110

IEEE

TRANSACTIONS

ON MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES,

VOL.

MTT-16,

NO.

2, FEBRUARY

1968

A Class

of Broadband TEM-Mode
SEYMOUR

Three-Port Hybrids
FELLOW, IEEE

B. COHN,

A&s frac tThe

three-port

hyhrid considered in this paper is useful

40

both as a power divider and power combiner. In the divider application, power entering the input port is split equally and with zero phase difference between the output ports. All ports are well matched and the output ports are highly isolated. The generalized form of the hyhrid circuit is a T junction followed by a multiplicity of cascaded pairs of TEM line lengths and interconnecting viding ontput-port resistors. Due to symmetry, the resistors are ~ 30 -0 z o r < d Y?

N
ld

decoupled from the inpnt port, but they serve an essential fnnction in promatch and isolation. Each pair of lines and its associ= 1.44:1 for VSWR sections 27 dB; ated resistor are referred to as a section. The one-section hybrid has been known and widely used, Its usable bandwidth is J,/j, <1.22 and isolation >20 dB. This paper shows that additional two sections, fJfl

20

z, =J7

\ @zo=l
R=2

can provide a large increase in bandwidth. Some of the examples treated are as follows:

Zo=lo * 10 LJ .4

= 2, VSWR <1.11, isolation>

@zo=l

four sections, f,/f, = 4, VSWR <1.10,

isolation >26 dB; and seven sec19 dB. Exact design formulas design formulas for

tions, fq/f, = 10, VSWR <1.21, isolation> three or more sections.

are given for two-section hybrids, and approximate

I. INTRODUCTION
HE T THREE-PORT to hybrid considered four-port in this paper $ 2

1.4

is equivalent

a conventional

T hybrid

whose series port is terminated internally by a reflectionless load. Power entering the shunt port emerges with equal amplitude and phase at the other two ports. Each of the three ports the output to function power divider, has nearly reciprocity unity VSWR, while isolation of as a ports is high. In addition as a Iossless power to its application

1.2

allows this type of hybrid junction combiner of two equal inhybrids. treating

I .0 (

phase signals. Several papers have been published on three-port The earliest known to this author is by Wilkinson,

Fig. 1.

Basic three-port

hybrid and its VSWR and isolation

response.

n output-port (n22) power division. [11With n= 2 his circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. 1. The theoretical VSWRS and isolation are plotted in this figure. For bandwidths up to about 1.4:1 the performance is quite good, but at the edges of a 2:1 band the isolation is only 14.7 dB and the inputport VSWR is 1.42. (In all cases of VSWR and isolation data, the ports not connected are assumed terminated by 2, loads,) Shortly after Wilkinsons paper appeared, Dent published the same three-port circuit and included confirming experimental data, [21 Parad and Moynihan published a more complex version of Fig. 1, allowing unequal as well as equal power division. [sl

Their best design example covers a 1.57:1 band with maximum VSWR equal to 1.20 and minimum isolation about 20 dB. David has shown a modification of Fig. 1 in which open-circuited coaxial lines are inserted output ports. [41 This yields enhanced in series with the bandwidth with

VSWRS less than 1.4 and isolation greater than 19 dB in a 2:1 band. These previously published designs utilize a three-port circuit of varying complexity plus a resistor. (Wilkinson generalizes this to an n-way junction with a resistor between each adjacent pair of output ports.) The broadband threeport hybrids presented in this paper differ in that they contain a multiplicity of cascaded pairs of line lengths and interconnecting resistors. Compared to the earlier designs,

Manuscript reeeived July 31, 1967; revised September 7, 1967. The author was with the Rantec Division, Emerson Electric Co., Calabasas, Calif. He is now a consultant for Rantcc and other, at 5021 Palomar Drive, Tarzana, Calif.,_91356

an enormous

improvement

in VSWR

and isolation

is ob-

tained over a given bandwidth, even when only two pairs of lines and two resistors are used. As the number of line

COHN:

BROADBAND

THREE-PORT

TEM-MODE

HYBRIDS

111

sections and resistors is increased, improves without limit.

