Day: S/S 1/4

Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Equilibrium of Coplaner Parallel Force System.

OBJECT: - Determination of reactions at the supports of a Simply Supported beam.

APPARATUS: - Simple Beam set up, weights, scale etc.

FORMULA: - Σ Wi x Li
RB = -----------------
L

RA = Σ W i - RB
FIGURE: -
STEEL BEAM
DIAL SPRING
BALANCE

W1 W2

HANGER & WEIGHTS A B

L1
SIMPLE BEAM SET UP. L2
RA RB
L

FBD OF BEAM.

EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANER PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM.

THEORY: -

1] SIMPLE BEAM: A Simple Beam is a beam resting on two supports. The beam of
this experiment rests on the supports which provide reactions only in vertical
directions. The motion of beam in horizontal direction is not constrained.

2] FREE BODY DIAGRAM: FBD is the isolated view of the chosen body with all the
external forces ( including reactions due to removal of other body, surface or
support in contact) shown acting on it. It is necessary to draw FBD while solving
S/S 2/4
the problem of equilibrium or problem of Kinetics.

3] EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM: For Coplaner Non-concurrent force

system, the following three equations are available for equilibrium.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0.

The force system in this experiment is Coplaner Parallel force system

which is the special case of Coplaner Non-concurrent force system.
Since, there is no horizontal force in FBD of beam, following two
equations are available for equilibrium.
ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0.
4] DERIVATION OF FORMULAE FOR RA AND RB:
ΣMA = 0: W1 L1 + W2 L2– RB L = 0

ΣFy = 0: +RA + RB - W1 - W2 = 0
RA = W1 + W2 - RB
RA = ΣWi - RB (Where ΣWi = W1 + W2)
PROCEDURE: -
(i) Span of beam ‘L’ in metres is recorded.
(ii) Beam is placed gently on the two dial spring balances and
initial reading of both balances are recorded.
(iii) Two / three hangers are placed at different points. Some
weights are placed in hangers.
(iv) The distances (L1 , L2, etc.) of these hangers from left support
A and weights (W1, W2,etc. inclusive of weight of hangers)
are recorded.
(v) Steps (iii) and (iv) are repeated for different positions and
weights.

S/S 3/4

OBSERVATIONS: -
Span of Beam (L) = …………… m.
Initial reading of Dial A = …………… kg
Initial reading of Dial B = …………… kg

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 OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. L1 L2 W1 W2 Final reading (kg)

No. (m) (m) (kg) (kg) Dial A Dial B
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS: -

Where,
Sr. Experimental (kg) Theoretical (kg) % Deviation
No. RA RB RA RB RA RB
1
2
3
4
5
Experimental RA = Final dial reading at A – Initial dial reading at A
Experimental RB = Final dial reading at B – Initial dial reading at B

S/S 4/4

SAMPLE CALCULATION: -

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 RESULT: - Reactions at simple supports for various loads and positions are
as shown in table.

Viva Questions:
1) Why there shpold be difference in Actual loads and theoretical
calculated loads?
2) What is calibration? How the Balances will be calibrated?
3)

SJC 1/4
Day:
Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Equilibrium of Coplaner Force System.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 AIM: - Determination of forces in the members of Jib Crane.

APPARATUS: - Jib crane set up consisting of jib with co-axial compression

spring balance and tie including tension spring balance,
weights, pans, scale etc.
FORMULA: -
T C = W
=
Sin (90+α) Sin (90+ β) Sin (180-α-β)

FIGURE: -

C
TIE
90-β
B
C
T
90-α
W β α
JIB
A α

JIB CRANE SET UP. FBD OF AT JOINT B

EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANER CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM.

THEORY: -
(i) JIB CRANE: A Jib Crane set up consists of a compression member
(Jib) and a tension member (Tie) which are connected to a rod as
shown in figure. External force is supported by Jib and Tie.
(ii) FBD OF JOINT B: The FBD of joint B shows that there are three forces
acting at point B. Due to Tie, there is tensile force T and due to Jib
there is a compressive force C. Weight W is acting down.
(iii) COPLANER CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM: In FBD of joint B, since all
SJC 2/4
the three forces lie in the same plane and meet at the common
point B, the system is a Coplaner Concurrent force system.
(iv) EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM: For Coplaner Concurrent force system,
the following two equations are available for equilibrium
ΣFx = 0; ΣFy = 0.
The force system in this experiment is Coplaner Concurrent force

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 system with three forces acting as shown in figure. For such a case,
Lami’s theorem can be used instead of using ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0.

