 2
hL
4 Ac 12(d )5
Dh
P
4 Hw 2Hw hL1 hL2 If no restriction on the diameter of addition 1 and 2
2(w H ) ( H w) 2 2
pipe P1 V12 P2 V22
FL Q 1 1 FL Q 1 2 z1 z2 hL
Hence, the correct option is (D). 5 5 w 2g w 2g
12d 1 12d 2

5/2 Then hL = 8 m
Q12 d15 0.25 Q1 2
0.3628 Total head loss = sudden contraction + h L +
Q22 d 25 0.35 Q2 3
exit loss
Hence, the correct option is (A).
0.5V 2 fLV 2 V2
8
2g 2 gd 2g
0.04 1000 Q22 0.5 V 2 0.017 50 V 2 V2
20 0 8
12(d )5 2 9.81 2 9.81 0.1 2 9.81
Q2 = 0.12 m3/s V = 3.96 m/s
FLQ2 Q = AV
hL 0
12d 5
Q2 Q1 = d 2 3.96 0.0311 m3/sec
High to low % increase 100 4
200 160 Q1
Hence, the correct option is (A).
180 160 0.12 0.0697
100 = 73.23%
Q1 + Q 2 = Q 3 0.0697
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (D).
 Boundary layer theory was proposed by Prandtl
in 1904.
When a real fluid flows past the solid object
the velocity of the fluid will be same as the
velocity of object, when it comes in contact with
object. If the object is stationary the fluid will
also have zero velocity. Away from the object the
fluid velocity increases and at some distance When a real flow fluid past a flat plate the
velocity of the fluid on the plate will be same as
from the object the fluid velocity will be equal to
that of the plate velocity if the plate is at rest the
free stream velocity, this distance from the object fluid will also have zero velocity. The boundary
where there are velocity gradients is known as layer thickness grows as the distance from the
leading-edge increases upto some/certain
boundary layer thickness & this region is known
distance from the leading edge the flow in the
as boundary layer region. boundary layer is laminar as the laminar
In the boundary layer region, the flow is boundary layer grows instability occur and flow
viscous and rotational as the flow is viscous in changes from laminar to turbulent through
transition. It is found that even in turbulent
boundary layer region close to the plate the flow
is not applicable in the boundary layer region. is laminar, this region is known as laminar
Outside the boundary layer region as the flow sublayer region.
Laminar sublayer region exists in turbulent
boundary layer region.
applied.

[1] x = 0; =0 [2] y = 0; u = 0 Definition: Note:

It is the distance by which boundary should be *
du Shape factor of boundary layer ( H )
[3] y = ; u = u [4] y = ; 0 Assumptions
dy displaced in order to compensate for the
reduction in mass flow rate due to boundary layer This term is used in the analysis of flow (1) steady flow
Nominal boundary layer thickness or separation.
growth. (2) Incompressible flow
Boundary layer thickness [ ] For linear velocity profiles, the shape factor (3) 2 D flow
It is the distance from the boundary to the point is 3.
It is the distance by which the boundary should dP
in y direction where the velocity is 99% of free (4) 0 (this condition is valid for external
be displaced in order to compensate for the dx
stream velocity. flows only)
reduction in momentum due to boundary layer Assume that the shear stress distribution
Note: varies linearly in laminar boundary layer From Newton second law of motion. Von
growth.
For all calculation purposes at y = ; u = u . y Karman equation can be derived it is
u u such that as 0 1
Displacement thickness ( *) 1 dy 0 d
u u Find displacement thickness.
0 u2 dx For external flow
y = shear stress on the plate surface
Sol. 1 0
It is the distance by which boundary should be 0
= momentum thickness
displaced in order to compensate for the du
reduction in kinetic energy due to boundary layer 0 d dP
dy
growth. u2 dx dx int ernal / pipe flow
y
du 0
1 dy x = distance from the leading edge.
u u2
E 1 2 dy
0
u u y 2
u 0
c y [1] With the help of von-Karman equation
2
the boundary layer thickness can be
The velocity distribution in boundary layer is at y = 0; u = 0 , c = 0
Reduction in mass flow rate due to boundary calculated.
u y y2
layer growth is given by [linear velocity profile] u 0
y [2] Shear stress on the surface of the plate
u 2 can be calculated.
= mideal mreal Find : at y= ;u=u [3] The drag force on the plate can be calculated.
= (u u)dy (1) Displacement thickness
u 0 Note:
(2) Momentum thickness 2
Total mass reduction = (u u) dy
0 Sol. (1) Displacement thickness y y 2

u u 2 2 y2
1 dy 1
0 u u 2
2
y y2 u
* 1 dy y 1 dy
m = u ( * 1) 0
2 0
0 u
from equation (1) and (2) 2 y2
1 y dy u x
u x
2 2 0 2 Reynolds no =
= (u u )dy u *
(2) Momentum thickness ( ): v
0 y2 2 y3 2 3
2 3 y Where x = distance from leading edge
1 y y y y 6 2 6 2