the bandwidth

capability

IL GENERALIZED CIRCUIT AND ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE Fig. 2(a) shows the general circuit of the class of threeport hybrids treated in this paper. This is an N-section circuit, containing N pairs of equal-length transmission lines and N bridging in which additional power the quantity resistors distributed is reduced from port 1 to ports 2 and 3. Fig. 2(b) shows a specialization of resistors of this circuit by letting technique one may n-way unequal (b) ohms. As

(a)

or more be zero ohms and one or more be infinite generalizations, the multisection be used to increase divider[1 the bandwidth of Wilkinsons

fLyyJ-k--3~

--/q

and also Parad

and Moynihans

power-split power divider. [3] The symmetrical power-divider circuit in Fig. 2(a) is most easily analyzed by the method of even- and odd-mode excitations of ports 2 and 3 with a 20 load connected to port 1. This method has been discussed by Reed and Wheeler[51 for the case of four-port Their With voltage results may be applied even-mode difference junction excitation, is then with the three-port case of Fig. 2(a). waves of equal amplitude of corsymmetrical structures. to only slight adaptation

Fig. 2. General circuit of the multiple-section three-port hybrid and an example of a special case. (a) General circuit. (b) Special case w and RN.I=RN=O. of R1=RZ=

!-+--4-+4
(a)

I--A--+-J

and zero phase difference responding

are incident

on ports 2 and 3. The all pairs

zero between

points along the upper and lower trans-

mission paths in Fig. 2(a), and no power is dissipated in the resistors. The power output at port 1 is the total power incident at ports 2 and 3 minus the total reflected power. Because there is no transverse Fig. 2(a) can be bisected wall. nonconducting current flow, the circuit in
Yo=

!--A-=-4A
(b)

l-4-4-+--

symmetrically circuit

by a longitudinal is shown in Fig. by 2 ZO as a

The resulting

3(a). Note that the left-hand result of the bisection.

load is replaced

! : ! ----~:p= --LLLA

(c)

With odd-mode excitation at ports 2 and 3, waves of equal amplitude and 180 phase difference travel along the two transmission paths. The resistors then have substantial voltages impressed across them. Due to symmetry, the midpoints of the resistors and the junction of the lines at port 1 are at ground potential. Therefore the bisected circuit is as shown in Fig. 3(b). Fig. 3(c) and (d) is equivalent to Fig. 3(a) and (b) except waves arrive is more representation that it has been reversed so that the incident from the left. Because an admittance convenient, YI =
1/21,

.JL+LZI

4!2
(d) Fig. 3. Bisection circuits for even and odd modes. (a) Bisection for even mode. (b) Bisection for odd mode. (c) Admittance circuit, even mode. (d) Admittance circuit, odd mode.

the following
YZ

substitutions
= l/zz, . . .,

have been made

G1 = l/Rl,
l, = 1/ZO =

Gz = I/R,, 1, G~ = 1/220

. . ., = 0.5.

GN

l/RN

(1)

complete

power

divider

of Fig. 2(a), and tlz, tls, and

123

be

Each Y~ value is assumed unaffected by a change from even to odd excitation. This requires coupling between adjacent conductors to be small. violated, then Yk (odd)> If the weak coupling condition is Y~ (even), resulting in some degra-

the voltage transmission coefficients Then adapting Reed and Wheelers rical three-port case
IPII = [Pel

between these ports. results to the symmet-

(2)

dation of performance and greater design difficulty. Let P. and p be the voltage reflection coefficients of the circuits in Fig. 3(c) and (d). Also, let m, P2, and P3 be the voltage reflection coefficients at ports 1, 2, and 3 of the

p2

p3

+(P. p.).

P.)

(4) (5)

t23

*(P.

112

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ON MmOWAVE

TEIEORY AND TECEfMQI.JES, FEBRUARY 1968

Thus the reflection coefficients P. and POof the bisected circuits in Fig. 3(c) and (d) are sufficient data for the computation of all reflection and transmission coefficients of the general three-port III. symmetrical circuit of Fig. 2(a). 1%1 I:e[ 1%.1 o+3 1 +4

SYNTHESISFOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE circuit is composed of a finite number the input im-

The power-divider of resistors

and equal line lengths.

