IC LaB Report

Department of Applied Physics
N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology

OPEN ENDED LAB
INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS (EL-333) For BS

(AP)
Instructor’s Name: Ayesha Akhtar

Student Name: Taha, Ishaq, Mojiz and Usama
Roll no.: 69,67,65,62 Batch: 2019

Semester: 8th Semester Year: Final Year
Introduction.
Many industrial and consumer applications require the measurement and control of physical
conditions. For example, measurements of temperature and humidity inside a diary plant to
accurately maintain product quality, or precise control of the temperature of a plastic furnace to
produce a particular grade of plastic, etc.
These changes in physical conditions must be converted to electrical quantities using
transducers, and then amplified. Such amplifiers, which are used to amplify signals to measure
physical quantities are commonly known as Instrumentation Amplifiers.
Transducer output signals feed instrumentation amplifiers. Transducers transform energy. Most
transducers produce low-level signals.
Hence, before the next stage, it is necessary to amplify the level of the signal, rejecting noise and
interference. The general single ended amplifiers are not suitable for such operations. For the
rejection of noise, amplifiers must have a high common-mode rejection ratio.
The special amplifier which is used for such low-level amplification with high CMRR, high
input impedance to avoid loading is an Instrumentation Amplifier.
The instrumentation amplifier is intended for precise, low-level signal amplification where high
input resistance, low noise and accurate closed-loop gain is required. Also, low power
consumption, high slew rate and high common-mode rejection ratio are desirable for good
performance.
Requirements of a Good Instrumentation Amplifier.
An instrumentation amplifier is usually employed to amplify low-level signals, rejecting noise

and interference signals. Therefore, a good instrumentation amplifier has to meet the following
specifications:
Finite, Accurate and Stable Gain:

Since the instrumentation amplifiers are required to amplify very low-level signals from the
transducer device, high and finite gain is the basic requirement. The gain also needs to be
accurate, and the closed-loop gain must be stable.
Easier Gain Adjustment:

Apart from a finite and stable gain, variation in the gain factor over a prescribed range of values
is also necessary. The gain adjustment must be easier and precise.
High Input Impedance: To avoid the loading of input sources, the input impedance of the
instrumentation amplifier must be very high (ideally infinite).
Low Output Impedance: The output impedance of a good instrumentation amplifier must be very
low (ideally zero), to avoid loading effect on the immediate next stage.
High CMRR:
The output from the transducer usually contains common mode signals, when transmitted over
long wires. A good instrumentation amplifier must amplify only the differential input,
completely rejecting common mode inputs. Thus, the CMRR of the instrumentation amplifier
must be ideally infinite.
High Slew Rate:
The slew rate of the instrumentation amplifier must be as high as possible to provide maximum
undistorted output voltage swing.
Three Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier.
The most used Instrumentation amplifiers consist of three op-amps. In this circuit, a non-
inverting amplifier is connected to each input of the differential amplifier.
This instrumentation amplifier provides high input impedance for exact measurement of input
data from transducers. The circuit diagram of an instrumentation amplifier is as shown in the
figure below.
Op-amps 1 & 2 are non-inverting amplifiers and together form an input stage of the
instrumentation amplifier. The op-amp 3 is a difference amplifier that forms the output stage of
the instrumentation amplifier.
Working of Instrumentation Amplifier.
The output stage of the instrumentation amplifier is a difference amplifier, whose output Vout is
the amplified difference of the input signals applied to its input terminals. If the outputs of op-
amp 1 and op-amp 2 are Vo1 and Vo2 respectively, then the output of the difference amplifier is
given by,
R3
V out = (V −V 02)
R 2 01
The expressions for Vo1 and Vo2 can be found in terms of the input voltages and resistances.
Consider the input stage of the instrumentation amplifier as shown in the figure below.
The potential at node A is the input voltage V1. Hence the potential at node B is also V1, from
the virtual short concept. Thus, the potential at node G is also V1.
The potential at node D is the input voltage V2. Hence the potential at node C is also V2, from
the virtual short. Thus, the potential at node H is also V2.
Ideally the current to the input stage op-amps is zero. Therefore, the current I through the
resistors R1, R gain and R1 remains the same.
Applying Ohm’s law between the nodes E and F,
(V 01−V 02 )
I= ………...Eq (1)
( R1 + R gain + R1)
(V 01−V 02)
I=
(2 R1 + Rgain )
Since no current is flowing to the input of the op-amps 1 & 2, the current I between the nodes G
and H can be given as,
(V G −V H ) (V 1−V 2)
I= = …………Eq (2)
R gain R gain
Equating equations 1 and 2,
(V 01−V 02) (V 1−V 2)

= =
(2 R1 + Rgain ) R gain
(V 1−V 2 )
= (V 01−V 02)= (2 R1 + Rgain ) ………Eq (3)s
R gain
The output of the difference amplifier is given as,
R2
V out = (V −V 02)
R 3 01
Therefore,
R2
(V 01−V 02) = V
R 3 out
Substituting (V 01−V 02) value in the equation 3, we get
R2 (V 1−V 2 )
V out = (2 R1 + Rgain )
R3 R gain
i.e.,
R2 ( V 1 −V 2 )
V out = {( 2 R1 + R gain ) }
R3 R gain
The above equation gives the output voltage of an instrumentation amplifier. The overall gain of
R2 ( V 1 −V 2 )
the amplifier is given by the term = {( 2 R1 + R gain ) }
R3 R gain
Advantages of Three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier:

1. The gain of a three op-amp instrumentation amplifier circuit can be easily varied and
controlled by adjusting the value of R gain without changing the circuit structure.
2. The gain of the amplifier depends only on the external resistors used. Hence, it is easy to
set the gain accurately by choosing the resistor values.
3. Input stage non-inverting amplifier circuits determine instrumentation amplifier input
impedance. Non-inverting amplifiers have high input impedance.
4. The instrumentation amplifier has the difference amplifier's low output impedance.
5. The CMRR of the op-amp 3 is very high and almost all the common mode signal will be
rejected.
Simulation:
Conclusion:
A special implementation of Operational Amplifiers is the Instrumentation Amplifier, a type of
Differential Amplifier with Input Buffer Amplifier. In this project, we will learn about few
important Instrumentation Amplifier Basics and Applications and also the circuit and working of
a three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier

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Department of Applied Physics

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology

INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS (EL-333) For BS

Instructor’s Name: Ayesha Akhtar

Roll no.: 69,67,65,62 Batch: 2019

Requirements of a Good Instrumentation Amplifier.

An instrumentation amplifier is usually employed to amplify low-level signals, rejecting noise

Finite, Accurate and Stable Gain:

Easier Gain Adjustment:

Three Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier.

Equating equations 1 and 2,

(V 01−V 02) (V 1−V 2)

The output of the difference amplifier is given as,

Substituting (V 01−V 02) value in the equation 3, we get

Advantages of Three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier:

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