Exercise 4C

8x  4 A B
1 a Let  
1  x  2  x  1  x   2  x 
A  2  x   B 1  x 

1  x  2  x 
Set the numerators equal:

8x + 4  A(2 + x) + B(1 − x)

Substitute x = 1:

8×1+4=A×3+B×0
⇒12 = 3A
⇒A=4

Substitute x = −2:

8 × (−2) + 4 = A × 0 + B × 3
⇒ −12 = 3B
⇒ B = −4

8x  4 4 4
Hence  
1  x  2  x  1  x   2  x 

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 4
 4 1  x 
1
1 b
1  x 
  1 2   x  
2

 4  1   1  x    …
 2! 
 
 4 1  x  x 2  …
 4  4x  4x2  …

4
 4 2  x
1

2  x
1
  x 
 4  2 1   
  2 
1
 x
1
 4  2 1  
 2
1   x   1 2   x  
2

 4    1   1       …
2  2 2!  2 

 x x2 
 2 1    …
 2 4 
 2  x  12 x  …
2

Therefore

8x  4 4 4
 
1  x  2  x  1  x   2  x 
  4  4 x  4 x 2  K    2  x  12 x 2  K 
7 x2
 2  5x  
2

4
c is valid for |x| < 1
1  x 
4
is valid for |x| < 2
 2  x
Both are valid when |x| < 1.

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 2 x A B
2 a Let  
 2  x
2
 2  x   2  x 2
A 2  x   B

 2  x
2

Set the numerators equal:

−2x  A(2 + x) + B

Substitute x = −2:

4=A×0+B⇒B=4

Equate terms in x:

−2 = A ⇒ A = −2

2x 2 4
Hence  
(2  x) (2  x) (2  x)2

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2 b
2
 2  2  x 
1

2 x
1
  x 
 2  2 1   
  2 
1
 x
 2  2 1  1  
 2
  x   1 2   x   1 2  3   x  
2 3

 1  1   1          …
 2 2! 2 3! 2 
 
 x x 2 x3 
 1  1     …
 2 4 8 
x x2 x3
 1    …
2 4 8

4
 4  2  x
2

 2  x
2

2
  x 
 4  2 1   
  2 
2
 x
2
 4  2  1  
 2
  x   2  3  x   2  3 4   x  
2 3

 1  1   2           …
 2 2! 2 3! 2 
 
 3x 2 x 3 
 1  1  x    …
 4 2 
2 3
3x x
 1 x   …
4 2

Hence

2 x 2 4
 
2  x
2
 2  x   2  x 2
x x 2 x3 3x 2 x3
 1     1  x   …
2 4 8 4 2
1 1 3
 0  x  x 2  x3  
2 2 8

Hence B  1 (coefficient of x2) and C   3 (coefficient of x3).

2 8

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 2
2 c is valid for |x| < 2
 2  x
4
is valid for |x| < 2
2  x
2

Hence whole expression is valid |x| < 2.

6  7 x  5x2 A B C
3 a Let   
(1  x)(1  x)(2  x) (1  x) (1  x) (2  x)
A(1  x)(2  x)  B(1  x)(2  x)  C (1  x)(1  x)

(1  x)(1  x)(2  x)

Set the numerators equal

6 + 7x + 5x2 ≡ A(1 − x)(2 + x) + B(1 + x)(2 + x) + C (1 + x)(1 − x)

Substitute x = 1:

6+7+5=A×0+B×2×3+C×0
⇒ 18 = 6B
⇒B=3

Substitute x = −1:

6 − 7 + 5 = A × 2 × 1 + B × 0+ C × 0
⇒ 4 = 2A
⇒A=2

Substitute x = −2:

6 − 14 + 20 = A × 0 + B × 0 + C × (−1) × 3
⇒ 12 = −3C
⇒C=−4

6  7 x  5x 2 2 3 4
Hence   
(1  x)(1  x)(2  x) (1  x) (1  x) (2  x)