Therefore,

pedances and various reflection and transmission coefficients can be expressed as quotients of polynomials in s of finite degree, whereIGl s= jcot~. (6)
Synthesis thus real for optimum to performance in a given involving of the bandwidth positivecomplex is

+1
Fig. 4.
two-section

90
case.

4*

General equal-ripple shape of 1 1 and Ip.I functions, pO

reduced rational

an algebraic

problem

are imaginary,

the following

relations

hold

at 43

input-impedance

functions

variable

s. By optimum

performance

is meant

equal-ripple

2Gj(l (Y, Equations +

2G1)

YIZ

YI Y#

= O

(9) (lo)

(Chebyshev) behavior of p,, p,, P3, and tl, in a specified bandwidth, the number of ripples being the maximum possible for the number of circuit sections N. The synthesis problem is simplified by seeing that the even-mode circuit of Fig. 3(c) is a stepped transformer between terminal conductance 1 and 0.5. Thus I pl I = I p,l will have optimum equal-ripple behavior if the characteristic admittances Yl, Yz, . . . , Y~ are designed to yield optimum stepped-transformer response. Formulas and tables for determining Y1 to Y~ are available and need not be reproadmittances deteris to compute duced here. ITI,[s] With mined, the remainder the characteristic

Y,) (1 2G,) 2G, Y, = O.

(l), (6), (9) and (10) yield 2ZIZ2 2 = <(z, + 22)

z, cd

43)

(11)

2R4(ZI RI = R2(Z,

+ z,) (12)

+ Z2) 2Z,

of the synthesis problem

A formula relating I& to 01 is obtained from I p,l a TZ(X) = 2x2 1, where x= (90 4)/(90 @l). The function Z2(X) polynomial of second degree. The result

. the conductance Gl, G2, . . ., GN such that p2, p~, and t23 is the Chebyshev are optimum, It is much easier, however, to compute G1 to 1s
GN such that pOis optimized. A number of computed cases
@, =

show that when p. and pOare optimum, close to optimum.

are very pz and t23

90 *

(90 f$J

An almost exact synthesis is quite simple for N= 2, but is increasingly difficult for N> 3. The N= 2 case is treated in Section IV. For N> 3 a set of approximate has been deduced heuristically design formulas A formula and is given in Section V.

oo[-xal
for & based on x= cos @/cos @l instead

13)
of

IV. DESIGN FORMULAS, N= 2 Fig. 4 shows the general shape of I pol vs. @ This function is symmetrical about ~= 90, and has a ripple maximum at 90 and zero points at +3 and +1= 180 @3.The equalripple band edges are @l and &= 180 +l. The I p. I function is similar in shape to I p. 1, also having one maximum and two zeros. When N= 2, the input admittance and reflection coefficient in Fig. 3(d) are determined as follows by means of elementary transmission-line theory YI + (2G2 + Y2s)s 2GZ + (Y1 + Ya)s 2G2(1 2G1) Y12 Y12 +

x= (90 4)/(90 o]) might be thought more accurate; however, detailed computation shows (13) to give better results. The maximum VSWRS at the three ports and minimum isolation may be computed from (2), (4) and (5), letting 4= 90. However, the approximate formulas (22), (23) and for as con(24) in Section VI offer good accuracy and simplicity. Equations (1 1), (12) and (13) are the design formulas the two-section case. First, 21 and 22 are computed stepped-transformer sections matching the terminating

Y lrl,

2G1 + 1

(7) YI Y2S2 + Y1Y2s2 + [(Y, + Ya) (1 2G1) 2GZ Yl] S Y2)(1 + 2G1) + 2G2Y1] S (8)

Yl~,~

p.

1+

Yin,o = 2GZ(1 + 2G,) +

[(Y1 +

where s= j cot ~. To have pO O at 43 and 4u, the real and = imaginary parts of the numerator must each be zero. Since terms with factors sZ, S4, sS, etc. are real and S1, s3, sS, etc.

ductances

1 and 0.5 in the desired

bandwidth

& to &

or

~1 to~z, [l [s] (see discussion in Sec. II.) Then @ais computed from (13) for the desired band-edge value @l or frequency