(v) LAMI’S THEOREM:

According to Lami’s theorem, for equilibrium of Coplaner
Concurrent force system of three forces, a force is proportional to
Sine of angle between other two forces.

T C = W
Sin (90+α)
= Sin (90+ β) Sin (180-α-β)
PROCEDURE: -

1] The Jib is erected by attaching the Tie at joint B and C such that the
height of C is greater than that of B. Then, the pan is attached at B.
2] The lengths AB, BC and AC are measured and recorded with the
help of string and scale.
3] The weight of the pan and initial reading of spring balances in the tie
and in the jib are recorded.
4] Some weight (say 1.0 kgf) is placed in the pan and weight W
(inclusive of weight of pan in kgf) is recorded.
5] Final readings of both the spring balances are recorded.
6] Weight in pan is increased by some amount (say 0.5 kgf) and
steps 2], 3], 4] & 5] are repeated.

OBSERVATIONS: -
Length of Mast (AC) = ……………….. m
Weight of pan at B = ……………….. kg.

SJC 3/4

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Final
Initial Reading Length Length
Sr. Reading
Weight of Jib of Tie β α
No. In In
In Jib In Tie (AB) (BC)
Jib Tie

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 Experimental Values Theoretical Values % Deviation
Sr. Force in Force in Force in Force in
Force in Force in
No. Jib (C- Tie Jib (C- Tie
Jib Tie
kg) (T- kg) kg) (T- kg)

CALCULATION: -

From geometry of triangle ABC,

AC2 + BC2 - AB2
Cos (90-β) =
2. AC. BC

β= …………….
AC2 + AB2 - BC2
Cos (90-α) =
2. AC. AB
α= …………….

SJC 4/4

By applying Lami’s theorem,

T W
Sin (90+α)
= Sin (180-α-β)

T = ……………. kg (Tension)

C = W
Sin (90+ β) Sin (180-α-β)

C = ……………. kg (compression)

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 The. Value – Exp. Value
% Deviation in force =
The. Value

RESULT: -

Day: CF 1/3

Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Coefficient of static friction by Coil friction set up.

AIM: - Determination of coefficient of friction using coil friction set

up.

APPARATUS: - Coil friction set up, coil with pans, weights etc.

FORMULA: -

1 T2
μ = ------ loge ------ where, θ is in radians
θ T1

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 DIAGRAM: -

W1

W1 W2 W1 W2 W1 W2 W2

(θ = 900) (θ = 1800) (θ = 2700) (θ = 3600)

COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION BY COIL FRICTION SET UP.

THEORY: -

(i) COIL FRICTION: The opposing force experienced by the coil when it
slides over the drum is called “ coil friction”.
If T1 and T2 be the tensions in the two ends of the threads & the motion of the
thread is in the direction of T2, then T2> T1, because T2 has to overcome the opposite
force T1. Also frictional force on the thread due to drum surface can be related from
the expression:
T2
= eμθ where μ is coefficient friction between thread & drum CF 2/3
T1

Hence, 1 T2
μ= loge
Where, θ is in radians
θ T1
PROCEDURE: -

1] The weight of pans 1 & 2 are recorded.

2] The cord for θ = 900 is set.

3] Some weight (say 10 gm) in pan 1 is put & W1 (inclusive of weight of

pan1 (in g) is recorded.
(θ = 900)

4] Weights in pan 2 (θ
are=added
900) till it just starts moving down.
W2 (inclusive of weight of pan 2 in g) required to start motion of W1
upwards is recorded.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

5] The weight W1 is increased by 10 g & steps 3] & 4] are repeated.

6] The experiment is repeated for θ = 1800, θ = 2700 & θ = 3600.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

1 T2
Sr. μ= loge
θ T1 = W1 (g) T2 = W2 (g) θ T1
No.

Average μ =
CF 3/3

CALCULATIONS: - (One sample calculation)

RESULT

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

Day: IPF 1/4
Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Coefficient of static friction by inclined plane set up.

AIM: - Determination of Coefficient of static friction using inclined

plane set up.
APPARATUS: - Inclined plane, wooden box, cord with pan, weights etc.

FORMULA: -

s (W1 – W.sin )
=
W.cos 

DIAGRAM: -

WEIGHT W
INCLUSIVE OF PULLEY
BOX.
CORD
INCLINED
PLANE.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur
 WEIGHT W1
O INCLUSIVE OF PAN.