* (u u ) dy 1 dy 2
0
For flow over flat plate in the Reynolds number
u 0
2 3 0 1
0
(Re) less than 5 105 then flow is taken as
3
u laminar.
1 dy 2 3 6 *
0 u > *> 3 And when Re > 5 105 flow is Turbulent.
 Avg. drag coefficient [CD] 4.64 x Note:
39 d
0 U2 Re x As the distance from the leading-edge
280 dx
increases, the shear stress decreases.
4.64x
(3)
U x

x1/2 (For any laminar boundary layer)

dU
x2
FD dy 2
CD x1
1 1
Au 2 dU
2 0
dy
With the help of CD, drag force can be calculated. y 0

dFD Bdx
dU 3U 0
L
dy y 0
2 FD Bdx
0

0 3U 0
C fx ii) L
1 2 0
2 0.323 U
u FD Re x dx
2 Equation (i) = equation (ii) x1 and x2 distance from leading edge. 0
x
39 d 3U Note:
U2 U L
For a velocity profile for a laminar boundary As the distance from the leading edge is Re L
280 dx 2
u 3y y3 increasing the boundary layer thickness is
layer 13 U d
3 also increasing. FD 0.646 ReL BU
u 2 140 dx
3 U (4) Average drag coefficient:
Find: 140 (2) 0
d dx 2
(1) Boundary layer thickness 13 U 3 U 0.323 U
(2) Shear stress on the surface of the plate 0 Re x
2
140 4.64 x x
(3) Drag force x c 2
2 13 U Re x FD
(4) Avg. drag coefficient in terms of CD
Reynold number At x 0, 0, c 0 0.323 U U x 1
AU 2
2
0
x 2
U 3y y3 140
Sol. x 0.646 Re L BU
U 2 2 3 2 13 U 1 CD
0 1
U U
x ( BL)U 2
280 2
1 dy x
U U 13 U x2
0 01
U L
x1 1.292 BU
3y y3 3y y3 From equation (iii) 02
1 dy CD
0
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 280 x ( BL)U 2
39 13 U 1.292 Re L
280 U L
2
By using Von-Karman equation 2 280 x 1.292 Re L
d 13 Re x CD
0 ReL
U 2 dx
280 x 1.292
d 39 CD
U2 13 Re x Re L
0
dx 280

10.5 How is the displacement thickness in

Note:
boundary layer analysis defined?
F1 F2 10.1 Boundary layer is a thin fluid region close to (A) The layer in which the loss of energy is
the surface of a body where minimum
If F1 is drag force on first half of the plate and
(A) Viscous forces are negligible (B) The thickness upto which the velocity
F2 is the drag. Force on second half of the
approaches 99%
plate as shear stress is more on the first half (B) Velocity is uniform (C) The distance measured perpendicular to
of the plate there fore F1 F2 . the boundary by which the free stream
(C) Inertial forces can be neglected
is displaced on account of formation of
(D) Viscous forces cannot be neglected boundary layer
As the velocity gradient is zero at the separation
When fluid flows through converging 10.2 In the boundary layer, the flow is (D) The layer which represents reduction in
point, the shear stress is zero at the separation
passage the velocity increases pressure momentum caused by the boundary
point. (A) Viscous and rotational
decreases i.e. the fluid flows under Negative layer
pressure gradient (favorable pressure (B) Inviscid and irrotational 10.6 Consider the following statements:
gradient). This flow is also known as
Blausius developed non linear 3rd order (C) Inviscid and rotational 1. Boundary-layer thickness in laminar
accelerating flow. The boundary layer
ordinary differential equation for obtaining flow is greater than that of turbulent
thickness decreases in this region due to (D) Viscous and irroational
boundary layer solutions. flow
increase in velocity.
Laminar Turbulent 10.3 The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness 2. Boundary-layer thickness in turbulent
When the fluid flows in diverging passage flow is greater than that of laminar flow
5x 0.371x is defined as the distance from the surface
velocity decreases and pressure increases i.e. 3. Velocity distributes uniformly in a
Re x
1
(Re x ) 5 where the
the fluid flows under positive pressure turbulent boundary layer
gradient if the angle of divergence is large the 0.664 0.058 (A) Velocity equals to the local external
CFx 4. Velocity has a gradual variation in a
retardation of fluid particles will be more and 1
(Re x ) 5 velocity
Re x laminar boundary-layer
at some point the fluid particles may not
1.328 (B) Velocity equals the approach velocity Which of the statements given above are
support the flow and the fluid may separate 0.074
CD CD 1 correct?
from its boundary and may reverse the flow Re L (Re x ) 5 (C) Momentum equals 99% of the
momentum of the free stream (A) 1, 3 and 4 only (B) 1, 2, 3 and 4
this is known as boundary layer separation
and this occurs at the boundary. (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 2, 3, and 4 only
(D) Velocity equal 99 % of the local 10.7 List I give the different items related to a
external velocity boundary layer while List II gives the
10.4 Which one of the following statements is mathematical expression. Match List I with
correct? While using boundary layer List II and select the correct answer
equations, Bernoulli's equation (symbols have their usual meaning).
10.8 The displacement thickness at a section, for
(A) Can be used anywhere
an air stream ( 1.2 kg/m 3 ) moving with a
(B) Can be used only outside the boundary velocity of 10m/s over flat plate is 0.5mm .
layer
What is the loss of mass flow rate of air due
(C) Can be used only inside the boundary to boundary layer formation in kg per meter
layer width of plate per second?

