SBPH1103

TAKE HOME EXAMINATION

SEMESTER MAY 2023

SBPH1103

PHYSICS

MATRICULATION NO : 831018045109001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 831018-04-5109
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Table of Contents

PART A ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Question 2 .............................................................................................................................. 3
Question 3 .............................................................................................................................. 6
PART B ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Question 1 .............................................................................................................................. 8
Question 2 ............................................................................................................................ 11
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PART A

Question 2
a) There are two parts for TV, dish and antenna. The dish catches the signal from the medium
and focuses it to the antenna. the design of a satellite dish is such that the concave (curved
inward) side reflects incoming signals onto a focal point, where the feedhorn or receiver
is located. This allows the dish to capture and focus signals from satellites effectively. The
reason for using the convex side of the dish lies in its optical properties. The curvature of
the convex surface causes incoming signals to converge at a focal point, enhancing the
dish's ability to gather and concentrate the signals onto the receiver. This design helps
optimize the reception of satellite transmissions, leading to better signal strength and
quality for TV broadcasts. Where, the convex side of the dish acts as a parabolic reflector,
allowing the satellite dish to efficiently capture and direct signals towards the receiver.
This design principle is widely utilized in satellite communication systems to ensure
reliable and high-quality reception of television and other signals.

b) On average, the distance between Earth and Mars is about 225 million kilometers (140
million miles). The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 300,000kilometers per
second (186,000miles per second).
One-way travel time (Earth to Mars):
Distance = 225 million km
Speed of light = 300,000 km s-1
Time = Distance / Speed
= 225,000,000 km / 300,000 km s-1
≈ 750 seconds or about 12.50 minutes

Round-trip travel time (Earth to Mars):

Round-trip distance = 2 x 225 million km = 450 million km
Speed of light = 300,000 km s-1
Time = Distance / Speed
= 450,000,000 km / 300,000 km s-1
≈ 1500 seconds or about 25 minutes
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c)
i.) When an object O is placed a distance of 2f (twice the focal length) in front of a
converging lens L1 with a focal length f, an interesting optical condition called "2f-
2f" is established. In this scenario, the image formed by the lens will be a real and
inverted image that is the same size as the object, located at a distance of 2f on the
opposite side of the lens.

The nature of the image can be described as real, inverted, and the same size as the
object. This happens because the object is placed at a position where the rays of light
converge after passing through the lens. The image is formed beyond the 2f point,
between the 2f and infinity.

ii.) For a diverging lens L2 with a focal length of -1.5f is placed 0.5f behind L1, we need
to determine the overall effect of the two lenses on the final image.

The image formed by the converging lens L1 acts as a virtual object for the diverging
lens L2. This virtual object is located between the two lenses at a distance of 0.5f from
the first lens (L1). The negative focal length of L2 indicates that it diverges light.

When a diverging lens is introduced after a converging lens, the overall effect is to
cause the light rays to diverge further. As a result, the final image formed by the
combination of L1 and L2 will be a virtual image. Its exact location and characteristics
depend on the specific distances and focal lengths involved.

In this case, the final image of object O will be a virtual image formed on the same
side as the object, but at a distance beyond the virtual object formed by L1 and closer
to L2. The exact distance and size of the final virtual image can be determined through
ray tracing and calculations based on the lens formula, considering the relationship
between the object distance, image distance, and focal lengths of the two lenses.

(ii) Now, when a diverging lens L2 with a focal length of -1.5f is placed 0.5f behind
L1, we need to determine the overall effect of the two lenses on the final image.
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The image formed by the converging lens L1 acts as a virtual object for the diverging
lens L2. This virtual object is located between the two lenses at a distance of 0.5f from
the first lens (L1). The negative focal length of L2 indicates that it diverges light.

When a diverging lens is introduced after a converging lens, the overall effect is to
cause the light rays to diverge further. As a result, the final image formed by the
combination of L1 and L2 will be a virtual image. Its exact location and characteristics
depend on the specific distances and focal lengths involved.

In this case, the final image of object O will be a virtual image formed on the same
side as the object, but at a distance beyond the virtual object formed by L1 and closer
to L2. The exact distance and size of the final virtual image can be determined through
ray tracing and calculations based on the lens formula, considering the relationship
between the object distance, image distance, and focal lengths of the two lenses.
d) When a laser beam strikes a mirror at an angle, the angle of incidence (θ) is equal to the
angle of reflection (θ) with respect to the normal line of the mirror surface. This is known
as the law of reflection.
If the incoming laser beam strikes mirror M1 at an angle of 2θ, the angle of reflection with
respect to the normal line of M1 will also be 2θ, following the law of reflection.

