AceZ©b (2) ‡MŠY Aeg / AÜKvi (Secondary minima) :

(a) c`©vi P we›`y‡Z n-Zg ‡MŠY Aeg we›`y cvIqv

GK wP‡oi AceZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î (d«bndvi †kªYx) t †M‡j, AcewZ©Z Zi½Ø‡qi gv‡S c‡_i cv_©K¨ n‡e
 n-Zg Aeg ev AÜKv‡ii Rb¨ c_ cv_©K¨, d = asin θ = nλ [ AceZ©b µg n = 1, 2, 3 .....
d = asinθ = nλ [ n = ±1, ±2, ....] n = 1 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 1g Aeg cvIqv
hv‡e|
 n-Zg Pig ev D¾¡‡ji Rb¨ c_ cv_©K¨ :
n = 2 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 2q Aeg cvIqv
λ
=
d asin=
θ (2n + 1) [n= hv‡e|
2
n = 3 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 3q Aeg cvIqv
GK wP‡oi AceZ©b (d«bndvi †kÖYxi AceZ©b) t
hv‡e|
wP‡oi cÖ¯’ (AB) = a. (b) ‡K›`ªxq / gyL¨ Pig n‡Z n-Zg Ae‡gi ‡KŠwYK
P `~iZ¡ / AceZ©b †KvY (Angular position )
A nλ
sin θn ≈ θn =
a
θ
a O
θn = g~L¨ Pig we›`yi cÖwZcvk©¦ n-Zg Ae‡gi †KŠwYK
B d †ea|
Screen
Slit
D (c) †K›`ªxq gyL¨ Pig n‡Z n-Zg Ae‡gi `~iZ¡
nλ D nλ f
(ˆiwLK) x n= D.θ= =
(1) ‡K›`ªxq Pig/gyL¨ Pig cwÆi †ea : ‡K›`ªxq Pi‡gi a a
Dfq cv‡k 1g Aeg _v‡K| GLv‡b D = wPo n‡Z c`©vi `~iZ¡
f ≈ D = DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡

1g Aeg (3) ‡MŠY Pig we›`y / Pig we›`y :

x1
θ ‡K›`ªxq Pig/ (a) c`©vi P we›`y‡Z n-Zg ‡MŠY Pig we›`y ‡c‡Z n‡j,
θ x1 gyL¨ Pig
λ
n=0 c‡_i cv_©K¨ = θ (2n + 1) ;
d asin=
1g Aeg 2
1g Pig
D≈f [AceZ©b µg n = 1, 2, 3.......]

