Angle Measurement

Recall that in geometry, the measure of an angle is limited from 0◦ to 180◦. In

Trigonometry, angles are signed and directed. This means that the angle is generated by
fixing one side and rotating the other side.

In Trig .
the angle
be real
can
any
number

A counterclockwise rotation gives a positive angle.

A clockwise rotation gives a negative angle.

The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation about the vertex required to move R I
onto R2 .

Draw angle 4 90°

°

270
angle
-

270°

-90°
Angle Measurement
A positive angle formed by one full rotation is said to have a measure of 360◦.
An angle measurement can have more than one revolution.

Example : 405°

405°

Degrees and Radians

Aside from degree measure of an angle, we also have the radian measure of an angle.
Radian measure is defined as the measure of an angle which intercepts an arc whose
arclength is equal to the radius of the circle.

Note the 9- radian

*
s=r that
r
valve is fixed
⊖

D
O r

⑦ = 1 radian
 Theorem ( Relationship Between Degrees { Radians )
°

180° = -11rad 1rad =

( %-) 1° =
rad
•

Degrees →
Radians multiply by % *
360° 21T
,

Radians
• →
Degrees ,
multiply by ¥
Drill

Coterminal Angles
An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at the origin and one ray is on
the positive x−axis. The ray on the x−axis is called the initial side and the other ray is
called the terminal side.

Observe that the two angles in

standard position have the
same terminal side but they
have different angle
measures. These angles are
called coterminal angles.
Coterminal Angles
If two angles in standard position have the same terminal side, they are called coterminal
angles.
To find a positive angle and a negative angle that are co-terminal with angle θ, you add
and subtract 360◦ to θ if it is in degrees; or add and subtract 2π to θ if it is in radians.

Reference Angle
Let θ be an angle in standard position. The reference angle θ of angle θ is the acute
angle formed by the terminal side of θ and the x−axis. Reference angles may appear in
any of the four quadrants.

Find the coterminal angles of ① 30° =

To find positive angles that are coterminal with θ, we add any multiple of 360◦. Thus
30◦ +360◦ = 390◦ and 30◦ +720◦ = 750◦
are coterminal with θ = 30◦.

To find negative angles that are coterminal with θ, we subtract any multiple of 360◦. Thus

30◦ − 360◦ = −330◦ and 30◦ − 720◦ = −690◦

are coterminal with θ = 30◦.

Find the co
angle of
terminal ① ¥ =

To find positive angles that are coterminal with θ, we add any multiple of 2π. Thus

¥ +21T =
& ¥ +41T =
13¥
are coterminal with θ = π3 . To find negative angles that are coterminal with θ, we
subtract any multiple of 2π. Thus .
 % -
27 = { ¥-41T = -

are coterminal w/ ⊖ =
%

Find an angle with measure between 0◦ and 360◦ that is coterminal with the angle measure
1290◦.
We can subtract 360◦ as many times as we wish from 1290◦, and the resulting
angle will be coterminal with 1290◦. For example, 1290◦ − 360◦ = 930◦ is
coterminal with 1290◦, and so is the angle 1290◦ − 2(360)◦ = 570◦.

To find an angle we want between 0◦ and 360◦, we subtract 360◦ from 1290◦ as
many times as necessary. An efficient way to do this is to determine how many
times 360◦ goes into 1290◦, that is, divide 1290 by 360, and the remainder will be
the angle we are looking for. Note that the quotient of 1290 divided by 360 is 3
while its remainder is 210. That is,
1290 = 3(360) + 210.

Therefore 210◦ is the desired angle.

Let us now add 21T to
"
%

3T¥ +
21T =

13¥
The angle is less than 31T ( within interval )
Next coterminal
angle
:

131T 23
1-2-11 =

5- 5

( interval )
beyond
"
Therefore terminal w/ % that is %
.
the angle co in the interval -
IT < 0<3-11 is .
Reference Angles
of
angle É angle
standard The reference ① the acute
-

Let ⊖ be an
angle in
position .
is angle
formed by the terminal side of ⊖ and the x-axis Reference angles may appear of the four
any
.
in

quadrants

Example : Ref
.
Angle for ① = 5¥

Terminal side is in Quad 4 .