COHN:
5C

BROADBAND

THREE-PORT

TEM-MODE

HYBRIDS

3i3 TABLE I
PERFORMANCELIMITS AND NORMALIZED PARAMETERSOF THRE~-PORT HYBRID DESIGNS

. : z o 1= -i . g 3C 4C

A?fi S1 (max) S2, S3 (max) 125 1.036 2 2.0 1.106 3 2.0 1.029 3 3.0 1.105 4 4.0 1.100 7 10.0 1.206

I (tin),
20

dB

1.007 36.6
1.1998 1.6670

1.021 27.3
1.2197 1.6398

1.015 38.7
1.1124 1.4142 1.7979

1.038 27.9
1.1497 1.4142 1.7396

1.039 26.8
1.1157 1.2957 1.5435 1.7926

1.098 19.4
1.1274 1.2051 1.3017 1.4142 1.5364 1.6597 1.7740 8.8496 12.3229 8.9246 6.3980 4.3516 2.5924 4.9652

z,
2: 1 BA~DWIDTH

I .2

% 9

z, 28 Z4 z, ZS z?

1.1

5.3163 1.8643
-4 [. 0.15 0.2 VSWR PORTS 2 and 3 ----- --0.25 11A 0.3 0.35

4.8204 1.9602

10.0000 3.7460 1.9048

8.0000 4.2292 2.1436

1,0 [

9.6432 5.8326 3.4524 2.0633

Fig. 5.

Response curves for N= 2, ft/fl

= 2 design. and minimum measured model. V. ITERATIVE APPROXIMATION,

bandwidth Note

ratio~z/~1.

Finally(11)

and (12) yield RI and R1.l to the normalized case,

isolation

was 22 dB. The deviation from the theoretical

of this in this

that 21, 22, R* and Rz apply

performance

was the result

2,= 1. In the general case Z,# 1 these values should be multiplied by ZO. to fracAs a design example let fJfl = 2, corresponding tionalbandwidth W= 2(fi#fl 1)/~~/fl+ 1) = 0.6667. Youngs transformer tables[gl include the desired 2:1 impedance transformation respectively. (R= 2 in his notation), Interpolation but his nearest W values are 0.6 and 0.8, for which 21= 1.21360 and 1.23388, yields ZI = 1.2197 at W= 0,6667, (13) gives d,= 68.79, and The exact using the computed 1.9602 and RI=4,8204. case were Then 22= 2/Zi= response curves 1.6398. Equation for this

of discontinuity

effects which were not compensated

impedances that produce resistance

and 23 are determined stepped 2. Because 3, the

transformation of the complexity

of a synthesis

approach

resistances

Rl, Rz, and R3 have been deterleading to approximately

(11) and (12) give R,=

mined optimum

by iterative

comuptation

performance

in the desired bandwidth.

analysis method of Section II. The resulting curves plotted in Fig. 5 show that in the desired 2:1 band the maximum VSWRS at ports 1, 2, and 3 are Sl~= 1.106 and Sz~ = SS~ = 1.021, while minimum isolation between ports 2 and 3 is 27.3 dB. (S1, S,, S, are the VSWRS additional subscript design bandwidth.) lZS from optimum at ports 1, 2, 3. The VSWR in the of S,= Ss and m denotes the maximum The very slight deviations

The following facts assist the choice of trial values of 2G1, 2GZ, and 2Gs in Fig. 3(d). First, at center frequency the optimum I P.I response function for N odd is zero at @= 90. Therefore, Yi.,o = 1 when the section lengths are X/4, and 2G1, 2GZ, and 2GS must satisfy Y? 2G1 + y22 2GZ + 2Gs = 1.

at the band edges are due to the approxi-

mation in ( 13), and the fact that w and PO are optimized rather than Sz = SS and lZ1. Nevertheless, these deviations are so small as to be safely ignored. The normalized element values and the performance limits are tabulated in Table I. The case N= 2 and f,/fl= 1.5 has also been computed, and the results are included in Table I. The highest VSWR is 1.036 and the minimum design bandwidth. A two-section stripline isolation is 36.6 dB in the 1.5:1 model VSWR was con-

Second, the results for N= 2 suggest that a good trial value for 2GN is 1.0. Third, the input conductance 2G1 should be somewhat smaller power is absorbed than in the N= 2 case, since the input by three conductance rather than two. of the N= 2 value of