(D) Cannot be used either inside or outside (A) 6 10 3 (B) 6 10 5

the boundary layer (C) 3 10 3 (D) 2 10 3
10.9 Given that 10.14 The development of boundary layer zones mu 10.21 Consider a constant pressure boundary layer
is given by K where, is the over a flat plate of length L = 3m. The free
boundary layer thickness, labelled P,Q,R and S over a flat plate is
shown in the given figure. Based on this dynamic viscosity of the fluid, K takes the stream velocity is u 60 m/s and the
* displacement thickness
figure, match List I (Boundary layer zones) value of density and viscosity of the fluid respectively
e energy thickness
with list II (types of boundary layer) and (A) 0 (B) 1 are 1.23 kg/m 3 and 1.79 10 5 Ns/m 2 .
q momentum thickness
select the correct answer (C) 1.5 (D) None of these Transition occurs at a distance xcr 0.1m
The shape factor H of boundary layer is
10.17 The thickness of the laminar boundary layer from the leading edge. If the free stream
(A) H e
(B) H e
on a flat plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a velocity is changed to u 120 m/s, X cr
point B, 1 m downstream of A, is 3 cm. What becomes
*
(C) H (D) H is the distance of A from the leading edge of
(A) 0.2 m (B) 0.1 m
e the plate?
10.10 The laminar boundary layer thickness over a (C) 0.05 m (D) 0.005 m
(A) 0.50 m (B) 0.80 m
flat aligned with the flow varies as 10.22 In a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate,
1/2 Column I Column II (C) 1.00 m (D) 1.25 m what would be the ratio of wall shear stress
(A) x (B) x4/5
(A) P (1) Transitional 10.18 The critical value of Reynolds number for 1 and 2 at the two sections which lie at
(C) x1/2 (D) x 2 transition from laminar to turbulent boundary
(B) Q (2) Laminar distances x1 30 cm and x2 90 cm from
10.11 The turbulent boundary- layer thickness layer in external flows is taken as
Viscous sub the leading edge of the plate?
varies as
- layer (A) 2300 (B) 4000
(A) x4/5 (B) x1/5 1 1 1
(C) R (3) Laminar (C) 5 105 (D) 3 106 (A) 3.0 (B)
(C) x1/2 (D) x1/7 2 2 3
(D) S (4) Turbulent 10.19 Which one of the following is the correct
10.12 In the laminar boundary layer flow over a flat 1 1

(A) P 3, Q 1, R 2, S 4 relation between the boundary layer (C) 1

32 (D) 1
33
plate, the ratio varies as (B) P 3, Q 2, R 1, S 4 thickness ¸ displacement thickness * and 2 2
x 10.23 Air flow in a square duct of side 10 cm. At
(C) P 4, Q 2, R 1, S 3 the momentum thickness ?
(A) Re (B) Re (A) * (B) * the entrance, the velocity is uniform at 10 m/s
(D) P 4, Q 1, R 2, S 3
1 and the boundary layer thickness is
(C) (D) Re 1/2 10.15 Air (kinematic viscosity 15 10 6 m2 /s ) with (C) * (D) *
Re negligible. At the exit, the displacement
a free stream velocity of 10 m/s flows over a 10.20 For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and thickness is 5 mm (on each wall). The
10.13 A flat plate is kept in an infinite fluid
smooth two-dimensional flat plate. If the boundary layer thickness ( ) can be velocity outside the boundary layer at the exit
medium. The fluid has a uniform freestream
critical Reynolds number is 5 105 , what is expressed respectively, as is
velocity parallel to the plate. For the laminar
boundary layer formed on the plate, pick the the maximum distance from the leading edge U 3y 1 y
3
4.64 x (A) 12.35 m/s (B) 11.08 m/s
upto which laminar boundary layer exists? ; . If the free
correct option matching Columns I and II U 2 2 Re x (C) 10 m/s (D) 9 m/s
Column I (A) 30 cm (B) 75 cm 10.24 The boundary layer flow separates from the
stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has
(P) Boundary layer thickness (C) 150 cm (D) 300 cm surface if
kinematic viscosity of 1.5 10 5 m2 /s and
(Q) Shear stress at the plate 10.16 Velocity distribution in a boundary layer du dp
density of 1.23 kg/m 3 , then wall shear stress (A) 0 and 0
(R) Pressure gradient along the plate flow over a plate is given by u / u 1.5 dy dx
at x = 1m, is
Column II y
where, ; y is the distance measured du dp
1. Decreases in the flow direction (A) 2.3 102 N/m2 (B) 0 and 0
dy dx
2. Increases in the flow direction normal to the plate; is the boundary layer (B) 43.6 10 3 N/m2
du dp
3. Remains unchanged thickness; and u is the maximum velocity at (C) 0 and 0
(C) 4.36 10 3 N/m2 dy dx
(A) P 1, Q 2, R 3 (B) P 2, Q 2, R 2
y if the shear stress , acting on the plate (D) 2.18 10 N/m 3 2
(D) The boundary layer thickness is zero
(C) P 1, Q 1, R 1 (D) P 2, Q 1, R 3