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 2
3 b  2(1  x) 1
1 x
 (1)( 2)( x ) 2 (1)(2)( 3)( x)3 
 2 1  ( 1)( x)    …
 2! 3! 
 2(1  x  x  x  …)
2 3

 2  2 x  2 x 2  2 x3 Valid for | x |  1

3
 3(1  x) 1
1 x
 (1)(2)( x) 2 (1)(2)(3)( x)3 
 3  1  (1)( x)    …
 2! 3! 
 3(1  x  x  x  …)
2 3

 3  3x  3 x 2  3x 3 Valid for | x | 1

4
 4(2  x) 1
2 x
1
  x 
 4  2 1   
  2 
1
 x
 4  21  1  
 2
 2
 x  (1)( 2)  x  (1)(2)( 3)  x 
3

 2  1  (1)          …
  2 2!  2  3! 2 
 
 x x 2 x3 
 2  1     …
 2 4 8 
2 3
x x
 2 x  Valid for | x |  2
2 4

Hence 6  7 x  5x 2 2 3 4
  
(1  x)(1  x )(2  x) (1  x) (1  x) (2  x)
 x 2 x3 
 (2  2 x  2 x  2 x )  (3  3 x  3 x  3 x )   2  x     
2 3 2 3

 2 4 
x2 x3
 2  3  2  2 x  3 x  x  2 x 2  3x 2   2 x 3  3 x3   
2 4
9 5
 3  2 x  x 2  x3  
2 4

c All expansions are valid when |x| < 1.

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 12x 1 A B A(1  3x)  B(1  2 x)
4 a   
(1  2x)(1 3x) 1 2x 1 3x (1  2x)(1  3x)

So 12 x  1  A (1  3 x )  B (1  2 x )
Let x   12 :
−6 − 1 = A × 5
2
+0
7  52 A
A   145
Let x  13 :
4  1  0  B  53
3  53 B
B 9
5

A   145 , B  95

12x 1 14 9
b  
(1  2x)(1 3x) 5(1  2x) 5(1  3x)
14 14
  1  2x
1

5(1  2x) 5
14  (1)(2)
1  (1)  2 x    2 x   
2
 
5 2! 

14
5

1  2 x  4x2   
14 28 56
   x  x 2 
5 5 5
9 9
 1 3x
1

5(1  3x) 5
9 ( 1)( 2)
 1  (1)  3 x    3x   
2

5 2! 
9

 1  3x  9 x 2  
5

9 27 81
  x  x 2 
5 5 5
14 9 14 28 56 9 27 81
   x  x2   x  x2  
5(1  2 x ) 5(1  3x ) 5 5 5 5 5 5
 1  11x  5 x 2  

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 2 x2  7 x  6 B C
5 a  A 
( x  5)( x  4) x5 x4
2
x  x  20 2x  7x  6
2 2

2x 2  2x  40
5x  34

A=2
2x2  7 x  6 5 x  34
 2
( x  5)( x  4) ( x  5)( x  4)
5 x  34 B C B ( x  4)  C ( x  5)
  
( x  5)( x  4) x  5 x  4 ( x  5)( x  4)
5 x  34  B ( x  4)  C ( x  5)

Let x  5 :
25  34  B  (9)  0
9  9 B
B  1

Let x  4 :
20  34  0  C  9
:
54  9C
C 6

2 x2  7 x  6 1 6
 2 
( x  5)( x  4) x5 x4

1 6
 2  (5  x ) 1  6( 4  x ) 1  2  15 1  15 x   23 1  14 x 
1 1
b 2 
x5 x4
 ( 1)( 2) 1 2 
5 1  5 x   15  1  ( 1)  15 x    5 x   
1
1 1

 2! 
 1
5 1  1
5 x  251 x 2   
 15  251 x  125
1
x  2

 (1)(2) 1 2
1  14 x   32  1  ( 1)   41 x     4 x   
3 1
2
 2! 
 3
2 1  1
4 
x  161 x 2  
 32  38 x  323 x 2 