A reasonable initial value is two-thirds 2G1, and therefore about 0.26,

experimental

structed for the 1 to 2 GHz band. Maximum

was 1.20

The first case treated was f ,/fl = 3. The fractional bandwidth is W= 2(3 1)/(3+ 1)= 1. Youngs tables181 give zI= 1.1497, Z,= 1.4142, Zt= 1.7396, and also S.m= 1.11. (~. is the even-mode VSWR. Subscript m denotes maximum or ripple-level VSWR in design band.) Equation (14) and the other two conditions for 2G1, 2G2, and 2Gs were used to determine an initial set of conductance values. The input

1 If the conductor pairs are not sufficiently decoupled, values of Zk (even) and 2, (odd) will differ significantly. In that case .zb (even) should conform to the stepped transformer design, and Zk (odd) should be used in (11) and (12).

114
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TRANSACTIONS

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toward tion vidual the

THEORY right in may

AND Fig.

TECHNIQUES, The

FEBRUARY input

1968 reflec-

3(d).

odd-mode discontinuities.

coefficient reflections
PI. +

be expressed the junction

as the summation

of indiThus

from

. . ,

40. -

1
P. =

p20kthi7i24

p3&%;tz$t2;e-j4~
.tN$tNo-e-i2N~

. . .

+
30, r / ISOLATION \ > 1

PN+l,oh$&_t2$t2;

PORTS 2 and 3
ka2

(15) The terms with factors PIOto PN+l, o represent first-order reflections; that is, wave paths with one direction reversal. The summation from k= 2 to OJ represents all higher-order reflections; direction formula that is, wave paths with reversals at the various for PM at the junction three, five, seven, etc., reflection points, The 2G~ in from the left (16)

20. <>

Ill
+ A N=3 3: I BA~DWIDTH

1.3-

of Y~_l and Y~, with

1.2-

shunt, is as follows
VSWR PORT 1

for a wave incident k ~ N;

Yk-q yk 2~~
pko = J

1.1-

pN+I,O = 1.

Yk-1

Yk

zGk

VSWR PORT S2and3

... .
0.1 0.15 0;2 0:25 !/h 0.3 0:35 0.4

(Note that Yh-l= Yo = 1 at k= 1). The product mission coefficients for rightand left-hand junction k is Tbo = tlc~th. =

of the transtravel past 2 Yk

Fig. 6.

Response curves, N= 3, f,jf,

= 3. 3(d)] was then

2 Yk_l yk + 2G~)( Yh + ~ k=lto

Yk_~ +

Y~-l + 2Gh) N. (17) ex-

VSWR, calculated

S., of the odd-mode at points

circuit

[Fig.

between @= 45 and 90, corresponding Because the the upper half. several judicious Equations citation, this also determines was S.~ = 1.08. After

h Yk-1 yk (Yk-1 +
Yk +

to the lower half of the desired 3:1 bandwidth. response is symmetrical, The maximum VSWR

2GJ2 to even-mode

(15), (16), and (17) also apply except that Gk= O,

0.5, and PN+l,. = ( YN 0.5)

changes, the following set of conductance yielded So~ z 1.064 and almost optimum response shape in the desired 3:1 band: 2G, =0.25, 2G,=0.4729, and 2GS=0.933. The computed response curves are plotted in Fig. 6. In the 3:1 design band the minimum isolation is 27.9 dB and the maximum VSWRS are Slm = 1.105 and S2~ = Stfi = 1.038. A

/( YN+O.5). In order to explore this approach, the individual first-order reflection terms were computed for the designs already obtained; quantities that is, N= 2,

f.Jf,=

1.5 and 2, and N= 3, f,/fl=

and 3. For example,

the case N= 3, fJfl

= 3 has

significant

as listed below

pl, = 0.070 Pge = 0.103

plo

0.057

0.772 T1. . 0.584 T20

Plo

0.057 0.117

p,. = 0.152 psu = 0.362 p40 = 1

T1P2.

TITgp%
!l1T2T3pd0

= 0.164
= 0.148.

