DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

DIRECT PROPORTION
 If two quantities increase at the same rate, for example, if one doubles so does the other,
then the quantise are said to be directly proportional.

y is proportional to x

we write: yx
this means: y = kx

where k is a positive number.

 If we know one pair of values for x and y, k can be found.

EXAMPLE 1
Given that y is proportional to x and that when x = 7, y = 14, find the relationship between x
and y.

SOLUTION
y x
y = kx
when x = 7, y = 14
14 = k  7
k = 2
The relationship between x and y is: y = 2x

EXAMPLE 2
The current, I, in a particular type of wire is proportional to the voltage, V.
If I = 10 amps when V = 7 volts, find
a) The current when the voltage is 20 volts.
b) The voltage when the current is 12 amps.

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

SOLUTION

Step 1 Change the sentence into a IV

proportionality using the  symbol.

Step 2 Replace the  with = k to make an I = kV

equation.

Step 3 Use the values given to find k. In this 10 = 7k

case, I = 10 when V = 7.
10
k 
7

Step 4 Use the value of k to rewrite the 10

I V
equation. 7

Step 5 Now answer the questions using this a) When V = 20

equation. 10
I  20  28.6 amps
7
b) When I =12
10
12  V
7
7
 V  12   8.4 volts
10

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

VARIATION
 The same principle as used in direct proportion can be extended. The following statements
are frequently used at GCSE.

 Each statement can be written as a proportionality and as an equation:

Statement Proportionality Equation

a is proportional to b ab a = kb

a is proportional to the square of b a  b² a = kb²

a is proportional to the cube of b a  b³ a = kb³

a varies as the square root of b a  b a = kb

 k is called the constant of proportion or variation.

 Many type of proportionality have already been met,

Circumference is proportional to the diameter. cd c = d

Area of a circle is proportional to the square of the radius. A  r² A = r²

Force is proportional to acceleration. Fa F = ma

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

Example
The value (V) of a diamond varies directly as the square of its weight (w).
A diamond weighing 5.0 g is worth £2500. How heavy is a diamond
that is valued at £6000 ?
Solution

Step 1 Change the sentence into a proportionality V  w²

using the  symbol.

Step 2 Replace the  with = k to make an equation. V = kw²

Step 3 Use the values given to find k. In this case, 2500 = k  (5)²
V = 2500 when w = 5.
2500 = 25k
k = 100

Step 4 Use the value of k to rewrite the equation. V = 100w²

Step 5 Now answer the questions using this equation. 6000 = 100w²
w² = 60
w = 60
w = 7.75 g (2 d.p.)

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

INVERSELY PROPORTION (INDIRECT PROPORTION)

 If two quantities increase at opposite rates, so that if one doubles the other is halved, the
quantities are said to be inversely proportional.

For example,
if it takes 1 man 2 days to dig a trench,
then 2 men should take 1 day
and 4 men should take ½ a day etc…

 The statement y is inversely proportional to x

1
is written as: y
x

k
which means: y
x
 Many famous statements use inverse proportionality,

Newton's Law of Gravity

The force of attraction between two

bodies is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
In other words
1
F
d2

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

EXAMPLE
The intensity of light on an object is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the
object from the light.
If the intensity is 8 units at a distance of 5 m, find the intensity at a distance of 4 m.

SOLUTION

Step 1 Change the sentence into a proportionality using the 1

I
 symbol. s2
Let I = intensity and s = distance.

Step 2 Replace the  with = k to make an equation. k

I
s2

Step 3 Use the values given to find k. In this case, k

8
I = 8 when s = 5. 52
k
8 
25
 k  8  25
 k  200

Step 4 Use the value of k to rewrite the equation. 200

I
s2

Step 5 Now answer the questions using this equation. 200

I
42
200

16
 12.5 units

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROPORTION Higher Tier

EXAMPLE
The volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure (Boyle's Law)
a) Find the relationship between the volume, V, pressure, p and a constant, k.
b) When p = 400 N/m², V = 2 m³. Find k.
c) Find V when p = 150 N/m².
d) Find p when V = 5 m³.

SOLUTION
1 k
a) V V 
p p

k
b) 2  k  800
400
800 800
c) V V   5 1 m3
p 150 3

800 800 800

d) V 5  p   160 N / m2
p p 5

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