COEFFCIENT OF STATIC FRICTION BY INCLINED PLANE SET UP

THEORY: -
1) LAWS OF FRICTION: The laws of dry friction (sometimes called as
Coulomb friction) may be stated as follows:
a] If friction is neglected, the reactions are always normal to the
surfaces in contact.
b] Friction always acts to oppose the relative motion of the free body
(or its tendency to move) and it is tangent to the surfaces in
contact.
c] If static friction is acting, the value of the friction force may vary from
zero to its maximum available value adjusting itself to the resultant
IPF 2/4
force tending to cause motion.

d] The maximum available value of static friction (i.e. the limiting friction
when motion impends) is equal to sN, where s is the coefficient of
static friction and N is the normal force.
e] If motion occurs, the kinetic friction force always acts at its constant
value of kN, where, k is the coefficient of kinetic friction & N is the
normal force.
f] The angle between the total reaction and its normal component
when limiting friction is acting, is called “angle of friction”. The
tangent of this angle is equal to the coefficient of friction.

2) DERIVATION OF FORMULA:

+Y
+X

W T
 T
T
F=μN

 N

W1
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 FBD OF BLOCK. FBD OF PAN.

At a fixed angle of inclination , the suspended mass is increased until the block
is at the verge of upward slippage, i.e. in the state of impending motion.
Refer to the free body diagram of the block at such a state as shown above for
equilibrium.

FBD of pan:
+ΣFy = 0 : T = W1 ………. [1]

FBD of Block:
ΣFy = 0 : N = W.cos θ ………. [2]
IPF 3/4
ΣFx = 0 : T- sN – W.sin θ = 0 .……… [3]

[1] & [2] in [3] give:

W1 - sW cos θ – W.sin θ = 0

(W1 – W sin θ)
s =
W.cos θ

PROCEDURE: -
1) The inclined plane at some suitable angle is adjusted.
2) The weights of box and pan in kg are recorded.
3) Some weight (say 200 gm) in box is put and W (inclusive of
weight of box) is recorded.
4) Some weights are added to the pan till the box just starts
moving up the inclined plane and W1 (inclusive of weight of
pan) is recorded.
5) Weight W is increased (by say 200 gm) and steps 3) & 4) are
repeated.

OBSERVATIONS: -

1) Weight of box = ………….. kg 2) Weight of pan = …………… kg

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Sr. Weight Weight W1 – W.sin θ

Angle θ (0) s = W.cos θ
No. (W) kg (W1) kg

IPF 4/4
Average s =

CALCULATIONS: - (One sample calculation)

RESULT: - * The coefficient of friction between wooden plane and wooden

box / metal base box is s = ……………

* The limiting angle of friction is found to be θ = tan-1 s = …………

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

Day: FW 1/4

Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Fixed axis rotation of Rigid Body (Flywheel)

AIM: - Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.

APPARATUS: - Flywheel, pan with cord, weights, stop-watch, vernier calipers

etc.

FORMULA: -

2. n2
Im = -------------- (m.g.h - 0.5m.v2) kg-m2
ω2 (n1+ n2)

Where,
n1 = No. of turns of cord on axle.
= No. of rotations flywheel make till detachment of falling mass
n2 = No. of rotations which Flywheel makes after detachment of
falling mass till it stops.
h = Displacement of falling mass till detachment.
= 2.∏.r. n1
r = Radius of axle of flywheel.
ω = Angular velocity of flywheel at the instant of detachment.
= 4.∏. n1
t
t = Time taken by flywheel for n1 rotations.
v = Linear velocity of falling mass at the instant of detachment

4.∏.r. n1
= r.ω = t

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 FIGURE: -
EFFORT PIN
WHEEL

BEARING
FW 2/4

FALLING MASS
& PAN
THEORY: -

1] KINETIC & POTENTIAL ENERGIES OF A BODY:

a) Kinetic Energy: It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its

motion.
i) If body undergoes translation:
1
K.E. = ------ m.v2
2
ii) If body undergoes rotation:

1
K.E. = ----- m. ω 2
2

b) Potential Energy: It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its

position. In mechanics, P.E. due to gravity (weight) and elastic
spring is important.

2] LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

In mechanics, it is sometimes known as “Law of conservation of
Mechanical Energy”.
It states that during motion, sum of kinetic energy &
potential energy of a body remains constant.
For this to occur, kinetic energy must be transformed
into potential energy and vice-versa.

