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Arduino Based Radar System for Short Range Applications

Article · December 2021

DOI: 10.32628/IJSRSET21984

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 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Materials,
Computing and Communication Technologies
International Journal of Scientific Research inScience, Engineering and Technology
Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099 (www.ijsrset.com)

Arduino Based Radar System for Short Range Applications

Vijay Raj.C.K1, Jayashree.D1, Ms.G.T.Bharathy2
1UG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, India

2Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication, Jerusalem College of Engineering,

Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

RADAR is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the characteristics of the detected objects such
as: range, height, direction, or the speed of objects. This paper, is aimed at designing a radar system that uses an
ultrasonic sensor to detect objects. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between the radar and
any object-based non-contact technology. This system is controlled through Arduino. Arduino UNO board is
sufficed to control ultrasonic sensor and also to interface the sensor and display device. Whereas, the
movement of the sensor is controlled by using a small servo motor. This radar is controlled using the Arduino
Uno board as a microcontroller. The signal received from the sensor is processed using “Processing
Development Environment Software". Ultra-sonic sensor is attached to the servo motor it rotates about 180
degree and gives visual representation on the software called processing IDE. Processing IDE gives graphical
representation and it also provides angle or position of the object and distance of the object.
Keywords—Radar, Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino Uno, Servo Motor

I. INTRODUCTION

RADAR is a method of object detection using radio waves to determine objects' size, height, direction or speed.
Radar systems are available in various sizes with various performance requirements. Some radar systems are
used in airport air traffic control, others are used in long distance surveillance systems and early warning
systems. The heart of a missile guide system is a radar system. Small compact, individually maintainable radar
systems and systems occupying many spacious rooms are available.
Several nations secretly developed the radar before and during the Second World War. United States Navy
coined the term RADAR itself as an acronym of radio detection and a range of other developments in 1940.
New uses of the radar include a wide range of air traffic control systems including, radar, astronomy, air
defense systems, antimissile systems, marine maritime radars for the identification and repositioning of sites
and other vessels, aircraft collision anti-collision systems, sea surveillance systems, outer space monitoring, and
rendezvous systems. Digital signal processing is linked to high-tech radar systems.

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The first radars were developed as early as the 1930s [1]. Since then, radar systems have been widely used in
military. Radar systems were only used in the military area due to their bulky sizes and high costs in the early
days. Over recent decades, radar systems can be miniaturized and integrated onto a printed circuit board (PCB)
thanks to the advance of high frequency integrated circuits (IC) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits
(MMIC) [2–4]. With the advanced IC and packaging technologies, it is even possible to integrate a radar system
into a single chip with antenna-on-chip (AoC) or antenna-in-package (AiP) technologies [5]. The operation
frequencies of radar systems are going up to higher frequency bands. K-band (24 GHz) and W-band (77 GHz)
have already been adopted in automotive radar systems [6]. Despite issues such as high path loss, higher
operation frequency and smaller wavelength not only improving the sensitivity and resolution of radar systems,
but also making radar systems further compact, radars’ applications have been extended from military to
commercial areas. Researchers have been working on radar applications in through-wall detecting [7,8], indoor
localization [9], driver assistance [6,10,11], and bio-medical applications [12–15], etc.

II. RELATED WORK

Anuj Dutt, in [16], has presented the principle of Arduino Based RADAR System. Piyush Mittal et al in [17,18]
has explained the working of ultrasonic radar. M. Ishihara, et al in [19], has proposed the evaluation of method
of measuring distance between object and walls using Ultrasonic Sensors. Y. B. Gandole in [20], has explained
the simulation and data processing in ultrasonic measurements. G. Benet et al in [21], an industrial distributed
control system using intelligent ultrasonic sensor for ranging. G. Benet et al in [22], developed a system using
infrared sensors for distance measurement in mobile robots. Peng Z et al in [23], has reviewed a portable
microwave radar Systems for short-range localization and life tracking

III. SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The Block diagram of Short-Range Radar System Using Arduino is as shown in (Figure 1). In this work, the
distance of the object is measured through an ultrasonic distance sensor, and the sensor output is connected to
the signal conditioning unit.
After that, it is processed through the Arduino microcontroller. The measured results are displayed on the
personal computer. The sensor is attached to the servo motor to find the polar distance around the sensor up to
180 rotations.

Figure 1 Block diagram of the system

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IV. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

A. Arduino Board UNO Model

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware, open-source software and microcontroller-based device
building kit and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices. Arduino designs and
manufactures software, software and software.
The project is focused on the design of the microcontrollers. The board contains a combination of digital and
analog input / output (I / O) pins, which can connect to specific expansion boards (termed shields). The plates
have serial communication interfaces for loading programs from personal computers, including Universal Serial
Bus (USB) in the UNO model.
The Arduino project provides the built-in development environment (IDE) for the programming of
microcontroller systems to allow code writing and uploading to the board. It runs on Mac OS X, Linux and
Windows. The code is written in Java, which is based on open-source software and processing. You can use this
program on any board of the Arduino (Figure 3).

