Biology 12

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Biology 12 Biological Molecules Review Worksheet

Part A: Mix and Match: Match the term on the right with the definition on the left. Each term can be used only once. Write the letter of the best answer in the box to the left of the definition. (1/4 mark each -- total of 10 marks for this section) P Q FF I Y C J II D D B A A K K S T H O K A E BB V R N 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) 15 ) 16 ) 17 ) 18 ) 19 ) 20 ) 21 ) 22 ) 23 ) water-"loving" water-"fearing" two or more polypeptide chains coming together and bonding with each other to permanently change the 3 dimensional structure of a protein the subunit that makes up nucleic acids - 4 types in DNA are A C G T the smallest unit of matter that cannot normally be broken into smaller particles the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets the loose association of amino acids in a polypeptide chain with each other, usually through H-bonds. e.g. alpha helix, beta pleated sheet the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein, which ultimately determines its shape the building block of protein -- there are 20 different kinds normally found in nature the bond that forms between two amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis the 3-D shape of a polypeptide chain due to it folding back on itself and forming bonds. creating a bond between two atoms by taking OH from one atom and H from the other breaking a bond between two atoms by adding OH to one atom and H to the other biological catalysts, composed of protein, that speed up chemical reactions ATP - the molecule that carries energy in the cell any molecule with the molecular formula Cn(H2O)n an important component of cell membranes, has a hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail an enzyme that breaks down maltose to two glucose molecules an atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons a weak bond due to the attraction between partial charges on hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms a polymer of glucose, used as a structural component of plant cell walls a polymer of glucose, used as a storage form for glucose in animals A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) K) L) M) N) O) P) Q) R) S) T) U) V) W) adenosine triphosphate amino acid atom buffer carbohydrate cellulose cholesterol dehydration synthesis denature emulsification enzymes glucose glycogen hydrogen bond hydrolysis hydrophobic hydrophilic ion lipid maltase maltose neutral fat nucleotide

F M JJ Z G X EE CC G G H H LL W U D L

24 ) 25 ) 26 ) 27 ) 28 ) 29 ) 30 ) 31 ) 32 ) 33 ) 34 ) 35 ) 36 ) 37 ) 38 )

a polymer of glucose, used as a storage form for glucose in plants a loss of Hydrogen atoms (or electrons) a lipid that is an important component of cell membranes and from which steroid hormones are made a lipid composed of glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids a large organic molecule formed from a chain or chains of amino acids a large molecule made by joining together smaller identical (or similar) molecules a gain of Hydrogen atoms (or electrons) a fatty acid whose carbons are all joined to the maximum number of hydrogens a fatty acid that has a "kink" in it due to a double bond between carbon atoms a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules a class of molecules that includes neutral fats and steroids a chemical that resists changes in pH a 6 carbon sugar that forms a 6-membered ring -- used as energy source by cells three carbon that joins with fatty acids to produce triglycerides molecules that store genetic information (e.g. DNA and RNA)

X) Y) Z) AA) BB) CC) DD) EE) FF) GG) HH) II) JJ) KK) LL)

oxidation peptide bond phospholipid polymer primary structure protein quarternary structure reduction saturated fatty acid secondary structure starch tertiary structure unsaturated fatty acid nucleic acids glycerol

Part B - Short Answers - 1/2 Mark for each blank 1. At pH of 7, [H+] = [OH-]. Below pH 7, which of these is greater? [H+]. Bases have a pH that is GREATER than 7. 2. The primary structure of a protein is a polymer of AMINO ACIDS. The secondary structure is characterized by the alpha HELIX. The tertiary structure is its 3-D shape, and the quarternary structure is the association of more than ONE polypeptide chains. 3. The molecule that cells "burn" during respiration to produce ATP is GLUCOSE. 4. An unsaturated fatty acid contains less HYDROGEN than a saturated one. 5. Both DNA and RNA are polymers of NUCLEOTIDES, each of which contains a nitrogenous BASE, a 5-carbon SUGAR, and a PHOSPHATE group. 6. The molecule on the right is what type of molecule? AMINO ACID. What H H O is the empirical formula of the "R" group? CH3S. Which side, left or right is C C N the amino group? RIGHT Which side, left or right is the acid group? LEFT HO H 7. What are the four classes of organic compounds? PROTEINS, H C H CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS S H 8. The molecule below belongs to what class of molecule? CARBOHYDRATE The hydrolysis of this molecule would produce what molecule? GLUCOSE
O O O O O

9. Of the classes listed in question 12, which is: a) most concerned with energy transformations CARBOHYDRATES b) the class that forms enzymes PROTEINS c) makes up genes NUCLEIC ACIDS d) the class that is capable of storing the most energy per gram LIPIDS

10. What type of molecule is the molecule to the right? MONO-UNSATURATED FATTY ACID. Molecules made of these molecules joined to glycerol would be at what state at room temperature? LIQUID 11. The molecule at left is what type of molecule? PURINE NH2 C N NUCLEOTIDE Label the parts of this molecules: N H A = PHOSPHATE GROUP N H O N B = 5-CARBON SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE) - P O CH O O 2 C = BASE OH H B H H 12. Nucleotides are connected together by bonds that form A OH H between the PHOSPHATE of one nucleotide and the SUGAR of the other nucleotide. 13. Three molecules composed of nucleotides are DNA, RNA, ATP 14. PHOSPHOLIPIDS are lipids containing phosphorous that are particularly important in the formation of cell membranes. 15. EMULSIFICATION is the act of dispersing one liquid in another, as fat in water. 16. Inorganic compounds are compound that do not contain CARBON atoms. 17. List 5 function of proteins, along with an example of each:
5' 3'