10.25 At the point of separation 10.31 The laminar boundary layer over a large flat 10.33 The most acceptable boundary conditions 10.35 The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the
plate held parallel to the flow is 7.2 mm thick are section q-r is
(A) Velocity is negative
at a point 0.33 m downstream of the leading (A) At y 0, u 0 ; at y , u U ; at (A) Zero (B) 0.05
(B) Shear stress is zero (C) 0.10 (D) 0.15
edge. If the free stream speed is increased by du
(C) Pressure gradient is negative y 0, 0 10.36 The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate
50%, then the new boundary layer thickness dy
(D) Shear stress is maximum between p-s, is
at this location will be approximately
10.25 Flow separation is caused by (B) At y 0, u U ; at y ,u U ; at (A) 0.67 (B) 0.33
(A) 1.8 mm (B) 8.8 mm
(A) Reduction of pressure to local vapour (C) 5.9 mm (D) 4.8 mm du (C) 0.17 (D) Zero
y 0, 0
pressure 10.32 For the control volume shown in the figure dy Linked Answer Question 10.37 to 10.38
(B) A negative pressure gradient below, the velocities are measured both at the (C) At y 0, u 0 ; at y , u U ; at An automobile with projected area 2.6 m2 is
(C) A positive pressure gradient upstream and the downstream ends. The flow du running on a road with speed of 120 km per
of density is incompressible, two y , 0
(D) Thinning of boundary layer thickness to dy hour. The mass density and the kinematic
zero dimensional and steady. viscosity of air are 1.2 kg/m 3 and
(D) At y 0, u U ; at y ,u U ; at
10.27 For a laminar boundary layer with constant The pressure is P0 over the entire surface of
du 1.5 10 5 m2 /s , respectively. The drag
dp the control volume. The drag on the airfoil is y , 0 coefficient is 0.30.
free stream velocity (i.e. 0 ), the dy
dx given by 10.37 The drag force on the automobile is
u 10.34 Expression for P, Q and R are
variation of with distance from the wall (A) 620 N (B) 600 N
y (A) P 0, Q 0, R 0 (C) 580 N (D) 520 N
is given by (B) P U ,Q 0, R 0 10.38 The metric horse power required to overcome
10.28 Which one among the following boundary the drag force is
layer flows is LEAST susceptible to flow (C) P 0, Q ,R U (A) 33.23 (B) 31.23'
2
separation? (C) 23.23 (D) 20.23
(A) Turbulent boundary layer in a favorable (D) P U ,Q ,R 0 Linked Answer Question 10.39 to 10.40
2
pressure gradient Consider a steady incompressible flow
2
(B) Laminar boundary layer in a favorable u h Linked Answer Question 10.35 to 10.36
(A) (B) Zero through a channel as shown below.
pressure gradient 3 A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge
2
(C) Turbulent boundary layer in adverse u h is placed along a gas stream flowing at U =
(C) (D) 2 u 2 h
pressure gradient 6 10 m/s. The thickness of the boundary layer
(D) Laminar boundary layer in adverse Linked Answer Question 10.33 to 10.34 at section r - s is 10 mm, the breadth of the
pressure gradient The boundary layer formation over a flat plate is 1 m (into the paper) and the density
10.29 In a two-dimensional, steady, fully plate is shown in the figure below. The of the gas 1.0 kg/m 3 . Assume that the
developed, laminar boundary layer over a flat variation of horizontal velocity (u) with y and boundary layer is thin, two dimensional, and
plate, if x is the stream wise coordinate, y is x along the plate in the boundary layer is follows a linear velocity distribution, The velocity profile is uniform with a value
the wall normal coordinate and u is the approximated as: u Psin(Qy) R u U ( y / ) , at the section r-s, where y is of u0 at the inlet section A. The velocity
streamwise velocity component, which of the the height from plate. profile at section B downstream is
following is true? y
Vm , 0 y
10.30 The maximum thickness of boundary layer
in a pipe of radius 'R' is u Vm , y' H
(A) 0.1 R (B) 0.22 R H y
Vm , H y H
(C) 0.5 R (D) R
 Vm Mass flow rate per unit width of the plate,
10.39 The ratio is
u0 perpendicular to the plane of the figure across
1 the section BC is
(A) (B) 1 3 For laminar flow
1 2( / H ) (A) u
8 5x 5x
1 1
(C) (D) 3
1 ( / H) 1 ( / H) (B) u 0.1L Re x u x
8
p pB
10.40 The ratio A (where PA and PB are the 3
1 2 (C) u 0.1L
u0
1