Ref .
Angle is .

F. = 21T
_

5¥ =
¥

Ref .

Angle 0 870°
Find coterminal
r angle :

870° -
21360 ) : 150
150° is in Quadrant #
Quad I = 180--150=300

Unit Circle
A circle whose center is the origin of the Cartesian plane and whose radius is 1 unit is a unit
circle. The equation of a unit circle is
2
I
y2
✗ + =
Trigonometric Point
A trigonometric point (a,b) = P( ⊖ ) is a point. On the unit circle. It is the intersection of the
terminal side of an angle in standard position and the unit circle

Coterminal angles have the

same trigonometric point.

Quadrantal Angles
Quadrantal angles are angles in standard position whose terminal side lie on any axis.
The angles 0, π /2, π, 3π /2, and their coterminal angles are the quadrantal angles.
 Special Angles in A Right Triangle

60°

°
45

°
30

Trigonometric Points of the Family of IT

/4
Notice they all
how
have É they only
,

differ in
sign

Trigonometric Points for the Family of π/6 and π/3

 For F- × .

PIE ) / % 's ) :

P / E) =/ E. %)
•

PIE ) :/ I. E)

Drill :
i. G- =
5"
/6 } .
① =
'
6%
6%
1=1 ÷ )
217
PI 's
=
-

=/ £ §)
.
161T
41T = -
-
-

2. ⊖ =
-

¥ 3 ,

-
Not on unit circle so find coterminal
4.0=5850
-
+
12¥ If=

585-360=2250

Pt 1=14%1--1 's 's ) .

=/ ÷ E)
-

,
-

5 3
Is it possible for P(θ) =
4 4

2 2
Since P(θ) should lie on the unit circle, its coordinates must satisfy the equation x + y = 1.

÷2=%+%=¥≠1
"

{ +

Not a
trigonometric point
1,2
Let P (θ) = (x, y). Then we have the following results:

%¥i+i
1 P(−θ)=(x,−y)
2 P(θ+π)=(−x,−y) ¥ ¥ =
'%
-

3 P(θ−π)=(−x,−y)
4 P(θ+2π)=(x,y)
5 P(θ−2π)=(x,y)
Practice :

Trig point of _

493-1-1
-

4%1-+9 / %) =
%

=/ 's E)
-

1260° )

= 180°
↳ ( -1,0 )

Given Plot = IX. g)

What is P (0-+217) ?
-

f- & 10-12-11 ) are coterminal

trigonometric point
-

same

What is Plot -11 ) ?

-0 & ( ⊖ I -11
quadrants opposite each other diagonally
-

are in

If P 10-1-11 )= 1- g)
PIO-5-lx.gl then ×,
- -

,
,

What is Pto ) ?
⊖ & ⊖
quadrants opposite each other horizontally
-
-

are in

If P

⊖ 17¥ Negative
*
counter
-

= :

clockwise
Find Pit -

⊖ ) ?

¥ -5¥
"
+

#
=
"

⑤ =
% /% ,
%)

PI %)
'
Pl -

=
-

f- 5% %)
-
=
.

*
IT -

⊖ ≠ ⑦ -
IT

so rewrite as . . .
-

⊖ + IT Q2 (+ IT ) → PUT -0 ) is in Q4 so ,

PITI -0-1 -
/£ ,
-

%)
 A The terminal side of θ is in QII, so the terminal side of −θ is in QIII.

PI -0-1
:( § -

,
-

£)
2) P (0-+1-1)
The terminal side of θ is in QII, so the terminal side of θ + π is in QIV.