Now, when the reflected beam strikes mirror M2, it will obey the same law of reflection.
The angle of incidence with respect to the normal line of M2 will be 2θ, and therefore the
angle of reflection with respect to the normal line of M2 will also be 2θ.

However, the angle formed between the outgoing beam and mirror M2 will not be 2θ.
Instead, it will be complementary to 2θ. This is because when the incoming beam strikes
M1 at 2θ, the reflected beam will be traveling away from the normal line by an angle of
2θ, creating a total angle of 180°−2θ between the reflected beam and M1.

When the reflected beam strikes M2, it will reflect in such a way that the angle between
the beam and M2 will be equal to the angle between the beam and M1, which is 180°−2θ.
This angle will be the complement of 2θ, and its value will be 90°−θ. Therefore, the
outgoing beam will form an angle of 90°−θ with the second mirror, M2.
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Question 3
a) My interpretation of the wave phenomenon in the figure is diffraction, the bending and
spreading occurs when waves encounter obstacles or openings in a barrier. It causes waves
to bend and spread out as they pass through or around the edges of an obstacle or aperture.
When waves encounter a barrier with a small opening or an obstacle with sharp edges, they
tend to bend around these obstacles, resulting in the spreading of the wavefronts.
The extent of diffraction is influenced by the size of the obstacle or the width of the opening.
The smaller the size of 'a' (which usually refers to the width of the opening or the size of
the obstacle), the more pronounced the diffraction effects. In other words, when the size of
'a' is small relative to the wavelength of the wave, the wavefronts experience significant
bending and spreading.
On the other hand, if the size of 'a' is relatively large compared to the wavelength, the
diffraction effects become less noticeable. Waves will tend to travel more in straight lines
without significant bending or spreading. Thus, diffraction is a wave phenomenon where
waves bend and spread as they encounter obstacles or openings in a barrier. The size of 'a'
(the obstacle or opening) affects the degree of diffraction: smaller sizes lead to more
pronounced bending and spreading of the waves, while larger sizes result in less noticeable
diffraction effects.
b) The speed of a water wave.
Given, Distance d = 6 m
Time (t) = 1.5 s

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

6𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
1.5𝑠

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 4 𝑚/𝑠

 the speed of the water wave is 4m/s.

The speed of a wave represents the rate at which the wave travels through space. In
this case, for every second that passes, the wave travels a distance of 4 meters. The
wave height of 2 meters doesn't directly affect the wave speed in this calculation—it's
the distance traveled per unit of time that determines the speed.
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c) To determine the required water level inside the bottle to achieve a fundamental
frequency of 460 Hz, we need to consider the relationship between the length of the air
column in the bottle and the wavelength of the sound wave produced. The fundamental
frequency of a closed-end tube (like the bottle) occurs when the length of the tube is a
quarter of the wavelength.

Given,
height of the bottle = 28 cm,
fundamental frequency, f = 460 Hz,
V = 343 m/s (room temperature)

the speed of sound in air, v = f.⋌

Where,
L= ⋌/4
⋌= 4L = 4 x 0.28
⋌= 1.12 m

The frequency of the next higher harmonic (first overtone)

𝒗
𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 =
⋌

𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 = ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝐇𝐳
𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝐦

So, the frequency of the next higher harmonic that can be produced by the bottle is

approximately 306.25 Hz.

Assumptions:

i.) The speed of sound in air is assumed to be approximately 343 m/s at room

temperature.

ii.) The bottle is considered a closed-end tube, and the fundamental frequency occurs

when the length of the air column is a quarter of the wavelength.

iii.) No additional factors affecting the sound production (like temperature, humidity,

and non-ideal bottle shape) are considered.

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PART B

Question 1
a) Since 1 Pa = 1 N/m²,
1 bar = 100,000 pascals (Pa) = 100 kPa
1 bar = 100,000 N/m²

b) The displacement s versus time t graph for an object moving along a straight line
i.) Motion of the object
From t=0 to t=5 seconds:
The object's displacement increases steadily from 0 to 4 meters. This indicates that the
object is moving in the positive direction along the straight line.

At t=5 seconds:
The object's displacement is 4 meters. This means the object has reached a position 4
meters away from its starting point.

From t=5 to t=10 seconds:

The graph is flat, indicating that the object is at rest. The slope of the graph is zero,
which means the object's velocity is zero.

From t=10 to t=15 seconds:

The displacement decreases steadily from 0 to -4 meters. This indicates that the object
is moving in the negative direction along the straight line.