3] Mass MOMENT OF INERTIA:

Mass Moment of Inertia ‘Im’ represents measure of
resistance of a body to angular acceleration. It is defined as the
integral of Second Moment about an axis of all elements of

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 mass dm.

Im = ∫r2dm
FW 3/4

PROCEDURE: -

1] Radius of axle of flywheel & mass of pan are recorded.

2] A loose loop is formed at one end and a pan is attached at other

end. The loose loop is attached to the pin on the shaft of flywheel.

3] Flywheel is turned slowly so that the cord is wound around the axle
for n1 turns (say 3). n1 is recorded.

4] The horizontal red mark on the flywheel is brought exactly horizontal.

5] Some mass (say 100 gm) is placed in the pan & mass ‘m’ in kg
(inclusive of mass of pan) is recorded.

6] The mass is released & stopwatch is started at that instant.

7] Stopwatch is stopped at the instant, when falling mass get detached

from flywheel. No. of rotations n2 which flywheel makes after
detachment of mass & till flywheel stops is counted. Thus t & n2 are
recorded.

8] Steps 4] – 7] are repeated with different values of n1 & m.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 FW 4/4
OBSERVATIONS: -
Radius of the axle =…………… m

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

No. of
No. of revolutions
Sr. turns of Mass Time for Im
after detachment
No. cord on in kg detachment in sec (t) (kg-m2)
(n2)
axle (n1)

Average Im (kg-m2)

CALCULATIONS: - (One sample calculation)

RESULT: - The Mass Moment of Inertia of Flywheel is found to be Im =

………… Kg-m2.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

Day: DAW 1/4

Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Performance of Simple Lifting Machine (Differential Axial and
Wheel).

AIM: - Determination of law of machine for Differential Axle and Wheel.

APPARATUS: - Differential Axle and Wheel, Weights, pans, etc.

FORMULA: -

2.D Load (W)

1] V.R. = ---------- 2] M.A. = -------------
(d1- d2) Effort (P)

M.A. W
3] Efficiency (η) = ---------- x 100 % 4] Ideal Effort Pi = -------
V.R. V.R.

100
5] Frictional effort = Pf = P - Pi 6] Max. Efficiency ηmax = --------- %
m x V.R.

FIGURE: -

LARGER PART OF
DIFFERENTIAL AXLE
EFFORT
WHEEL
SMALLER PART OF
DIFFERENTIAL AXLE

D
BEARING
d1

d2

FLOATING
PULLEY EFFORT & PAN

P
DAW 2/4
P
LOAD & PAN W
DIFFERENTIAL AXLE AND WHEEL. W

THEORY: -
Derivation of Velocity Ratio:- This is the ratio of distance moved by

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effort in any interval of time, to corresponding distance moved by the load.

Then, V.R. = y/x

Suppose effort wheel makes one revolution.
Distance moved by effort = y = ∏.D
Length of winding of rope = ∏.d1
Length of unwinding of rope = ∏. d2
Net wound length = ∏ (d1 – d2)
But the rope is continuous and the load is to be lifted by the pulley block in the loop.
Total height over which pulley (load) is lifted.

∏ (d1 – d2)
x = --------------
2

y 2.D
V.R. = --- = -----------
X (d1 – d2)
PROCEDURE:-

1] The diameters of effort wheel (D) and differential load axle (d1 and
d2) are measured and recorded.
2] The cords on the differential axle and effort wheel are wound in such
a way that when effort is applied, the load is lifted up.
3] The weights of load hanger and effort pan are recorded.
4] Some weight (say 2 kg) is put in the load pan.
5] Weights to effort pan are added such that the load is just lifted up.
The load and the corresponding effort in kg are recorded (both
inclusive of weight of pans).
6] Load is increased by 1 kg and steps 4] & 5] are repeated.
DAW 3/4

OBSERVATIONS: -
1) Diameter of effort wheel (D) = cm,
2) Larger diameter of load axle (d1) = cm,
3) Smaller diameter of load axle (d2) = cm,
4) Weight of load pan = kg,

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5) Weight of effort pan = kg.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
Ideal
Frictional
Efficiency, effort,
Sr. Load Effort M.A. V.R. effort ,
η= Pi =
No. W(kg) P(kg) =W/P =2.D/(d1-d2) Pf = P- Pi
100 x M.A./V.R. W/V.R.
(Kg)
(kg)

CALCULATIONS: - (One sample calculation).