2
1

x5 x4
6
 2  15  251 x  125
1

x2      3
2  83 x  323 x 2   
 10  200
3 67
x  4000
407
x2  

c x 4

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 3
6 a x  x  6 3x  4x  5
2 2

3x 2  3x  18
x 13
A=3
3x2  4 x  5 x  13
 3
( x  3)( x  2) ( x  3)( x  2)
x  13 B C B( x  2)  C ( x  3)
  
( x  3)( x  2) x  3 x  2 ( x  3)( x  2)
x  13  B ( x  2)  C ( x  3)

Let x  3
3  13  B  ( 5)  0
10  5 B
B  2

Let x  2 :
2  13  0  C  5
15  5C
C 3
A = 3, B = −2 and C = 3

3x2  4 x  5 2 3
b  3 
( x  3)( x  2) x 3 x 2
2 3
 3  2(3  x) 1  3( 2  x ) 1  3  23 1  13 x   23 1  21 x 
1 1
3 
x3 x2
 ( 1)( 2) 1 2 
3 1  3 x   23 1  ( 1)  13 x    3 x   
1
2 1

 2! 
 2
3 1  1
3 x  19 x 2   
 23  29 x  272 x   2

 (1)(2) 1 2
1  12 x   32  1  ( 1)   12 x     2 x   
3 1
2
 2! 
 3
2 1  1
2 
x  14 x 2  
 32  34 x  38 x 2  

3
2

3
x3 x2

 3  23  29 x  272 x 2      3
2 
 34 x  83 x 2  

 56  19
36 x  216 x 
97 2

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 2 x 2  5 x  11 A B C
7 a   
(2 x  1) ( x  1) 2 x  1 (2 x  1)
2 2
x 1
A(2x 1)( x 1)  B( x 1)  C(2x 1)2

(2x 1)2 ( x 1)
2x2  5x 11  A(2x 1)( x 1)  B( x 1)  C(2x 1)2

Let x  12 :
2  2  11  0  B  2  0
1 5 3

14  32 B
B 28
3

Let x  1 :
2 − 5 + 11 = 0 + 0 + C × 9
8  9C
C  89

Equating coefficients of x2 gives:

2 = 2A + 4C
2  2A  329
A   79
A 7
9
, B 28
3
and C  89

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 2 x2  5 x  11 7 28 8
7 b   
(2 x  1) ( x  1) 9(2 x  1) 3(2 x  1) 9( x  1)
2 2

 79 (1  2 x) 1  283 (1  2 x)2  98 (1  x) 1

 79 (1  2 x)1  283 (1  2 x)2  98 (1  x) 1
 (1)(2) 
7
9
(1  2 x)1  79 1  (1)(2 x)  ( 2 x ) 2   
 2! 

 79 1  2 x  4 x 2   
 79  149 x  289 x 2

 (2)(3) 
28
3
(1  2 x)2  28
3 1  (2)(2 x)  (2 x)2  
 2! 
 28
3 1  4 x  12 x 2
 
 28
3  112
3 x  112 x  
2

 (1)(2) 2 
8
9
(1  x)1  89 1  (1) x  x  
 2! 

 89 1  x  x 2   
 89  89 x  89 x2 
2 x 2  5 x  11
 7  14 x  28
x2    28
 112
3 x  112 x    9  9 x  9 x  
2 8 8 8 2
(2 x  1) 2 ( x  1) 9 9 9 3

 11  38 x  116 x 2  

2(0.05) 2  5(0.05)  11
c f (0.05)   13.23339212
(2(0.05)  1)2 (0.05  1)

Using the expansion:

f(0.05) ≈ 11 38(0.05) 116(0.05) 13.19
2

Percentage error = 13.23339212  13.19  100  0.33%

13.23339212

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