0.070

A second N= 3 case for f2/fl= 2 resulted in 38.7 dB minimum isolation and maximum VSWRS S1. = 1.029 and SZ~= St~ = 1.015. The normalized design parameters and performance limits of the two cases are included in Table 1. VI. GENERAL DESIGN FORMULAS, N23 Because of the difficulties of exact synthesis for N> 2 and

In the even-mode case, all pk. values are small compared to unity; therefore, only first-order reflection terms need be considered. be replaced Also, all The values are very near unity by unity in (15). Thus, the following and may is suffi-

ciently accurate and in fact is the basis of the usual approximate method of stepped-transformer design. P. = PI. +
p2eei26 +

iterative approximation for N> 3, an approximate approach applicable to all values of N was investigated. The resulting design formulas are simple and have proved to yield good results in several test cases for N= 3, 4, and 7. The approximate approach is similar to that used in stepped-transformer analysis. [T] Assume a wave traveling

p3eef4~

pbee@f. ple

(18)

The set of PhOvalues starts at plo = rapidly to p40= 1. The higher-order

and progresses reflection terms

bhe~zk+in (15) are, therefore, too large to be neglected. The symmetrical set of Ph, factors in ( 18) yields Chebyshev IP.l response. The corresponding odd-mode set (PI., T,p,.,

COHN:
50 .

BROADBAND

THREE-PORT

TEM-MODE

HYBRIDS

115

ISOLATION

PORTS 2 and 3 f \

; i= < ~ ~

30.

\ \ /

m T

20.

) 4: 1 BANDWIDTH 1 I

c <
C

:.2
>
1.1 ~

\
VS;~n;~RTS 1,

V$WR PORT 1

I---lld
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

&l

Y
I

I.OJ 0.05

.
0.1

! 0.15 0.2 0.25 1 l), curves, N=

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25 Ilk

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0,

Fig. 7.
T1TZP30, T1TZT3P10)

Response

4, f,/f,

= 4.
and cannot

Fig. 8.

Response curves, N= 7, fJf,

10.

k numerically

unsymmetrical

The maximum

VSWRS

and minimum

isolation

are

yield

Chebyshev

I p. I response without

the aid of the infinite

series of higher-order reflection terms contained in (15). To include these higher-order reflections in the approximate analysis would cause enormous complications, a modified approach was taken. Careful study of the N= 3, fJfl= and therefore

s2m

S3.

1 + o.2(s,m 1)

(23) (24)

I. the where percent

= 20 loglo

2 and 3 cases showed (22) is exact,

that the following empirical formulas agree well with conductance obtained by iterative approximation G,=l Y,

()
s

2.35

em -ldB

and (23) and (24) are approximate. conductance approximation within 4 by iterative in the is larger, of (19),

Equations (19)

(19), (20), and (21) yield

of those obtained with

Y&~ Yk G, =
Y~_lTITz . . . T~_l k=2to N1. (20)

cases N= 3, f2./fl= 2 and 3. For the cases N= 2, and 2, disagreement but still does not the exact conductance exceed 14 percent.

f2/fl==1.5

The nature

After Gl, GZ, . ~ 0, GN_l are computed, GN is determined such that Yi.,O= 1+0.7 (S., ~O. 1) at 4=90. S., g@is the even-mode stepped-transformer VSWR at @= 90. With Chebyshev response, S., ~00 equals one for N odd and equals the ripple value Sm for N even. GN is given explicitly by the following finite continued fraction

(20), and (21) is such that good results were anticipated for N higher than 3. Two trial designs have confirmed this. The first design was N= 4, fz/fl = 4. Available steppedtransformer tables[sl give the ZI to Z4 values listed in Table (l), (17), (19), (20), I and also give Sfi= 1.10. Equations and (21) yield the RI to Rt values listed in Table I. Fig. 7

&,goO

1,

N odd

= Sem, N even Y.?/_a 2GN.2 + [(21)]

9/2.
LIZ

Y1
-1,

2G,

1 + O.T(&,gOO -

1)

z The heuristic reasoning leading to (19), (20), and (21) and suggesting their applicability for N> 3 is rather lengthy and cannot be supported rigorously. These formulas are justified, however, by the computed results presented in this paper. The factor 0.7 in (21) was chosen for best empirical fit.

shows the response curves calculated for this case by the meteod of Section II. The excellent isolation and VSWR performance formula. supper tthe utility of the approximate design

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1968

The second design

was N= 7,

fJfl = 10.