n = 1 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 1g Pig cvIqv

θ = g~L¨ Pig we›`yi cÖwZcvk©¦ †KŠwYK †ea / †KŠwYK
hv‡e|
AceZ©b †KvY |
n = 2 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 2q Pig cvIqv
2θ = gyL¨ Pig we›`yi Dfq cv‡k^© cÖ_g Aeg we›`y؇qi
hv‡e|
g‡a¨ †KŠwYK `~iZ¡‡K gyL¨ Pig we›`yi †KŠwYK †ea /
n = 3 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi Dfq cv‡k 3q Pig cvIqv
‡KŠwYK `~iZ¡ e‡j|
hv‡e|
 †K›`ªxq Pig we›`yi (cwÆi) ‡KŠwYK we¯Ívi / ‡ea /
(b) †K›`ªxq Pig/ gyL¨ Pig ev D¾¡j n‡Z n-Zg †MŠY
`~iZ¡ (Angular width) 2θ = 2λ
a Pig we›`yi ‡KŠwYK `~iZ¡ / †KŠwYK AceZ©b †KvY
 †K›`ªxq Pi‡gi cÖ¯’ / †K›`ªxq D¾¡j cwÆi †ea / g~L¨ (2n + 1)λ
sin θn ≈ θn ≈
Pig cwÆi †ea (Linear width) 2a
2λf
= 2x1= 2D θ= 2f θ= (c) †K›`ªxq Pig ev D¾¡j n‡Z n-Zg †MŠY Pig we›`yi
a
`~iZ¡ x n= D.θ= (2n + 1)λD= (2n + 1)λf
2a 2a
 ‡MŠY Aeg we›`y‡K Aeg we›`y (Secondary minima) (6) AceZ©b †MÖwUs eYv©jxi me©vwaK msL¨v t ‡K›`ªxq Pigmn
ejv nq| Ab¨vb¨ Pig we›`y¸wj‡K mvavibfv‡e AceZ©b eYv©jx e‡j|
(a+b)sinθ = nλ,
P
A θ [sinθ =1 n‡j n = maximum n‡e|
θ
a O ∴ n = (a+b)/λ = 1/Nλ
θ
Plane B
d Lens (7) g‡b ivLv `iKvi t e¨eüZ Av‡jvi Zi½‰`‡N©¨i Zzjbvq
wave Screen
front Slit †MÖwUs‡qi cici `ywU †iLvi e¨eavb Lye †ekx n‡j J †MÖwUs
Av‡jvi AceZ©b Svji ˆZix Ki‡e bv| Av‡jv AceZ©b bv
n‡q †mvRv wb®ŒvšÍ n‡e|
AceZ©b †MÖwUs
e¨eüZ Av‡jvi Zi½‰`‡N©¨i Zzjbvq †MÖwUs‡qi cici `ywU
‡MÖwUs 2 cÖKvi| (1) wb:miY †MÖwUs (2) cÖwZdjb †MÖwUs †iLvi e¨eavb Lye Kg n‡j †MÖwUs H Av‡jvi mv‡c‡ÿ
One of the most useful tools in the study of A¯^”Q n‡e Ges †Kvb Av‡jv wb®ŒvšÍ n‡ebv|
light and of objects that emit and absorbs light
‡K›`ªxq Pigmn Ab¨vb¨ Pig we›`y¸wj‡K mvavibfv‡e
is the diffraction grating.
AceZ©b eYv©jx e‡j|
(1) This device consists parallel slits of equal
width and equal spacing as many as several
thousand per mm.

(2) For light ray emerging from each slit at an

angle θ, there is a path difference dsinθ,
between each ray the one directly above.

‡MÖwUs Dcv`vb ev †MÖwUs aªæeK d = a + b

GLv‡b a = wP‡oi cÖ¯’ , b = †iLvi cÖ¯’
‡MÖwUs G cÖwZ GKK ˆ`‡N©¨ †iLvi msL¨v N = 1/(a + b)

a
d
b
θ

(3) n-Zg Pig / D¾¡j cwÆi Rb¨ (bright fringe) t

(a+b)sinθ = nλ, [AceZ©‡bi µg n = 0, 1, 2, .....]
n=0 n‡j †K›`ªxq Pig we›`y ev k~Y¨ µg gyL¨ Pig we›`y
cvIqv hvq| GwUB me©vwaK D¾¡j cwÆ|
(4) n-Zg Aeg / AÜKvi cwÆi Rb¨ (bright fringe) t
(a+b)sinθ = (2n+1)λ/2, [AceZ©‡bi µg n = 1, 2,
.....]

(5) AceZ©b eYv©jx (diffractioon spectra) t ‡K›`ªxq

Pigmn Ab¨vb¨ Pig we›`y¸wj‡K mvavibfv‡e AceZ©b eYv©jx
e‡j|
(6) Intensity distribution : If the intensity of (iv) When the slit width is reduced by a factor
the central maxima is I0 then the intensity of of 2, the amplitude of the wave at the centre of
the first and second secondary maxima are the screen is reduced by a factor of 2, so the
found to be I0
and I0
. Thus diffraction intensity at the centre is reduced by a factor of
22 61
4.
fringes are of unequal width and unequal I