2 x 2

2
pressure at section A and B, respectively, and 3 Hence, the correct option is (C).
(D) u 0.1L
is the density of the fluid) is 8
1 1 10.43 A thin flat plate of dimensions of
(A) 2
1 (B) 2
1 ( / H) 1 ( / H) 100cm 200cm is completely immersed in
1 1 an oil stream with velocity 6 m/s. The density 4.64 x
(C) 2 1 (D) and dynamic viscosity of oil may be taken as
1 (2 / H ) 1 ( / H) Re
890 kg/m 3 and 0.29kg/m.s Assume a drag
10.41 Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of 4.64
length L = 1m. The boundary layer thickness coefficient given by CD 1.328Re0.5
L , where
x Re
at the end of the plate is w for water, a for Re L is the Reynolds number based on the
air for the same free stream velocity. If the Re
1
2
plate length. The total frictional force, if the
kinematic viscosities of water and air are x
fluid steam is along the longer side of the
1 10 6 m2 /s and 1.6 10 5 m2 /s , Hence, the correct option is (D).
plate, is numerically closest to
respectively, the numerical value of the ratio,
(A) 4.435 N (B) 44.35 N
w
______. (C) 443.5 N (D) 4435 N
a
10.44 A flat plate is exposed to a steady, constant
10.42 A fluid of constant density flows steadily
density fluid flow with a free stream parallel
past a porous plate with a uniform free stream
to the axis of the plate (case 1). In another
velocity u as shown in the figure.
case, this plate is replaced by a plate which is Given data :
half the length of the previous plate (case 2),
all other conditions remaining unaltered. In 15 10 6 m2/s
both the cases, flow over the entire length of u = 10 m/s
the plate is laminar. What is the ratio of the Re = 5 105
drag coefficients for these two cases (Given: Given data :
the local boundary layer thickness scales * u x u x
= 0.5 mm Re
as Re x 1/2 , where Re x is the local = 1.2 kg/m3
x u = 10 m/s 10 x
Fluid is sucked through the porous section 5 105
Reynolds number at an axial coordinate x)? 15 10 6
with a velocity of 0.1u . Velocity *
cD .1 cD .1 m u
distribution at section CD is given by (A) 0.500 (B) 0.666 x = 0.75 x
3 cD .2 cD .2 1.2 10 0.5
u 3 y 1 y = 75 cm
. cD .1 cD .1 6 10 3 kg/s
u 2 2 (C) 0.707 (D) 1.000 Hence, the correct option is (B).
cD .2 cD.2 Hence, the correct option is (A).

Y
u 1.5 y 1
1.5
u x

1 x2 r
3 du
u 3y 1 y 4.64 x 2 x1 dy
y ;
u 2 2 6 Re x du
y = 0; = 0 1 90 1
When y = ; 0
3 2

dy
u = 2 m/s 2 30
y du
= 1.5 5
10 m /s 2
Hence, the correct option is (C). y 0; max
dy
du = 1.23 kg/m3
y , 0
dy
In laminar flow due to law velocities,
k( u ) Boundary layer thickness is negligible
0
separation is happing so turbulent is least
susceptible to flow separation.
3 u A2 81 cm 2
du | x 1m 0
Hence, the correct option is (A).
2
dy 0
3 1.23 1.5 10 5
2 A1 100 cm 2 * 5 mm y
1.5 u =
. u 1.5
At y = 0 i.e., on the wall 4.64 1
2 10 cm
= 0 2 1
U 1 10 m/s
u k( u ) 1.5 10 5
1.5 x
at exit u u
k = 1.5 0 = 4.35 10 3 N/m2
y x
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (B).

9 10
Fully developed
L=3m
3 cm u = 60 m/s ; = 1.23 kg/m3 ; R max R
2 cm
= 1.79 10 5 pq.s. A 81 cm 2

A B Transition occurs. xcr = 0.1 from leading edge Apply continuity Developing
flow
x1 1m x=? Hence, the correct option is (D).
A1V1 = A2V2
x u x
Re x 10 100 = 81 V2
x1 4.64 x
1
V2 = 12.35 m/s
x2 1.23 60 0.1 Re x
2 412290.50
1.79 10 5 Hence, the correct option is (A). = 7.2 mm
3 x1 x1 4
1.23 120 x X = 0.33
2 1 x1 1 x1 9 = u 2 1.5u 1
4 + 4x1 = 9x1 1.79 10 5
4.64x
5x1 = 4 x = 0.05 m
x1 = 0.8 m u x
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 q r
x x y y2
1 dy y
u x u 0
2 0
2 2
u
y = 0; u = 0, u
x1 = x2 10
y= ;u=u , = 5mm
x 2
u1 x1 u du
1 y= ; 0 p s m reduction *
1 u
2
1.5u dy
2 x x1 u 1
1
q r = 1 (5 1) 10
u 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
= 50 10 3 = 0.05
1
Hence, the correct option is (B).
1.5 m pq m rs
2
y = 0; u = 0
7.2mm
2 5.87 mm 0 = P(0) + R Drag force: It is the force exerted by the fluid
1.5 p s on the plate in a direction parallel to the
Hence, the correct option is (C). R=0 1m relative motion. When the angle of incidence
u = P sin Q(y) q of the plate is zero the drag is due to shear
u = PsinQ only.
10 m/s
U
10 10 3 m
0

