North South University

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

LAB REPORT

Course Code: EEE141L.

Course Title: Electrical circuits 1 lab.
Course Instructor: Dr. Md. Aynal Haque (Tabia Hossain).
Experiment Number: 03
Experiment Name:

Loading Effect of Voltage Divider Circuit.

Experiment Date: 13-11-2021

Date of Submission: 14-11-2021
Section: 13
Group Number:
Submitted To: Tabia Hossain.
Submitted By Score

Name: Sheaikh Nazibur Rahman.

ID: 2021572642
Objective:
• To analyze how the voltage divider circuit behaves when there is no load
resistance connected.
• Evaluate the performance of voltage divider circuit due to loading.

List of Equipment:

• Breadboard
• DMM
• 2 × 560Ω resistors
• 1 × (0-10kΩ) variable resistor
•Multisim app

Theory:
Voltage Divider circuit provides a simple way to convert a DC voltage to another
lower DC voltage. Consider the following voltage divider circuit.

The voltage drop across R2 is the output voltage, Vout. Vout is less than Vin because
the total voltage across R1 and R2 must add up to Vin. A potentiometer can also be
used to change Vout by changing the resistance R2. As the value of R2 is changed,
it allows the output voltage to be adjusted from 0 to Vin.
If we want to reduce the voltage in a resistor then we have to add a resistor with
the previous resistor in a parallel way. Then voltage will be divided between them.
Then the voltage will be decreased. Let a resistor R2, Its voltage is 5V if we want
to reduce its voltage we have to add a resistor R3 with it in a parallel way. So the
theoretical formula for measuring voltage will be,

Here Vin is the main voltage of this circuit.

Circuit Diagram:

R1
560.0Ω

V1
XMM1
10V
2
RL R2
4kΩ 560.0Ω
0

Circuit diagram: (With output load connected)

Results/Data/Readings:
RL Vout (measured) Vout (calculate) %Error

No resistor 5 5 0%

1k 3.906 3.906 0%

4k 4.673 4.673 0%

7k 4.808 4.808 0%

10k 4.864 4.864 0%

𝑹𝟐×𝑹𝑳
Req For this circuit:
𝑹𝟐+𝑹𝑳
When no resistor,then Req = 560Ω
560×1000
When RL=1 Ω, then Req = = 358.97Ω
560+1000
560×4000
When RL=4 Ω, then Req = = 491.22Ω
560+4000
560×7000
When RL=7 Ω, then Req = =518.51 Ω
560+7000
560×10000
When RL=10 Ω, then Req = = 530.30Ω
560+10000

𝑹𝒆𝒒
For this circuit Vo will be, Vo= × 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝒆𝒒

560
When no resistor, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =5V
560+560
358.97
When RL=1 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =3.906V
560+358.97
491.22
When RL=4 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.673V
560+491.22
518.51
When RL=7 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.808V
560+518.51
 530.30
When RL=10 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.864V
560+530.30

Error calculation:
Percentage Error = |(Practical value – Theoretical value)| / Theoretical value
For no resistor = (5-5)/5 = 0%
For 1kΩ = (3.906V-3.906V)/ 3.906V = 0%
For 1kΩ = (4.673V-4.673V)/ 4.673V = 0%
For 1kΩ = (4.808V -4.808V)/ 4.808V = 0%
For 1kΩ = (4.864V -4.864V)/ 4.864V = 0%

Questions and Answers:

Q1. Explain the loading effect of your circuit (i.e explain how does your Vout
vary with increasing Load resistor).
-At first there is no parallel resistor with R2 then the actual voltage was 5V. But
after adding parallel resistor with R2 the output voltage became decrease. At the
time of adding extra load resistor the voltages are being divided in the real resistor
and in the load resistor. That is why we have calculated the voltage theoretically by
adding both resistor in parallel.

We have used this formula for finding the output voltage that is Vout.

Q2. Showing all steps in details, theoretically calculate the value of Vout for
each load resistor.
𝑹𝟐×𝑹𝑳
- Req For this circuit:
𝑹𝟐+𝑹𝑳
When no resistor, then Req = 560Ω
 560×1000
When RL=1 Ω, then Req = = 358.97Ω
560+1000
560×4000
When RL=4 Ω, then Req = = 491.22Ω
560+4000
560×7000
When RL=7 Ω, then Req = =518.51 Ω
560+7000
560×10000
When RL=10 Ω, then Req = = 530.30Ω
560+10000

𝑹𝒆𝒒
For this circuit Vo will be, Vo= × 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝒆𝒒

560
When no resistor, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =5V
560+560
358.97
When RL=1 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =3.906V
560+358.97
491.22
When RL=4 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.673V
560+491.22
518.51
When RL=7 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.808V
560+518.51
530.30
When RL=10 Ω, then Vo= × 10𝑉 =4.864V
560+530.30

Q3. Comparing the theoretical data to the experimental data, comment how
far the loading effect of your circuit supports the theory.
-The theoretical data and the experimental data are almost the same if we take
more digits than the experimental value then it may have some error. Otherwise
theoretical value and experimental value are exactly the same. The loading effect
of my circuit supports the theory. Because when I add a parallel resistor to the R2
resistor then the value of Vout gets decreased. Form the table if resister value
1k,4k,7k, and 10k then output voltage were 3.906V, 4.673V, 4.808V, 4.864V.
When I increase the resistor’s value the output value of V also became increasing.
So, they are directly proportional to each other.
Discussion:
I learned from this experiment the loading effect of the voltage divider circuit, the
voltage divider circuit gives a normal way to convert a DC voltage to lower DC
voltage. The Vout of a non-loaded & a loaded voltage divider circuit varies. If I add
a resistor with the parallel of a resistor then its voltage became decreases. And
adding more resistance to the new resistor the voltage became increasing. The
theoretical value and experiment value were almost the same. If I took more digits
then It may give some error. Otherwise theoretical values and experimental values
are exactly the same.