Chapter 3A: Conservation Laws

(Integral approach)

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Flow past a sphere

Drag force on the sphere?

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Nasa.gov
Possible approaches

Measure pressure on several points on the surface of

sphere → Integrate → Feasibility

Measure velocities/pressure away from sphere in a

region → Which regions to choose? → How to find drag
force from this info? → Eulerian or Lagrangian approach?

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Eulerian description of finite control volumes
Imaginary packet of volumes through
which mass and momentum pass through

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Nasa.gov
A typical FINITE control volume

Control surface

Fluid in

Fluid out

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Or in other words….
Exchange of mass, momentum and
energy with adjacent regions through
control surface

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FINITE control volume vs infinitesimal CV/fluid element

L→0
Recall Chapter 2, Used
Taylor series to
approximate

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Conservation laws

Finite control volume Infinitesimal fluid element

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Integral Approach

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 Control volume and system representations
Two approaches through which governing laws can be applied to a fluid
• Control Volume Approach
• System Approach
System – is a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same
atoms or fluid particles), which may move, flow and interact with its
surroundings
Control Volume – is a volume in space (a geometric entity, independent
of mass) through which the fluid may move

In fluid mechanics – difficult to identify and keep track of a specific quantity of matter
Finding the forces acting on a fan, airplane or automobile by air flowing past the object
is more important than the information obtained by following a given portion of air
(system) as it flows along – control volume approach preferred
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Laws governing a system
• Conservation of mass, M = constant
• Conservation of momentum, F = D/Dt(MV)
•Conservation of energy

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Fixed control volume Fixed or moving control volume

Deforming Control Volume

Fixed or moving
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In this problem, system does not undergo any change in space
and time

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System or Lagrangian description – we follow the fluid and
observe its behavior as it moves about
Control volume or Eulerian description – we remain stationary
and observe the fluid’s behavior at its location

If a moving control volume is used, it virtually never moves with

the system - the system flows through the control volume

All of the governing laws are stated for system approach

The mass of a system remains constant
The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to
the sum of all the forces acting on the system

THE GOVERNING LAWS OF FLUID MOTION ARE STATED IN TERMS

OF FLUID SYSTEMS, NOT CONTROL VOLUMES
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Differences between dm sys dmcv
and
dt dt

dm sys
=0 Time rate of change of mass within the system
dt

dmcv Time rate of change of mass within the control volume

0 16
dt decreases with time
Reynolds Transport theorem
There is a need to describe the laws governing fluid motion using
both system concepts (consider a given mass of the fluid) and
control volume concepts (consider a given volume)
An analytical tool from shifting from one representation to the
another – Reynolds Transport Theorem

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Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem

control volume – stationary volume within pipe between sections 1 & 2

At time t, SYS = CV
At time t+𝜹t, SYS = CV – I + II
II – outflow from the control volume from time t to t + 𝜹t
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I – inflow into the control volume from time t to t + 𝜹t
B – EXTENSIVE PROPERTY OF THE SYSTEM
(property which depends on size/mass of the system)

B = mb

b=1 B - Mass
b = u,v B - Momentum
b=e B – Specific total energy

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AT TIME t,
Bsys (t ) = Bcv (t )

AT TIME t+ 𝜹t, Bsys (t + t ) = Bcv (t + t ) − BI (t + t ) + BII (t + t )

 Bsys Bsys ( t +  t ) − Bsys ( t ) Bcv ( t +  t ) − BI ( t +  t ) + BII ( t +  t ) − Bcv ( t )

= =
t t t

Bsys Bcv (t +  t ) − BI (t +  t ) + BII (t +  t ) − Bcv (t )

=
t t
Bsys Bcv (t +  t ) − Bcv (t ) BI (t +  t ) + BII (t +  t )
= − +
t t t t
 
   b dV 
B (t +  t ) − Bcv (t ) Bcv
Lim cv = =  cv 
 t →0 t t t 20
 BII (t +  t ) = ( 2 b2 A2 V2  t )
Mass
 BII (t +  t )
Bout = Lim =  2 A2 V2 b2
 t →0 t

BI (t +  t ) = ( 1 b1 A1 V1  t )

 BI (t +  t )
Bin = Lim =  1 A1 V1 b1
 t →0 t
DBsys Bcv
= + B out − B in
Dt t
DBsys Bcv
= +  2 A2 V2 b2 −  1 A1 V1 b1
Dt t 21
 DBsys Bcv
= + B out − B in
Dt t
Reynolds Transport Theorem is valid under the following assumptions
• Fixed control volume with one inlet and one outlet
• Uniform properties (density, velocity, and the parameter b ) across
the inlet and outlet
• Velocity is normal to sections 1 and 2

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Control volume and system for flow through an arbitrary, fixed
control volume

B out - Net flowrate of the property B from the control volume

Addition of the contributions through each infinitesimal area
element of size 𝜹A on the portion of the control surface dividing
region II and the control volume. This surface - CSout 23
Amount of the property B carried across the area element 𝜹A in the time
interval 𝜹t
B = bV = b (V cos t )A
The rate at which B is carried out of the control volume across the small area
element 𝜹A
bV bV cost
B out = Lim = Lim A = bV cosA
t → 0 t t → 0 t
By integrating over the entire outflow portion of the control surface CSout
B out =  dB out =  bV cos  dA 24
csout csout
 B out =  dB out =  bV cos  dA
csout csout

The quantity Vcos𝜽 is the component of the velocity normal to the area
element 𝜹A.
V cos  = V . n̂

B out =  bV .n̂dA 25

csout
By considering the inflow portion of the control surface, Csin
The inflow rate of B into the control volume