Plo +
IT / =/ ¥ £ ) ,
-

(+ IT here means
you
rotated half a circle )

3. P(θ−2π)
Note that θ is coterminal with θ − 2π, and thus they must have the same
trigonometric point.

P (0--2-11) =
/ § £)
-

If the terminal side of an angle θ passes through the point (7, 24), what is P(θ)?
↓
Outside unit circle
2s
because 72+242=17
24

7-

Using similar triangles, we have the ratio of the hypotenuse of the small right triangle to the
big right triangle. Thus, the ratio of the corresponding sides is given by:
 Is ¥ : =
% ,

Yes : constant

then . . .
×=És ,
y
-
_

¥
Plot :( E. %)
Recheck :

4,9g {¥g 6¥ ✓
'
✗ +
y
2=1 → + = =
I
,

Given that the terminal side of 0 through 112 -

9) find 10-1
passes , ,

÷ : :-.
✗ 12

1 Y -
q
Numerator
*
Given
0-1=(-12--9)
=

plot =/
xiy) P/
Solved
15 1 15 Denominator =

hypotenuse

Definition of Circular Functions, Special Angles and Co Terminal Angles

opposite
( sine
) sin ⊖ =

hypotenuse
adjacent hypotenuse
( cosine ) cos ① =

hypotenuse opp .

( tangent) tan 0 .

= opposite
adjacent adj .
 74=542
§
sin

1-
=

52/2
cost'/
4=-1
=
£2
542
/y
"
tan = -
= 9
52/2

Sin
"
/3 =
¥2 = %
/3
¥
"
12
= '
cos =

tan't} :

5¥ or
É 4- =
53
Let θ be any real number and let P(θ) = (x,y) be the trigonometric point on the unit circle
determined by θ. We define:

⊖ =
① fan b- Y
1×-10 )
sin :X
y
=
cos

csc ⊖ =

ty ( y -1-0 ) self :& / ✗ =/ 0 )

to -10
±y ( y -40 )
:

trigonometric functions of ①
5¥
-

Find the 6 =
=

Plot :P /
-

%) s.nl -5%1 =
-

%
In Quad 111 csc (-5%6)=-2
PIO ) :( % %) cos I -5%1=-5/2
-
-

see
1-5%1=-3-5
↳ rationalize
÷ ¥
'

/ -5%1=-11
an
-

5/2
=
¥ • =
§
cot / -5%1=53
Find ( + %) csc
_

and tan 420°

*
PI %) :( % %) 174200 ) =P/ 60 )
'
-

.
420-360=60

In 0,4 tan 14207=53

-71T
¥
-

1-2-11 =

( 7% ) %} %
-
-
= =
csc
_

2%
-

cot I -115° ) sin % ,

-

4 cos %+ sin %
f- % E) %
PI -1151=1 % 4. Yet
E. É ) P 15%, )
- -

= -
-

( % %)
"
P ( b) =
,

In Q2 Pilo ) =
15h %) ,

cot / -1259=-1 -

÷
Pl E.) =L 's E) ¥
-

, .

P / %) :( ¥ 's ) , 2¥ .

HE )= / I. E)
-

¥4
=④

PI "% ) 1- E. E) -52
I-"
=

P ft /6) ( % /2)
" '

tñᵗgH -2+32-56
-

=
,
=

P ( b) It E)
" '
=
,
-

1-5%12 ¥ .

( 14 )
"
( E. E)
"
p =

-52+253
§ §
-

+ "
=
↳ 9¥ 8¥ =
E. HI
52¥51
_

→
3- 2
-

254
•

É 3-
.

3
252
 Given cos 0--1/5 . If fan 0-50 then find the other 5 trig functions
,

PIO ) IX. y )
-

§
_

cos ① =
*
1,2 + =\ '

y
5 (ti ) y :|
'
see 0 =
+

sin ① = y
'
=
I -

Is
y2=¥s
5

±
¥
csc 0
:-& § ,
-
=
×
g.
Given : tan ① < 04 cos 0-70
2€
therefore 0<0
-

sin

% -256
=

¥
an =

g-
.

co-10 =

256
.

=
¥2

csc D- =
-

¥ If .
-11<0 < ¥ . . .
find trig fun .

-11/2

IT 0121T Sino
=
-

5/13 →
Pyth Triple .
= 5.12.13
12

①
-

=
- -
Cos -13
i
→
-1
This Quad ① Sec ① =
12

341,
③ tan ① % 5
-

= =
-

12/13 Tz

%
'

⑤ cot ⊖ :
?⃝