y ;
du
0
0.05 kg/s
dy
q r
u u
y du p
h h P cos(Qy ) Q
dy
3
m pq ( 1) u 1 10 10 10
0 = PQ.cos(Q ) 0.1 kg/s
= 0.1 kg/sec
dx
PQ 0 b/c if p = 0, Q = 0 u = 0 irrespective 1
dF0 = 0(dx 1) of y which is not possible. p s
FD dx r
0
Then cos(Q ) = 0 Momentum entering pq mv
u y u dy
u h Q Ppq = 0.1 10 = 1N
2
u u
h
y y s Pqr = 0.05 10 = 0.5 N
1 dy 1 dr r 1
0
u u 0
h h Q u u
2
h
6 u P sin . m rs (dy 1)u U 10 m/s
2 10 10 3 m
Von-Karman equation 0

d d 2 P=u y
0
u m rs u dy
u 2 dx
0
dx Momentum through rs
Hence, the correct option is (D). 0
FD 0 dx 3
u 1 10 10 10 1
d 2 2
FD u2
.dx u2 u = 10 m/s r
dx = 0.05 kg/s
h u = u (y/ )
FD u 2 . (one side of aerofoil) dy
6 mqr m pq mrs
= 10 mm
u2 h = 0.1 0.05 0.05 kg/sec s
Total drag = FD w=1m
3 u y
Hence, the correct option is (A). = 1 kg/m3 u m pq (dy 1) u

Momentum = (dy 1) u2 Vm(H )

A
For steady flow Given data : L = 1 m, w =1 10 6 m2/s
2 u0 4 B
= u dy 10 5 m2/s
a = 1.6
0 mA mB
w
u2 y2 3 ?
Prs dy Hu0 Vm ( H ) a
2 A B H
0
Vm H 1 5x
For laminar flow ; v
Prs = 0.33 N u0 H VL
r 2 1 v
H
p q 0.5 1 vw 1 10 6
1 Hence, the correct option is (C). w
0.25
a va 1.6 10 5
0.33
Vm y
Fdrag = 1 (0.5 + 0.33) = 0.17 N 0 y Hence, the correct answer is 0.25.
u
Hence, the correct option is (C). Vm y H PA PB
?
1 2 U B C U
Vm ( H y) Pu0
H y H 2
2
A = 2.6 m Apply between A and
Mass flow rate at section A
5 B (outside the boundary layer)
V 120 33.33 m/s
18 mA A v A B A D
CD = 0.3 ( H 1) v0 U0 Vm 0.1U
PA PB
= 1.5 10 5 m2/s = Hu0 m AB mBC mCD m AD
= 1.2 kg/m3 mB m12 m23 m34 PA u02 PB Vm2
m AB AV ( 1)u u
FD w 2g w 2g
CD
1 2 2 2 m AD L 0.1u 0.1 Lu
u A dy PA PB V m u 0
2 vm y 3y y3
g 2g
H mCD u dy
1 2 y 2 2 3
FD CD u A PA PB u V 2 2 0
2 0 m

2 v02 1 3 y2 1 y3
1 u
0.3 1.2 33.332 2.6 m12 (dy 1) u 2 2 0 2 3 4 0
2 0
PA PB Vm2
1 5
FD = 519.89 N Vm y 1 2 u02 u
m12 dy u0 8
Hence, the correct option is (D). 0
2
Vm Vm 1 mBC m AB mCD m AD
m12 m34 5
2 u0 = u u 0.1 Lu
P=F V 1
H 8
m 23 Vm ( H 2 ) 5
519.89 33.33 J/S
1 u 0.1L
Total mass flow at exit (or section B) 8
P = 17328.13 W 2
Vm Vm 1 3
17328.13 Vm ( H 2 ) H u 0.1L
OR 23.23 HP 2 2 8
746
mB Vm Vm H 2 Vm Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (C).
 l=2m
= 890 kg/m 3
w= 1 m
= 0.29 kg/m-s
u = 6 m/s
1
CD 1.328 Re 2

FD
CD
1
A.u 2
2
1
FD CD Au 2
2
1
= 0.0068 890 (2 1) 6 2
2
= 221.71 N
Total drag force = 2 221.71
= 443.43 N
Hence, the correct option is (C).

