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01 04 OS Operations

The document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems including: 1) The bootstrap program which initializes the system and loads the kernel during boot-up. 2) The kernel which manages system resources and acts as an interface between hardware and software. 3) System daemons which are background processes that perform tasks like network management, printing, and file sharing.

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Marlo Capala
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45 views2 pages

01 04 OS Operations

The document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems including: 1) The bootstrap program which initializes the system and loads the kernel during boot-up. 2) The kernel which manages system resources and acts as an interface between hardware and software. 3) System daemons which are background processes that perform tasks like network management, printing, and file sharing.

Uploaded by

Marlo Capala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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01 04 OS Operations

It seems like you're discussing various aspects of operating systems. Operating systems are responsible
for managing computer hardware and software resources and providing services to applications and
users.

Here's a summary of the topics you mentioned:

Bootstrap program: The bootstrap program is a small piece of code that initializes the system and loads
the operating system kernel into memory during the boot-up process.

Kernel: The kernel is the core component of an operating system that manages system resources,
provides services, and acts as an interface between hardware and software.

System daemons: System daemons are background processes or services provided by the operating
system outside of the kernel. They perform various tasks such as network management, printing, and file
sharing.

Interrupts: Interrupts are signals generated by hardware devices or software to gain the attention of the
operating system. Hardware interrupts are caused by devices, while software interrupts (or traps) can be
triggered by program instructions or system calls.

Multi-programming: Multi-programming is a feature of operating systems that allows multiple programs


(or processes) to be loaded into memory simultaneously. The operating system manages the execution
of these programs using techniques like CPU scheduling, memory management, and device allocation.

CPU scheduling: CPU scheduling is the process of selecting and allocating the CPU (central processing
unit) to different processes in a multi-programming system. Various scheduling algorithms determine the
order in which processes are executed.

Multi-tasking (time-sharing): Multi-tasking, also known as time-sharing, allows multiple users or


processes to share the CPU by quickly switching between them. This creates an illusion of simultaneous
execution and enables interactive computing.
Swapping and virtual memory: Swapping is the process of moving processes between main memory and
secondary storage (disk) to free up memory for other processes. Virtual memory is a technique that
allows processes to execute even if they don't completely fit in main memory by using disk space as an
extension of memory.

Dual mode operation: Dual mode operation refers to the capability of the operating system to
differentiate between user mode and kernel mode. User mode is used for executing user applications,
while kernel mode is privileged and used for executing operating system functions. Transition between
modes is controlled by hardware and software mechanisms.

Process management: Process management involves creating, deleting, suspending, resuming,


synchronizing, and communicating between processes (also known as jobs or programs). The operating
system is responsible for managing these activities and providing mechanisms for process coordination.

Memory management: Memory management involves allocating and deallocating memory to processes,
keeping track of memory usage, and deciding which parts of memory to load or swap. The operating
system manages the memory hierarchy, including registers, cache, main memory, and secondary storage.

File system management: File system management deals with creating, deleting, organizing, and
accessing files and directories. The operating system provides mechanisms for file manipulation,
mapping files to storage, and ensuring file security and backup.

I/O subsystem: The I/O (input/output) subsystem handles communication between the computer and
external devices such as keyboards, displays, printers, and disks. It manages device drivers, buffering,
caching, spooling, and protection of I/O resources.

Protection and security: Protection mechanisms ensure that access to system and user resources is
controlled and unauthorized usage is prevented. Security mechanisms include user authentication, user
and group privileges, and enforcing access control policies.

It seems like you're covering a wide range of operating system concepts. If you have any specific
questions or need more detailed explanations on any of these topics, feel free to ask!

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