Stepped-trans-

former formulas17J are used in this case, since tables are not available for N> 4.3 These formulas yield the Z1 to ZT values
in Table I. Another formula [1 gives

The approximate formulas in Section VI have yielded designs with good performance in the cases tested; namely, N= 3, f2/f, = 2 and 3; N= 4, fJfl= 4; N= 7, f2/fl = 10. Similar results for other values of N and~z/fl may be reasonably expected. its VSWR II. However, would until additional examples are tested, a of Section the safe practice be to verify each design by computing from optimum, approximation;

pm= 0.0882 as the reVSWR is (17), (19), (20),

flection-coefficient Sw=(l+p.~)/(1

ripple level. The corresponding pm)= 1.191. Equations(l),

and (21) result in the RI to R7 values in Table I. The computed response curves are plotted in Fig. 8. Over the 10:1 design bandwidth 1~ = 19.6 dB, ~1~= 1.206, and St~ = Ss~ =1. 100. This performance 9:1 band, L= 22.0 dB, Sl~= is good but not optimum. 1.197, and S,= SS= 1.100. 1.0 for In a

and isolation

response by the method excessively by iterative

If these curves deviate

R~ values may then be refined

Equation (24) yields minimum isolation values within dB of the computed isolation curves in all examples N= 2, 3, and 4. For N= 7 and curve is lower However,

that is, by judiciously altering the Rk values and recomputing the response curves until the performance is considered sufficiently near optimum.

fJl=

10, (24) is accurate inisolation

side the band, but at the band edges the computed by 3 dB. Equation fairly good near band center but not toward in none of the examples

REFERENCES J. Wilkinson,
Theory

(23) for S2~ and fis~ is the band edges. do SZ~ and Ss~ exceed

Microwave

and Techniques,

An N-way hybrid power divider, IRE Trans. vol. MTT-8, pp. 116-118, January

1+0.5(SW 1). These rather small discrepancies in values from (23) and (24) are apparently mainly the result of the nonoptimum design examples equations themselves, VII. The hybrid number width power rather than failures of the

CONCLUSIONS bandwidth increases with its

dividers

of sections. The upper limit versus the number

of generally is about

useful bandas follows: 5.5:1 for four band-

1960. P] J. R. Dent, Strip-line technique produces a simple 3-dB directional coupler: E[ectrortic Design, pp. 5253, August 31, 1960. [31L. I. Parad and R. L. Moynihan, Split-tee power divider, Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 91IEEE Trans. Microwave 95, January 1965. [4 S. David, A wideband coaxial-line power divider, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques (Correspondence), vol. MTT-15, pp. 270-271, April 1967. [51 J. Reed and G. J. Wheeler, A method of analysis of symmetrical IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, four-port networks, vol. MTT-4, pp. 246-252, October 1956.
[6] p, 1, Richards, R~istOr-tr~nsmissiOn-fine circuits,>> Proc. IRE,

of sections

2.5:1 for two sections; 4:1 for three sections; sections; and 10:1 for seven sections hybrid power divider The two-section

[7] S. B, Cohn, Optimum design of stepped transmission-line transformers, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.
MTT-3, pp. l&21, April 1955. This reference gives formulas applicable to all values of N. [~1L. Young, Tables for cascaded homogeneous quarter-wave IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. transformers, MTT-7, pp. 233-238, April 1959. (This reference provides design tables IRE Trans. Microwave for N= 2, 3, and 4). Also see Correction/ Theory and Techniques, MTT-8, pp. 243-244, March 1960. (The Correction applies to N= 4). [g]R. Levy, Tables of element values for the distributed low-pass prototype filter, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 514-536, September 1965.

vol. 36, pp. 217220, February 1948.

has sufficient

width for most applications. Its design by means of the exact formulas in Section IV is straightforward and rapid. a Tables published by Levy[gl extend to N= 21. In his notation L= 0.512 dB corresponds to the desired 2 to 1 impedance transformation. The range of Levys tables excludes this value of L for N> 5 and
se~> 1.o2. With Se~= 1.02 instead of a generally 1.20 value, bandwidths are unduly restricted. acceptable 1.1O or