GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

LECTURE 6
INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED GIS

Roseanne V. Ramos
Assistant Professor
Department of Geodetic Engineering
University of the Philippines
[email protected]

Topics
1 Recall on Spatial analysis
2 Spatial Analysis strategy
3 Examples and applications
4 Overview of advanced GIS topics

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Analysis strategy

Spatial Analysis
In GIS, spatial data normally follows this sequence of operations:

Applied to the Real World Decision

/ Evaluation / Validation Making /
Planning

What “tools”/ analysis functions and options need to be used

to achieve a specific analytic objective?

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Analysis
• In what order do the tools need to be applied?
• Most analyses involve several steps
• Input  Output  Input  Output
• What preparation is needed (e.g., slope, reclassify, buffer)?
• PLAN!!
• remember that goals can often be addressed in several ways
• there may be several satisfactory or equally viable outcomes of
analysis

Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
3. Explore the datasets/tool
4. Perform the analysis
5. Verify the results
6. Present the results

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
• What is the goal?
• Define issues to be addressed
• Define site-specific properties/spatial problems to solve
using GIS

Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
• Identify available/necessary datasets and tools to use (conceptual
modeling)
• Define the data types, attributes, sources, spatial
extent/coverage/scale, etc.
• Define type of approach: temporal? Spatial? Spatio-temporal?

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
3. Explore the datasets/tool
• Data manipulation, combination of tools in your processes/workflow
• Usually the methodology that you plan also depends on the availability of
the data.
• Or you may need to gather additional data in order for you to use the
specific method that you plan.
• Data can come from any number of sources
• The data you choose and where you get it depends on your needs and
budget.
• Most critical is that the data be good quality, and accurate
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Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
3. Explore the datasets/tool
4. Perform the analysis
• Decide which analysis method to use based on your original question
and how the results of the analysis will be used.
• If vector layers are available, you might intersect all the layers and
derived the result from a look-up table (or you do the process using
raster data, whichever is applicable)

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
3. Explore the datasets/tool
4. Perform the analysis
5. Verify the results
• Verify if the result is correct, accuracy assessment
• Assess consistency of result
• May require some ground truthing

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Spatial Analysis Strategy

1. State the problem
2. Breaking the problem down
3. Explore the datasets/tool
4. Perform the analysis
5. Verify the results
6. Present the results
• The final process is to draw conclusion from the result of your analysis.
• These results may be used in supporting decision by managers or
planners related to the study.

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Examples and applications

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Suitability Analysis
 Site selection strategy
 Where is the best location
 Using boolean or weighted overlays
 Need to identify appropriate layers and criteria/indicators

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Suitability Analysis
 Example 1: House Site selection

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Suitability Analysis
 Example 2: Best site for a new school

Conceptual Model

Process models

Datasets
(data models &
representation
model)

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Example 2: Best site for a new school

Step 5. Verifying the model’s result

Step 6. Presenting the result

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Suitability Analysis (with ranks)

Use ranked suitability to answer:
• Where is the best location?
• Where is the next best?
• Where is the least suitable?

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Suitability Analysis (with ranks)

Example 3: Determining yield
• Weighted Reclassification Factor Combinations

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Suitability Analysis (other examples)

Rice Crop Suitability Map in Kenya

Suitability Map for Tourism Development

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Advanced GIS Topics

• Network Analysis
• Spatial Visualization
• Spatial Statistics

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What is Network Analysis?

 based on the mathematical sub-disciplines of graph theory and
topology
 a set of analysis techniques used with networks (features that
are topologically structured, e.g. roads, rivers, pipelines, cables,
etc.)

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Network analysis can address the following..

• What is the quickest way to get from point A to point B?
• Which houses are within five minutes of a fire station?
• Which ambulances or patrol cars can respond quickest to an incident?
• What market areas does a business cover?
• A person wants to visit a store. Which branch should the potential
customer visit to minimize travel time?
• How can a fleet of delivery or service vehicles improve customer service
and minimize transportation costs?
• Where can a business open a store to maximize market share?
• If a company has to downsize, which stores should it close to maintain
the most overall demand?

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Sample Application
Transportation Modeling
Basic functions already existing in GIS including buffer, overlay, query, etc.
are useful in Transportation Planning. However, deeper analysis of
network data is available for planning applications

Examples:
• network flow equilibrium models
• travel demand models
• trip generation and distribution
• activity-based models
• transportation/land-use interaction models
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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Spatial Visualization

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Visualization
Visualization is central to the communication of spatial data…

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

3D GIS
 3D visualization
 3D Analysis
 3D Spatial modeling

 uses the concept of volumetric objects, which is used in solid modeling

 3D data has a specified z-value, while 2D data does not

2.5D GIS
• 2.5D mapping and analysis uses these Cartesian coordinates but adds an attribute
such as height to achieve the extra half of a dimension.
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3D Analysis in GIS
Volume computations

Cut and Fill Volume

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Applications
Indoor GIS
Includes any or all of the following:
 Indoor Mapping
 Building Information Systems (BIM)
 Indoor Location-based Services
(eg. Indoor Routing and Navigation)

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Applications
Virtual Environments

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Applications
Augmented Reality

Google Street View

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Spatial Statistics

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UP Department of Geodetic Engineering

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

What is Spatial Statistics?

• Location-based technique that involves methods for analyzing
spatial distributions, patterns, processes and relationships
• Incorporates space (proximity, area, connectivity and other
spatial relationships) directly into their mathematics
• Comprised of statistical theory and methods of estimation,
prediction and hypothesis testing that form the foundations of
inferential statistics applied to spatial data
• Enables user to find patterns, assess trends and make
decisions using more than visual analysis

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UP Department of Geodetic Engineering

Spatial statistics can answer the following..

• How are the features distributed?

• What is the pattern created by the features?
• Where are the clusters?
• How are patterns and clusters of different variables
compared to each other?

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GIM 165 Lecture 6 30/03/2023

Examples: Geostatistical Models

Ramos, R.V. and Blanco, A.C. (2015)

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UP Department of Geodetic Engineering
Ramos, R.V. and Blanco, A.C. (2019)

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