1
cD
L
cD1 L
2 1
0.707
cD2 L 2
Hence, the correct option is (C).

mv2 c
CF v
r r
Volume = dA. dr v22 v12
P2 P1 gz2 gz1
m 2 2
volume v22 v2
P2 gz2 P1 1 gz1
m = .volume 2 2
= .dAdr Divide with g
1
v dAdrv 2 P P1 v12 P2 v22
The motion of fluid along a curve path is known r PdA P dr dA z1 z2
r r g 2 g 2
vortex motion. This equation is applicable for free vortex
Vortex motion is of two types equation. v2 P
P dr P dr
(1) Forced vortex Example: r r
(2) Free vortex (1) Motion of fluid in the diffuser of the P v 2

(1) Forced vortex motion: centrifugal pump. v2

r r
(2) Flow of fluid in pipe bend. dP dr gdz
Motion of a fluid in a curved path under the This equation gives the variation of pressure in r
influence of external agency (Torque) is known (3) Whirl pool
radial direction. For forted vortex v = r
as forced vortex motion. As there is a continuous (4) Flow of liquid wash basin.
We know that from hydrostatic law P2 r2
r2 2 z2
expenditure of energy in forced vortex motion. dP dr gdz
therefore, s equation is not applicable. Free vortex is an irrotational flow. P1 r1
r3 z1

For forced vortex motion the equation 2 2

v=r then v r P2 P1 .r22 .r12 gz2 gz1

2 2
is applicable for forced vortex motion. P
w g r22 r12
Example: z P2 P1 2
g ( z2 z1 ) _____(1)
(1) Liquid in a container when rotated P = f (r, z) 2 2
(2) Motion of fluid in the impeller of a
P P v22 v12
centrifugal pump. dP dr dz P2 P1 gz2 gz1
r z 2 2
2 2 2
v v v
Forced vortex motion is a rotation flow. dP dr gdz P2 2
gz2 P1 1
gz1
r 2 2
(2) Free vortex motion: This equation is valid for both free and forced P2 v22 P1 v12
In free vortex motion the fluid moves in curved vortex. z2 z1
path due to internal fluid action but not due to g 2g g 2g
external torque. As there is no expenditure of
For free vortex motion vortex.
applicable for free vortex motion. c
vr = c; v
d r
mvr 0
dt p2 r2
c2
z2
From equation 1.
mvr = c dp dr gdz
p1 r1
r3 z1 2 r22 r12
c P2 P1 g ( z2 z1 )
vr c 2 2 2 2
m c c
P2 P1 gz2 gz1
vr = c 2r22 2r12 Used when P1 P2
 Let us select two point 1 & 2 on the surface P1 = 11.2 Which one of the following is an irrotational
P2 flow?
2 r
2
2
r 1
2
11.1 A cylindrical container is filled with a liquid (A) Free vortex flow
0 g ( z2 z1 )
2 2 up to half of its height. The container is
(B) Forced vortex flow
mounted on the centre of a turn-table and is
held fixed using a spindle. The turn-table is (C) Couette flow
now rotated about its central axis with a (D) Wake flow
certain angular velocity. After some time 11.3 A right circular cylinder is filled with a liquid
interval, the fluid attains rigid body rotation. upto its top level. It is rotated about its
Which of the following profiles best vertical axis at such a speed that half the
represents the constant pressure surfaces in liquid spills out, then the pressure at the point
1 the container? of intersection of the axis and bottom surface
Volume = R 2H
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) 2 is
2 2
2 r 2 r
1 (A) Same as before rotation
g ( z2 z1 )
2 2 (B) Half of the value before rotation
2
(A) (C) quarter of the value before rotation
r22 r12 ( z2 z1 )
2g (D) Equal to the atmospheric pressure
From above equation we can say that the variation 11.4 Which combination of the following
between r & z is parabolic. statements about steady incompressible
forced vortex flow is correct?
Show that in a forced vortex motion the rise P. Shear stress is zero at all points in the
of liquid at ends is equal fall of the liquid at flow.
the centre when no water spills over. (i.e., x (B) Q. Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow.
= y)
R. Velocity is directly proportional to the
Sol. radius from the centre of the vortex
Fig. (c)
S. Toal energy per unit mass is constant in the
If point 1 is taken on the surface r1 = 0
entire flow field
2
r22 0 ( z2 z1 ) z (A) P and Q (B) R and S
2g
(C) (C) P and R (D) P and S
2 2
r 2
z 11.5 Forced vortex flow is similar to solid body
2g rotation. For this case
(A) The shear strain rate is zero but the local
1 2
R2 ( H y) R2 (H y x) R ( x y) angular velocity is non-zero
2
(B) The shear strain rate is non-zero but the
1 2 1
R2 x Rx R2 y local angular velocity is zero
2 2
(D) (C) Both the shear strain rate and the local
1 1
R2 x R2 y angular velocity are zero
2 2 2 2
R (D) Both the shear strain rate and the local
H x=y
2g angular velocity are non-zero