B in = −  bV cos  dA = −  bV .n̂dA

c sin c sin
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Vcos is negative ( is obtuse)
 n̂ points out from the control volume

-90o < 𝜽< 90o for outflow regions, the normal component of V is
positive;
V .n̂ is POSITIVE
90o < 𝜽 < 270o for inflow regions, the normal component of V is
negative;
V .n̂ is NEGATIVE 27
The Net Flux (Flowrate) of Parameter B Across the Control Surface Is

 
csout
 
B out − B in = bV • n̂dA −  − bV • n̂dA
 c sin
=


 bV • n̂dA
cs

DBsys Bcv
= + B out − B in
Dt t

 
DBsys 
= bdV + bV • n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs

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  
DBsys 
= bdV + bV • n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs

b=1 Mass
b = u,v Momentum
b=e Specific total energy (= IE+KE+PE)

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Conservation laws applied to system

DM sys
=0 in absence of nuclear
reactions
Dt

DPsys
=F F is net force F on system
Dt

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Linear momentum conservation

Time rate of change of the linear momentum of the system

= time rate of change of the linear momentum of the contents of CV
+
Net rate of flow of linear momentum through CS

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I = Ia + Ib+ Ic+……………

II = IIa + IIb+ IIc+……………

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 Lagrangian D/Dt Eulerian
description description

System RTT Control

Analysis volume
analysis
Reynolds Transport theorem deals with finite size control volumes
Material derivative deals with infinitesimal fluid particles

BOTH HAVE LOCAL PART AND CONVECTIVE PART 33

Steady effects

 
DBsys 
= bdV + bV • n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs

DBsys
=   bV • ndA
ˆ
Dt cs

0 =   bV • ndA
ˆ F =   bV • ndA
ˆ
cs cs

Mass conservation Momentum conservation

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Unsteady effects in the system

  bV • ndA
cs
ˆ =0
Inflow = outflow

DBsys 
Dt
= 
 t cv
 bdV

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Unsteady effects

 
DBsys 
= bdV + bV • n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs

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Selection of a CV

Determine pressure at 1

Easier to use

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Moving control volume
Determine force F that the water puts on the vane

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Since velocity of CV and that of system are not necessarily same,
there is a flow through moving CV (just as in the stationary CV)

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Relative velocity W – Fluid velocity relative to CV, seen by observer riding on CV
Absolute velocity V – seen by stationary observer in a fixed coordinate CV
Relative velocity W – carries fluid across a moving CS
Absolute velocity V – carries the fluid across the fixed CV
Velocity of CV, Vcv = V – W
Or
V = Vcv + W

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Reynolds Transport Theorem for moving, non-deforming CV

DBsys 
Dt
= 
 t cv
 bdV +   bW • ndA
cs
ˆ

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The energy equation - First law of thermodynamics
D  • •
  • •


D t sys
e  dV = 

 Q in −  Q out  +
 sys 
  W in −  W out 
 sys

D • •


D t sys
e  dV =  net ,in

Q + W net ,in 
 sys Notice this dot
Work or heat per unit time

V2
e=u+ + gz
2

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 • •
 • •

 net ,in
Q + W net , in  =  net ,in
Q + W net , in 
  sys  coincident _ CV

D 

D t sys
e dV = 
 t cv
e dV +  eV • ndA
cs
ˆ RTT

  • •


 t cv
e dV +  eV • ndA =  Q net ,in + W net ,in 
cs
ˆ
 CV

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Recall from thermodynamics
Heat absorbed by the system = Q+ (positive)
•Heat evolved by the system = Q− (negative)
•Work done on the system = W+ (positive)
•Work done by the system = W− (negative)

Similarly for CV

Heat transfer into CV is positive, out is negative

Work done on contents of CV by surroundings is positive

otherwise negative.
e.g pump work +ve, Turbine work –ve
Work can be transferred across CS
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Shaft work (rotary devices etc)
Work is transferred across CS by a moving shaft i.e
when CV cuts through shaft material

• • •
W shaft,net,in =  W shaft,in − W shaft,out For many shafts

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Work transfer across CS associated with normal stresses

Fluid normal stress,  = -p

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 Work due to normal stress on all fluid particles on CS (or on CV),

•
W normal _ stress =   V • ndA
ˆ = −  pV • ndA
ˆ
cs cs
Since Power = F*V

 • •


 t cv
e dV +  eV • ndA
cs
ˆ = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in −  pV • ndA
cs
ˆ

Work done against pressure

while transporting a fluid

 p V 2 • •


 t cv
e dV +  (u + +
cs
 2
+ gz ) V • ndA
ˆ = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in

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One-dimensional steady-flow energy equation

 p V 2 • •


 t cv
e dV +  (u + +
cs
 2
+ gz ) V • ndA
ˆ = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in

0 for steady

p V2 p V2 • p V2 •

cs (u +  + 2 + gz ) V • ndA
ˆ = 
flow _ out
(u + +
 2
+ gz ) m −  (u + +
flow _in  2
+ gz ) m

p V2 p V2 • p V2 •

cs (u +  + 2 + gz ) V • ndA
ˆ = (u + +
 2
+ gz )out mout − (u + +
 2
+ gz )in min

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One dimensional energy equation for steady flow

•  p  p  Vout 2 − Vin 2  • •
m uout − uin +   −  + + g ( zout − zin )  = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
   out   in 2 

Enthalpy h

p
h=u+


• Vout 2 − Vin 2  • •
m  hout − hin + + g ( zout − zin )  = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
 2 

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