H H C H H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H

FUNCTION TRANSPORT ENZYMES IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS MOVEMENT CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

EXAMPLE HEMOGLOBIN MALTASE, TRYPSIN, PEPSIN ANTIBODIES COLLAGEN, MUSCLE MUSCLE (e.g. ACTIN & MYOSIN FIBRES) PEPTIDE HORMONES (e.g. INSULIN)

18. There are a total of EIGHT amino acids that the human body can't manufacture, and so must be obtained from food. These are called ESSENTIAL amino acids. 19. Use the following words to describe the making of a protein (an expression may be used more than once): tertiary structure, hydrophobic interactions, water,-COOH, polypeptide chain, Dehydration synthesis, -NH2, secondary structure, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonds, helix, primary structure, peptide bonds DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS between amino acids joins -NH2 groups to -COOH groups (in the process WATER molecules are removed) to form a POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN. The bonds so formed are called PEPTIDE BONDS. The sequence of amino acids is called the PRIMARY STRUCTURE. The SECONDARY STRUCTURE is often in the form of an alpha helix, which is due to HYDROGEN BONDING between amino acids in the chain. The TERTIARY STRUCTURE is the three dimensional shape of the protein as it folds back on itself. This structure is held together by HYDROGEN BONDING, HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS, and COVALENT BONDS between R groups. The shape of the protein is determined by its PRIMARY STRUCTURE. The function of the protein is determined by its PRIMARY STRUCTURE. 20. A protein that has lost its precise three dimensional shape has become DENATURED. Three things that can cause a protein to become denatured are HEATING, PH CHANGES, METABOLIC POISONS (LIKE HEAVY METALS E.G. LEAD, MERCURY, CADMIUM) 21. Two main functions of carbohydrates in living systems are in SHORT-term energy sources, and structural components of cell WALLS in plants. 22. STARCH has few side branches of glucose chains, and is the storage form of glucose in plants. Since it contains many glucose molecules joined together, it is called a POLYSACCHARIDE.

23. GLYCOGEN has many side branches of glucose chains, and is the storage form of glucose in ANIMALS. The LIVER is the main organ that produces, breaks down, and stores this polysaccharide. 24. "Roughage" or "Fibre" in our diet is actually due to the presence of CELLULOSE, another polymer of glucose found only in PLANTS. 25. A pentose sugar contains FIVE carbons, while a hexose sugar contains SIX. An example of a pentose monosaccharide is RIBOSE OR FRUCTOSE. An example of a hexose is GLUCOSE. 26. Table sugar is a DISACCHARIDE made of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of the pentose FRUCTOSE. 27. Lipids are organic compounds that are INSOLUBLE in water. In the body, they serve as LONGterm energy storage molecules. Lipids include fats, OILS, and WAXES. 28. The 3 most important classes of lipids are neutral fats, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, and STEROIDS. 29. Oil, fat, butter are all composed of lipid molecules called TRIGLYCERIDES (or NEUTRAL FATS). Neutral fats are composed of two types of molecules: GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS. 30. Most fatty acids contain about 16 TO 18 carbon atoms in a long chain. Saturated fatty acids have no DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms, and tend to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids are most often found in vegetable oils, and account for the fact that they are liquid at room temperature. 31. Butter contains a large proportion of UNSATURATED fatty acids. Excess intake of this type of fatty acid is known to cause HEART attacks and strokes. 32. Soap is a MOLECULE formed when a FATTY ACID is reacted with an inorganic base such as NaOH. Soap allows oils to be mixed with water by EMULSIFYING the oils. 33. A phospholipid is a lipid made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. It is the primary component of membranes. The phosphate "head" is HYDROPHILIC, the tail is HYDROPHOBIC. 34. STEROIDS are small lipids containing rings that are all derived from cholesterol. An important function of these compounds are sex HORMONES like progesterone. 35. Place the following terms in order of increasing size: DNA, nucleus, RNA, cell, nucleotide, gene, chromosome: NUCLEOTIDE, RNA, DNA, GENE, CHROMOSOME, NUCLEUS, CELL 36. DNA stores genetic information. RNA carries a copy of that information (e.g. a message to make insulin) to the ribosomes where PROTEINS are assembled. 37. What type of molecule is the molecule drawn below? PHOSPHOLIPID
O CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C C O O O CH2 CH C H2 O O P OO CH2 CH2 CH3 N+ CH3 CH3

38. What is the best one-word description for the molecule to the right? DIPEPTIDE Circle the bond that was created when this molecule was formed. What is the name of this type of bond? PEPTIDE 39. a) To what class of molecules does the molecule below belong? STEROID b) Why are these molecules grouped with lipids? BECAUSE THEY ARE NON-POLAR AND INSOLUBLE IN WATER

H H O H H O H N C C N C C O H R R

HO
40. What type of molecule is the one below? NUCLEOTIDE What is its full name? ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPATE (ATP). Circle the bond that stores the most energy.
N N N N