11.6 Choose the correct combination of true 11.10 A leaf is caught is a whirlpool. At a given 11.13 Both free vortex and forced vortex can be
statements from the following: instant, the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from
P. In a free vortex, the total pressure varies expressed mathematically in terms of
the centre of the whirlpool. The whirlpool tangential velocity V at the corresponding
from streamline to streamline can be described by the following velocity radius r. Choose the correct combination
Q. In a forced vortex, the total pressure
60 103
varies from streamline to streamline distribution; Vr m/s and Free Vortex Forced Vortex
2 r
R. In a free vortex, the static pressure (A) V = r const Vr = const
increases with radial distance from the
300 103 (B) V 2 r const V = r const
centre at the same elevation V m/s ,
2 r
S. In a forced vortex, the static pressure (C) Vr = const V2 r const
decrease with radial distance from the Where r (in metres) is the distance from the
(D) Vr = const V r const
centre at the same elevation centre of the whirlpool. What will be the
(A) P,Q,R (B) R, S distance of the leaf from the centre when it 11.14 A U-tube of a very small bore, with its limbs
(C) P,Q,R,S (D) Q,R has moved through half a revolution? in a vertical plane and filled with a liquid of
11.7 A cylindrical vessel open at the top is filled density , up to a height of h, is rotated about
(A) 48 m (B) 64 m
with water and rotated at a constant angular a vertical axis, with an angular velocity of
velocity about its vertical axis such that the (C) 120 m (D) 142 m , as shown in the figure.
bottom of the vessel is just exposed at the As fluid is flow, shear stress will be
11.11 The U tube arrangement shown rotates about The radius of each limb from the axis of
axis. The volume of water spilled as a rotation is R. Let Pa be the atmospheric present
axis BB at 60 / r.p.m. Initially (before
fraction of the volume of the cylinder is pressure and g, the gravitational acceleration. Vorticity = 2 rotation
rotation) the level in the arms of the U tube is
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/5 The angular velocity at which the pressure at V = rw; v r
60 cm. The steady state difference in the
(C) 1/2 (D) 2/3 the point O becomes half of the atmospheric Hence, the correct option is (B).
levels of the two limbs is
11.8 An open circular tank of 1m height and 0.3 m pressure is given by
diameter contains 0.8 m of water. If the tank
is rotated about the vertical axis such that
there is no spillage of water, the maximum
angular velocity of the tank is, nearly
(A) 18.65 rad/s
(B) 18.65 rad/minute
(C) 1.865 rad/s
(D) 1.865 rad/minute
11.9 A closed cylinder having a radius R and
height H is filled with oil of density . If the (A) 12.5 cm (B) 25 cm
cylinder is rotated about its axis at an angular (C) 20 cm (D) 10 cm
velocity of , then thrust at the bottom of the
cylinder is 11.12 The constant angular velocity at which a
liquid rotates in a cylinder about a vertical
(A) R 2 gH Pa 2 gph 2( Pa gh) r 2 w2
axis such that the pressure at a point on the (A) (B) z
R2 2 R2 R2 2g
(B) R2 axis is the same as at a point 2m higher at a
4 radius 2m is (0.15)2 w2
Pa 2 gh Pa gh 0.4
(C) R2 ( 2 R2 gH ) (C) (D) 2 9.81
(A) 2 rad/s (B) 1 rad/s 2 R2 2 R2
2 2
R W = 18.6761 rad/s
(D) R2 gH Hence, the correct option is (A).
4 (C) rad/s (D) 2 rad/s
 w2 r22 r12
P2 P1 g ( z2 z1 )
Ftotal = Force due to weight of fluid (F1) + Whirl pool is an example of free vortex 2 N 2 60 2
Force due to rotation (F2) w 2rad / s
motion and it is irrotational flow. 60 60 Pa w2 R 2
F1 = gV { V volume Pa gh
w2 2 2 2 2
dr r2 r1 z2 z1
= g R2H Vr 2g Pa wR2 2
dt gh
F1 = gH. R2 4 2 2
d 0.752 0.252 z2 z1
When fluid is rotating, pressure varies with V r 2 9.81 Pa 2 gh w2 R 2
dt z2 z1 = 0.1019 m
respect to radius
Pa 2 gh
10 cm w2
dP V2 R2
Hence, the correct option is (D).
dr r
Pa 2 gh
w
R2
r 2 w2
z Hence, the correct option is (A).
2g
22 w2
2
2 9.81
w 9.81 3.14 rad/s
Hence, the correct option is (C).

60 103
Vr
In force vortex v = rw 2 r
We know that
dP
rw2 300 103 V2
dr V P2 P1 dr gdz
2 r r
2 2
wr Pa
P Vr dr 1 P1
2 2
R V rd 5
w2 r 2 P2 = Pa
F2 2 rdr
o
2 1 dr r1 = 0
d r2 = R
w2 R4 5 r
F2 V = Rw
4 1
r2
dr
d
2 w2 R 2 50 r
Ft R gH 120
4
r2
Hence, the correct option is (D). e 5

120
Note:
r2 120 e 5

If the force on the top surface is to be

calculated then it is only due to rotation, there = 64 m
is no weight force on the top surface of the
container. Hence, the correct option is (B).