After t=15 seconds:

The graph becomes horizontal again, showing that the object is at rest.

ii.) From the graph, we can observe that at t=10 seconds, the displacement is approximately
0 meters (flat portion of the graph). Therefore, in the 10-second interval from t=5
seconds to t=15 seconds, the object has not moved significantly from its position at t=5
seconds. The estimated displacement is close to 0 meters.
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iii.) Velocity versus Time Graph

Based on observations, the velocity-time graph will consist of two horizontal lines: one
at a positive constant velocity and the other at a negative constant velocity, with flat
portions in between where the velocity is zero. The transitions occur at t=15 seconds.

c) Given,
Magnitude F1 = F2 = F3 = 100 N
Mass m = 10 kg

F1 has an angle of 90∘, which means it's acting along the y-axis.
So, its x-component (F1x) is 0 N and its y-component (F1y) is 100N.
F2 has an angle of 135∘, which is 45∘ from the negative x-axis direction. So, its x-
component (F2x) is −100N⋅cos(45∘) and its y-component (F2y ) is −100N⋅sin (45∘).
F3 is not given any angle, so we can assume it's acting along the positive x-axis. Thus, its x-
component (F3x) is 100N and its y-component (F3y) is 0 N.

Now let's find the net force components in the x and y directions:
Net x-component: Fnet,x =F1x +F2x +F3x
Net y-component: Fnet,y =F1y +F2y +F 3y

Substitute the values and calculate:

Fnet,x =0N+(−100N⋅cos(45∘ ))+100N
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Fnet,y =100N+(−100N⋅sin(45∘ ))+0N

Fnet =m⋅a.
The magnitude of the net force ( Fnet) can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem:
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Question 2
a)
(i) To find the kinetic energy of the bob at point B, we can use the conservation of
mechanical energy. The total mechanical energy of the pendulum is conserved because there
is no significant air resistance in the given environment. The mechanical energy at point A
(initial position) is converted into potential energy at point B (lowest point) and kinetic
energy at point B.

At point A:
Potential energy = 0 (since it's the lowest point)
Kinetic energy = Initial total mechanical energy

At point B:
Potential energy = m g h (where m is the mass of the bob, g is the acceleration due to gravity,
and h is the height above point B)
Kinetic energy = Final total mechanical energy

Since the total mechanical energy is conserved,

Initial kinetic energy (at A) = Final potential energy (at B) + Final kinetic energy (at B)

Given that the bob is released from rest, its initial kinetic energy is 0.

Therefore, the kinetic energy of the bob at point B is equal to the final potential energy at point
B:

Kinetic energy (at B) = mgh

m = 50 g = 0.05 kg (convert from grams to kilograms)

g = 9.81 m/s² (approximate acceleration due to gravity on Earth)

h = height above point B

Kinetic energy (at B) = 0.05 kg x 9.81 m/s² x h

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(ii) The maximum height, all the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. Therefore:

Initial potential energy (at B) = Final kinetic energy (at maximum height)

Using the expression for potential energy: mgh = 0.5 x m x v² (where v is the velocity at
maximum height)

At point B, the velocity v is given by the conservation of mechanical energy:

Initial kinetic energy (at B) = Final potential energy (at maximum height)

0.5 x m x v² = mgh

v² = 2 g h

At maximum height, the kinetic energy is zero, so all the energy is converted into potential
energy:

Potential energy at maximum height = mgh

Equate the expressions for potential energy:

mgh = mgh

Cancel out mass and gravity:

h=h

This means that the maximum height reached above point B is simply equal to the initial height
h from point B.

(iii) The maximum height that the bob will attain above point B does not depend on the mass
of the bob or the length of the string. As shown in part (ii), the maximum height is solely
determined by the initial height from point B. The mass of the bob and the length of the string
do affect other aspects of the pendulum's motion, such as the period of oscillation and the speed
at different points in its swing, but they do not affect the maximum height reached above point
B in a simple pendulum experiment with negligible air resistance.
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b) Given, distance and Force F based on the graph displacement

Total Work done, W = area under F−S graph
= area of trapezium (s:0-15) + area of trapezium (s:15 - 20)
= ½ × (10+15) ×10 + ½ × (10+20) ×5
=125+75
=200J

Determining Speed After 20 m

Where Distance, d = 20 m, F = 20 N, W = 200J and mass m,
𝑊
𝑚=
𝑎
Since F=ma, for acceleration
𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚
Therefore
𝑊
𝑚=
𝑎
𝑊
𝑚=
𝐹/𝑚
𝑊
𝑚2 =
𝐹

𝑊 200 𝐽
𝑚= √ = √
𝐹 20 𝑁

𝑚 = √10 = 3.1622𝑘𝑔

The work done, W = KE. Therefore

KE = ½ mv2

2 (KE ) 2 (200 𝐽)
𝑣= √ = √ ≈ 11.2467
𝑚 3.1622 𝑘𝑔

the speed of the object after traveling 20 meters is approximately 11.25 ms-1