DAW 4/4

GRAPHS: - The following graphs are plotted.

1) Load (W) vs. Effort (P), 2) Load (W) vs. Ideal Effort (Pi),
3) Load (W) vs. Frictional Effort (Pf), 4) Load (W) vs. Efficiency (η).

RESULT: - a) The Law of machine for Differential axle and wheel

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 (P = m.W + c) is:
P = ……W + ……..

b) Maximum Efficiency of Differential axle and wheel is: ………… %.

DPCW 1/4
Day:
Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Performance of Simple Lifting Machine (Double

Purchase
Crab).

AIM: - Determination of law of machine for Double Purchase Crab.

APPARATUS: - Double Purchase Crab, Weights, pans, etc.

FORMULA: -
T 2 x T4 D Load (W)
1] V.R. = --------- x ---- 2] M.A. = -------------
T 1 x T3 d Effort (P)
K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur
 M.A. W
3] Efficiency (η) = ---------- x 100 % 4] Ideal Effort Pi = -------
V.R. V.R.

100
5] Frictional effort = Pf = P - Pi 6] Max. Efficiency ηmax = --------- %
m x V.R.

FIGURE: -

(T3)
LOAD
PINION
BEARING FRAME

AXLE-B
EFFORT WHEEL
LOA
D AXLE-A
AXLE

(T1) EFFORT
PINION

(T4) LOAD SPUR

EFFORT & PAN

LOAD & PAN P DPCW 2/4

W
THEORY: - For theory, please refer Experiment No.
DOUBLE PURCHASE CRAB.
PROCEDURE: -

1) The number of teeth on spur and pinion gears are counted &
recorded.
2) The diameter of the load axle (d) and effort wheel (D) are
measured & recorded.
3) The cords on the load axle and on the effort wheel (in
opposite directions) are wound in such a fashion that when
effort is applied, the load gets lifted.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 4) The weights of load pan and effort pan are recorded in kg.
5) Some weight (say 5 kg) in the load pan is put.
6) Weights are added to effort pan such that the load is just lifted
up. Readings of load and effort are recorded in kg.
(both inclusive of weight of pans).
7) Load is increased by 2 kg and steps 5 & 6 are repeated.

OBSERVATIONS: -

1) Teeth of pinion (T1) = 20

2) Teeth of spur wheel (T2) = 100
3) Teeth of pinion (T3) = 20
4) Teeth of spur wheel (T4) = 100
5) Diameter of effort wheel (D) = ……………. cm,
6) Diameter of axle (d) = ……………. cm,
7) Weight of load pan = ……………. kg,
8) Weight of effort pan = ……………. kg.

Efficiency η Ideal
Load Effort M.A. T2 x T4 x D = Effort Frictional
Sr.
(W) (P) = V.R. = ------------ M.A. W Effort,
No.
kg kg W/P T1 x T3 x d ----- x 100 Pi =----- Pf =P - Pi
V.R. V.R.

DPCW 3/4

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

CALCULATIONS: - (one sample reading)

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 DPCW 4/4

GRAPHS: - The following graphs are plotted

1) Load (W) vs. Effort (P), 2) Load (W) vs. Ideal Effort (Pi),
3) Load (W) vs. Frictional Effort (Pf), 4) Load (W) vs. Efficiency (η).

RESULT: - a) The Law of machine for Double Purchase Crab (P = m.W + c)

is:
P = ……W + …….

b) Maximum Efficiency of Double Purchase Crab is: ………… %.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

Day: SPCW 1/5

Date: EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: - Performance of Simple Lifting Machine (Single Purchase Crab)

AIM: - Determination of Law of Machine of Single Purchase Crab.

APPARATUS: - Single Purchase crab, strings, scale pans, weights, meter

scale, threads.

FORMULA: -
T2 x D Load (W)
1] Velocity Ratio = 2] M.A. = -------------
T1 x d Effort (P)

W
M.A.
4] Ideal Effort Pi = -------
3] Efficiency (η) = ---------- x 100 %
V.R.
V.R.
100
5] Frictional effort = Pf = P - Pi 6] Max. Efficiency ηmax = --------- %
m x V.R.
FIGURE: -

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 (T2) LOAD
SPUR

BEARING FRAME

LOA
D EFFORT WHEEL
AXLE (D)
(d)

(T1) PINION

W
LOAD & PAN EFFORT & PAN
P
SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB.