Figure 2 Arduino UNO

Figure 3 Arduino IDE

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B. Processing
All processing is an open-source computer programming language and integrated development environment
(IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities to teach the fundamentals of
computer programming in a visual context (Figure 4). The Specifications of programming:

• Free to download and open source

• Interactive programs with 2D, 3D or PDF output
• OpenGL integration for accelerated 2D and 3D
• For GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows
• Over 100 libraries extend the core software
• Well documented, with many books available

Figure 4 Processing3 IDE

C. Ultrasonic Sensors HC – SR04

The ultrasonic sensor emits ultrasound at 40,000hz, which passes through the air, while it bounces back into
the module if there is an object or obstacle in its way. The distance can be determined based on the travel time
and the speed of the sound.
The sound speed is around 341 meters per second (1100 feet) in air. This information and the time difference
between transmitting and receiving the sound pulse are used by the Ultrasonic Sensor to calculate the distance
from an object. The mathematical equation used is the following:
Distance =Time x Speed of Sound / 2 (1)
Time = the time between when an ultrasonic wave is transmitted and when it is received.
You divide this number by 2 because the sound wave has to travel to the object and back.

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Figure 5 Ultrasonic Sensor

D. Servo Motor
Tiny and lightweight with high output power. The servo will rotate about 180 degrees (90 in each direction)
and operate just as small as the regular types (Figure 6). To monitor these services, you can use any servo code,
hardware or library. The Specifications of servo motor:
• Weight: 9 g
• Dimension: 22.2 x 11.8 x 31 mm approx.
• Stall torque: 1.8 kg f cm
• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree
• Operating voltage: 4.8 V (~5V)
• Temperature range: 0 ºC – 55 ºC

Figure 6 Servo Motor

V. HARDWARE SYSTEM DESIGN

The interfacing between the PC and the Arduino is done by RS232 USB. The Arduino receives the data from
the ultrasonic sensor and process it. In the Arduino software, equation (1) is used to calculate the object
distance. Also, the position angle of radar is calculated and controlled from the Arduino program. The Arduino
sends these data, which are the angle position and the object distance to processing software to show them on

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the radar screen. The figure 7 shows the design of hardware that was designed with a scraper environment. The
connection of different electronic components is displayed.

Figure 7 Hardware System Design

VI. FLOW CHART

The flowchart shows the overall operation of the system following software to control the servo motor.

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VII. RESULTS

The hardware model of the project is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Hardware Model of the Project

The radarworkspace is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Radar Workspace

Figure 10 illustrates the radar when detects an object.

Figure 10 Radar with Object

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Figure 11 shows object radar information on radar workspace where the distance between object and radar is
11cm, and angle is 160.

Figure 11 Radar Information

VIII. APPLICATIONS

The radar system is used mostly for mapping and has several uses for protection purposes.

A. Application in Air Force

This is used for the identification of items that come in by aero planes or aircraft devices that have a radar
device in it. It is often used for the height measurement calculation.
B. Application in Marine
It is also used in ships or in marine applications. The distance of other boats or ships is measured on big ships
and can be minimized by not colliding with the aid of this sea accident. It can also be used at ports to see the
distance from other vessels and track or monitor the movements of the vessels.
C. Application In Meterology
Wind tracking or monitoring is also done with radar systems. It has become a major climate monitoring
equipment. For starters, storms are used to detect tornados

IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

This paper presents the design and implementation of a simple radar system using Arduino as microcontroller
for short range applications. The implemented system detects the object and measure the target distance. This
Short-range radar system is a low cost, a simple device for distance measurement. The simulation results have
been verified manually with a drawn angle. Hence, the device calculates the distance with suitable accuracy
and resolution. The data is converted into visual information. This radar system can be extended and
implemented for long range applications.

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X. REFERENCES

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BIOGRAPHY

Ms. G.T. Bharathy was born in India in the year 1979. She completed her B.E degree in ECE
in the year 2000 from Madras University, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India and
M.E degree in the year 2005 Communication Systems in Anna University from Shri
Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Chennai, India. She is currently a Research Scholar
(part-time Ph.D.) at Department of ECE, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS), Chennai and also working in Jerusalem College of Engineering,
Department of ECE, Chennai as an Associate Professor. She is a member of IEEE and also a life time member in
ISTE. She has worked in the Anand Institute of Higher Technology and Prince Shri Venkateshwara
Padmavathi College of Engineering, Chennai. She is interested in research areas such as RF and Microwave
Circuits, Communication Systems and Wireless Communication &Networks. She has published eight papers in
Scopus Indexed Journal, three papers in Springer Scopus Indexed Journal and two papers in IEEE Xplore Digital
Library and more thanpapers in various other reputed National and InternationalJournals.
Corresponding author:
Email:bharathy@jerusalemengg.ac.in.
C.K.Vijay Rajis a third-year UG Scholar at Jerusalem College of Engineering with an Electronics background.
He is very enthusiastic about circuit design and implementation. He is currently conducting research
onInternet of Things.He has finished courses in machine learning, artificial intelligence etc.
Email:vijayck2002@gmail.com
D.Jayashree is a 3rd year UG Scholar at Jerusalem College of Engineering with an Electronics background. She is
an aspiring student who has developed a mature and a responsible approach to any tasks that she undertakes.
Currently, she is conducting research on Internet of Things. She has finished courses in Al, big data and Ethics
etc.
Email:shreedeva2001@gmail.com

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