I0
intensities.
Central
Secondary maxima I0 maximum
1st 2nd I0
2nd maxi 1st maxi minimum minimum 4
I0/22 I0/61 0 – 300 – 150 0 150 300 θ mrad
O
2λ λ λ 3λ 2λ 3λ
− −
b b b b b b
Central Diffraction of Light
maxima
The phenomenon of diffraction was first
discovered by Girmaldi. It’s experimental
(i) The mathematical expression for in study was done by Newton's and young. The
intensity distribution on the screen is given by theoretical explanation was first given by
 sin α 
2 Fresnel’s.
I = Io   where α is just a convenient
 α  (1) The phenomenon of bending of light
connection between the angle θ that locates a around the corners of an obstacle/aperture of
point on the viewing screening and light the size of the wave length of light is called
intensity I. diffraction.
φ = Phase difference between the top and  Each and every part of the expose part of
bottom ray from the slit width b. the plane wave front (i.e. every part of the slit)
1 πb acts as a source of secondary wavelets
Also α= φ= sin θ
2 λ spreading in all directions. The diffraction is
(ii) As the slit width increases (relative to obtained on a screen placed at a large distance.
wavelength) the width of the control (In practice, this condition is achieved by
diffraction maxima decreases; that is, the light placing the screen at the focal plane of a
undergoes less flaring by the slit. The converging lens placed just after the slit).
secondary maxima also decreases in width
(and becomes weaker).
Dark
(iii) If b >> λ , the secondary maxima due to the
Dark
slit disappear; we then no longer have single I
slit diffraction. a O
Non-uniform
Dark intensity
λ
distribution
a>λ D Dark

(B) Size of the slit is comparable to wavelength

(2) The phenomenon resulting from the

superposition of secondary wavelets
originating from different parts of the same
wave front is define as diffraction of light.

(3) Diffraction is the characteristic of all types

of waves. a O

λ Uniform
(4) Greater the wave length of wave higher will a>>λ D
intensity
distribution
be it’s degree of diffraction.
(A) Size of the slit is very large compared to wavelength

 The diffraction pattern consists of a central

bright fringe (central maxima) surrounded by
dark and bright lines (called secondary minima
and maxima).

 O we›`y‡Z †K›`ªxq D¾¡j (central maxima) cvIqv

hvq KviY A I B n‡Z AvMZ Zi½Øq O †Z GKB `kvq
wgwjZ nq Ges GLv‡b Av‡jvi ZxeªZv me‡P‡q †ekx|

Types of Diffraction

(1) Fresnel diffraction : If either source or

screen or both are at finite distance from the
diffracting device (obstacle or aperture), the
diffraction is called Fresnel type.

(2) Common examples : Diffraction at a

straight edge, narrow wire or small opaque disc
etc.

Source
Screen
Slit

Fig. 30.20

(2) Fraunhofer diffraction : In this case both

source and screen are effectively at infinite
distance from the diffracting device.

Common examples : Diffraction at single slit,

double slit and diffraction grating.

Source
Screen
at ∞
Slit
Fig. 30.21
 a size comparable to the wavelength of the of
electromagnetic wave they emit or receive.

 A substance (like calcite quartz) which

exhibits different properties in different
direction is called an anisotopic substance.

 For two interfering waves if initial phase

difference between them is φ0 and phase
difference due to path difference between
them is φ'. Then total phase difference will be
2π
φ = φ0 + φ ' = φ0 + ∆ .
λ

 Sometimes maximm number of maximas or

minimas are asked in the question which can
be obtained on the screen. For this we use the
fact that value of sin θ (or cos θ) can't be
greater than 1. For example in the first case
when the slits are vertical
nλ
sin θ = (for maximum intensity)
d

nλ
 sin θ =1 ∴ =1 or n=d
d λ

Suppose in some question d/λ comes out say

4.6, then total number of maximuas on the
screen will be 9. Corresponding to
n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 and ± 4.

 Shape of wave front

If rays are parallel, wave front is plane. If rays are

converging wave front is spherical of
decreasing radius. If rays are diverging wave
front is spherical of increasing radius.

Wave front

 Most efficient antennas are those which have