GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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LECTURE 5
SPATIAL ANALYSIS (RASTER)

Roseanne V. Ramos
Assistant Professor
Department of Geodetic Engineering
University of the Philippines
[email protected]

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TOPIC OUTLINE

1) Analytical functions for raster data

2) Examples and applications

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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GIS Analysis Functions

1. Querying
2. Reclassification
3. Distance/Proximity Analysis
4. Overlay Analysis
5. Surface/Terrain Analysis
6. Analytical Operations: Zonal Statistics

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RECALL: Querying
 Method of data retrieval
 Can be performed either on data that are part of the GIS database
or on new data produced as a result of data analysis

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Reclassification
 Uses reclassification rules to reclassify or assign new values to
cells
 Results to a new image
 May be Boolean or Weighted

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Reclassification
BOOLEAN RECLASSIFICATION
 Produces a two-coded image from a complex image
 Original image is reclassified to an image with only 0 or 1 as cell values
 Example: if the open water area are of interest, all cells representing this type
can be assigned a value of 1, and all other cells a value of 0

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Reclassification
WEIGHTED RECLASSIFICATION
 A different weight is assigned to
different feature types or classes,
based on the purpose of the
reclassification
 Higher weights can be assigned
to priority classes while lower
weights to those of lower priority

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Reclassification
WEIGHTED RECLASSIFICATION

Land use Original New New

Example: value value: value:
if the purpose is for Boolean Weighted
forest conservation, a Forestry 10 1 4
weight of 5 can be Water 11 0 2
assigned to forestry Settlement 12 0 1
and lower weights to
Agricultural 13 0 3
other features Land

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Reclassification

* equations are implemented using the

raster calculator in QGIS * Reclassify tool in ArcGIS can do
conversion of pixel values using the above
interface

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
• Vector data are stored as line segments
• curved lines are stored as short line segments
• Raster data are approximated using a grid cell representation

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Raster data are approximated using a grid
cell representation

 Euclidean distance – shortest distance/path

 Manhattan distance – distance along raster cell
sides from one point to another
 Proximity – concentric equidistant zones are
established around the start point A, and the © ESRI
distance to B is taken to be the corresponding radius
of the circle that intersects it

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Develops buffer zones OR distance contours around a point, line
or areal (polygon) feature

• buffers can be of variable width

• buffers may be reclassified (depends on application)

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis

• Sometimes we want to know a target’s zone (area) of influence.

Euclidean Allocation

© ESRI

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Raster Overlay Analysis

 New spatial data layer from two

or more old data layers
 Can be done within vector and
raster
 Should be georeferenced in the
same coordinate system; and https://gisgeography.com/
 Should cover the same area of
interest
Basic principle : Compare the properties of the same
location in both data layers, and to produce a new
characteristic for that location in the output layer.

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Raster Overlay Analysis

 Uses the idea of map
algebra
 Mathematical
operators are performed
on corresponding cells
from two or more layers
to produce an output
value
 Quick, straightforward,
and efficient

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Surface Analysis
Topographic datasets be
utilized to generate a
number of products such
as:
 Digital Elevation
Models
 Slope/Aspect
Polygons
 Terrain profiles
 Inter-visibility
models

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Surface Analysis
Users can build and analyze complex surfaces
elevation
to identify patterns or features within the
data.
Many patterns that are not readily apparent
in the original data can be derived from the
existing surface
slope
 Shaded relief
 Contours
 Angle of slope
 Aspect
 Hillshade
 Viewshed aspect

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Neighborhood Functions
 In some spatial problem we may be interested in
finding out the characteristics of the vicinity
 To perform neighbourhood analysis, we must
 state which target locations are of interest to us, and
what is their spatial extent,
 define how to determine the neighbourhood for each
target,
 define which characteristic(s) must be computed for
each neighborhood

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Neighborhood Functions

Functions are classified by the

spatial scope of processing:
local, focal, zonal, or global

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Neighborhood Functions
FOCAL
 Characterize an area surrounding a particular
cell/point, line or polygon
 Requires:
 one or more target locations (e.g., cell)
 neighborhood radius/shape (window size,
square/circle)
 function to be performed (e.g., average,
variety)
 May be implemented as a “moving window”
(raster); output assigned to target (usually
center cell in window)

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Neighborhood Functions
FOCAL
 Compute a statistic for each cell in
an output raster that is based on the
values of cells within a specified
neighborhood: rectangle, circle,
annulus, and wedge
 Majority, maximum, mean, median,
minimum, minority, range, standard
deviation, sum, variety
Sum of 3 x 3 cell neighborhood

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Neighborhood Functions
ZONAL
 Compute statistics for each
zone of a zone dataset based
on the information in a value
raster.
 Zone dataset can be a
feature or raster
 The value raster must be a
raster

© ESRI

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Neighborhood Functions
ZONAL

© ESRI

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Raster Data
Zonal Analysis

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Raster Data

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Raster Data
• Least-cost paths
• Line-of-sight

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Raster Data
• Density analysis

© ESRI
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END OF LECTURE 5

Thank you for your attention.

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GIM 165 Lecture 5 15/03/2023

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