SPCW 2/5

THEORY: -
A machine is a device, which enables us to employ the input to advantage for
achieving a desired output. A machine may consist of a single element or an assemblage of
elements. Machines are classified as electrical, mechanical, electromechanical & others
depending upon the nature of the input & output. We confine ourselves to the consideration of
a simple mechanical machine where input may be the small force or a moment at a
convenient point & the output may be a larger load being lifted or moved against resistance.
It is usual to employ the terms Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio &
Efficiency to describe the features of a lifting machine.
1. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE: - It is the ratio of the load lifted to the effort
applied.
M.A. = W/P
2. VELOCITY RATIO: - It refers to the ratio of velocities of the points of application
of the effort & load. Assuming the lifting process to take place steadily, i.e. at the constant
rate, the velocity ratio over an interval of time may also be defined as:
Distance moved by the point of application of effort y V.R. =
----------------------------------------------------------- = ----

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 Distance moved by the load x

3. EFFICIENCY OF MACHINE: - It is defined as the ratio of the work output to the

work input.
Work output W.x
Efficiency (η) = ---------------- = -------
Work input P.y
W/P
= ------
y/x
Mechanical Advantage
SPCW 3/5
= -----------------------------
Velocity Ratio
4. IDEAL MACHINE: - A machine is said to be ideal, if the efficiency is 100 %
which may be so in the absence of dissipative actions, such as friction. For an ideal machine,
therefore,
Mechanical Advantage = Velocity Ratio.
In actual practice, some energy is lost in dissipative action and
efficiency is consequently less than 100 %. Hence, Mechanical Advantage must be les
than the Velocity Ratio.
It follows that, W/P < y/x and M.A. < V.R.
depending upon whether a machine is ideal or not.

5. REVERSIBLE MACHINE: - The reversed operation refers to the movement of the

machine components under the applications of the load only hen the effort is removed. It is
possible hen the work done by the load overcomes the frictional work over the same time
interval.
A machine may, therefore, operate in the reverse direction on the removal of
the effort, if its efficiency exceeds or equals to 50 %. It is often necessary to stop the reversed
operation of a machine. This can be done by keeping efficiency less than 50 %. The machine
is then said to be self locking. The condition of the self locking is contradictory to the
condition of an ideal operation.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 6. LAW OF MACHINE: - The relationship between the load lifted and effort
required, sometimes called as ‘law of machine’, is such that P = m.W + c, which shows that
LINEAR VARIATION
the effort bears a linear relationship with load as shown below:
P = m.W+C

EFFORT
P
C

LOAD W

The relationship shows that a minimum effort equal to the intercept ‘c’ is SPCW 4/5
required to lift a load.
PROCEDURE: -
1) The number of teeth on spur and pinion gears are counted &
recorded.
2) The diameter of the load axle (d) and effort wheel (D) is measured &
recorded.
3) The cords on the load axle and on the effort wheel (in opposite
directions) are wound in such a fashion that when effort is applied,
the load gets lifted.
4) The weights of load pan and effort pan are recorded in kg.
5) Some weight (say 5 kg) in the load pan is put.
6) Weights are added to effort pan such that the load is just lifted up.
readings of load and effort are recorded in kg.(both inclusive of
weight of pans).
7) Load is increased by 2 kg and steps 5 & 6 are repeated.
OBSERVATIONS: -
1) Teeth of pinion (T1) =
2) Teeth of spur wheel (T2) =
3) Diameter of effort wheel (D) = ……………. cm,
6) Diameter of axle (d) = ……………. cm,
7) Weight of load pan = ……………. kg,
8) Weight of effort pan = ……………. kg.
OBSERVATION TABLE: -

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

 M.A
Ideal
Load T2 x D η= -----x 100 Effort Frictional
Sr. Effort M.A. V.R
(W) V.R. = --------- W Effort,
No. (P) kg =W/P
kg T1 x d Pi =------ Pf =P - Pi
V.R.

SPCW 5/5

CALCULATIONS: - (one sample reading)

GRAPHS: - The following graphs are plotted

1) Load (W) vs. Effort (P), 2) Load (W) vs. Ideal Effort (Pi)
3) Load (W) vs. Frictional Effort (Pf), 4) Load (W) vs. Efficiency (η).

RESULT: - a) The Law of machine for Single Purchase Crab (P = m.W + c) is:
P = ……W + …….
b) Maximum Efficiency of Single Purchase Crab is: ………… %.

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur

K.D.K. College of Engineering, Nagpur