4 – Main Features of Data Processing

• Data processing is the method of collecting

raw data and translating it into usable
information.
• The raw data is
• Collected
• filtered
• sorted
• Processed
• Analyzed
• stored, and then
• presented in a readable format.
• By converting the data into readable formats
like graphs, charts, and documents,
employees throughout the organization can
understand and use the data.
 Data Processing Cycle
• The data processing cycle
consists of a series of steps
• raw data (input) is fed
into a system to produce
actionable insights
(output).
• entire process is repeated
in a cyclic manner.
Data Processing Cycle…
• Step 1: Collection
• The collection of raw data is the
first step of the data processing
cycle.
• Raw data can include monetary
figures, website cookies,
profit/loss statements of a
company, user behavior, etc.
Data Processing Cycle…
• step 2: Preparation
• Gather/Create Data
• Discovery
• Clean & Validate Data
• Enrich The Data
• Store The Data
• The purpose of this step to
remove bad data (redundant,
incomplete, or incorrect data) so
as to begin assembling high-
quality information
Data Processing Cycle

• Step 3: Input
• In this step, the raw data is
converted into machine readable
form and fed into the processing
unit. This can be in the form of
data entry through a keyboard,
scanner or any other input
source.
Data Processing Cycle…
• Step 4: Data Processing
• Raw data is subjected to
various data processing
methods using machine
learning and artificial
intelligence algorithms to
generate a desirable output.
• This step may vary slightly
from process to process.
Data Processing Cycle…
• Step 5: Output
• The data is finally transmitted and
displayed to the user in a readable
form like
• graphs,
• tables,
• vector files,
• audio,
• video,
• documents, etc.

Output can be stored and further

processed in the next data
processing cycle.
Data Processing Cycle…
• Step 6: Storage
• The last step of the data
processing cycle is storage,
where data and are stored for
further use.
• This allows for quick access and
retrieval of information
whenever needed
• Allows it to be used as input in
the next data processing cycle
directly.
4.1.1 Data Types
Data Types…
Data Description Methods in Digital Systems
• Data representation refers to the
form in which data is stored,
processed and transmitted.
• Digital devicework with distinct
and separate data.
• Analog devices work with
continuous data.
• Digitizing is the process of
converting analog data into
digital format.
Representing Numbers, Characters, Pictires
and sound
• Numeric data
Composed of numbers that might be used in numeric operations.
- Decimal number system has 10 symbols.
- Binary number system has only two symbols, 0 and 1.
• Character data
Composed of letters, numbers and numerasls that are not used in
arithmetic operations.
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
requires seven bits for each character.
- The ASCII code for an uppercase A is1000001.
Codes used to represent character data
• Extended ASCII is a superset of • Unicode
ASCII that • Unicode uses sixteen bits and
• uses eight bits for each character. provides codes or 65,000
• For example, Extended ASCII characters.
represents the • EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded
• uppercase letter A as 01000001. Decimal Interchange Code)
• Using eight bits instead of seven • eight bits, or one byte, wide. This
bits allows is a coding system used to
• Extended ASCII to provide codes represent characters-letters,
for 256 characters. numerals, punctuation marks, and
other symbols in computerized
text.
Representing Numbers, Characters, Pictires
and sound
• Picture Data
- Composed of a series of d
dots
- Each dot is assigned a
binary number for color.
• Sound data
- is characterized by the
properties of sound wave.
- the wave can be represented
digitally by sampling it at a
various points of
Memory Capacity
• Bit
• Short for binary digit ( 0s and
1s), that the only data that a
CPU can process.
• Byte
• An 8 – bit string of data
needed to represent any one
alphanumeric or simple
mathematical operation.
Hierarchy of Memory capacity
• Bit • Terabyte (TB)
• One binary digit • One trillion bytes or 240 bytes
• Byte • Petabyte
• 8 bits • One thousand Terabytes or 250 bytes.
• Kilobyte (kB) • Exabyt
• Approximately one thousand bytes (1024 • One thousand Petabytes or 260 bytes.
or 210 bytes)
• Zettabyte
• Megabyte (MB) • One thousand Exabytes.
• Approximately one million
bytes(1,048,576 byutes or 1,024 x 1,024
bytes or 220 bytes)
• Gigabyte (GB)
• Actually 1,074, 741,824 bytes(1,024 x
1,023 x 1,024 or 230 bytes).
Circuits & Chips
• An Integrated Circuit is a super –
thin slice of semiconducting
material packed with
microscopic circuit elements.
How do bits & bytes fit together with chips &
circuits?
• Bits take the form of electrical
pulses that can travel over
circuits.
• The 1 – bit might represent an
electrical voltage such as 5 volts,
whereas 0 bit is represented by a
low voltage such as 0 volts
• The system board is a circuit
board to which a multitude of
electronic components are
mounted.
• Motherboard
Digital Processing
• Programmes and Instruction sets
• Computers. Portable media players, handheld computers and smart phones
all work with digital data.
• Computer programmers create computer program that control digital
devices. These programs are usually written in a high – level
programming language.
• The human readable version of a program created in a high level language is
called the source code.
Programs & Instruction Sets
• The procedure for translating source code into 0’s and 1’s can be
accomplished by a compiler or an interpreter.
Programs & Instruction Sets
Programs & Instruction sets
• A collection of programmed activities a microprocessor is hardwired
to perform is called an Instruction set.
• Additions, subtractions, counting, comparisons etc.
• Each instruction has a corresponding sequence of 0’s and 1’s.
• Ex: 00000100 might = add
• The list of codes for a microprocessor’s instruction set is called
machine language, can be directly executed by the processor’s
circuitry.
• This end product, the 1’s and 0’s, is called machine code.
 Programs & Instruction sets….
• A machine code instruction has
two parts.
• The op code & the operend
• An op code (short for operation
code) is a command word for an
operation such as add, compare
or jump.
• The operand for an instruction
specifies the data (or the
address of the data) for the
operation.
Programs & Instruction sets…
• Many machine
language
instructions might
be needed to equal
a simple high –
level program that
counts to 100.
Processor Logic – what happens inside a
computer chip
• The Arithmatic Logic Unit is the
part of the microprocessor that
performs arithmetic & logical
operations.
• The ALU uses registers to hold
data that is being processed.
• The microprocessor’s control
unit fetches each instruction.
• Instruction cycle refers to the
process in which a computer
executes a single instruction.
Processor Logic….
Data Compression
• To reduce file size and
transmission times, digital data
can be compressed.
• • Data compression refers to any
technique that
• recodes the data in a file so that
it contains fewer bits.
• Compression is commonly
referred to as“zipping.”
Data Compression
• Compression techniques divided into
two categories:
• lossless and lossy
• Lossless compression provides a way
to compress data and reconstitute it
into its original state;
• uncompressed data stays exactly the
same as the original data
• Lossy compression throws away some
of the original data during the
compression process
• uncompressed data is not exactly the
same as the original
4.1.2 Computer Memory Structure
Primary Memory
• Primary memory is also known
as “ main memory’ or internal
memory
• It is located in the mother board
of the computer
• Primary memory is further
divided into
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM stores the data which
the user currently uses
• It stores data temporarily.
• RAM needs electricity to
work.
• When the computer power
is turned off,all the data init
will be erased automatically
Static RAM (SRAM)
• RAM is sub divided into two
parts.
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• In SRAM the memory remains its
content, as long as the power is
supplied (Volatile).
• SRAM is faster but expensive
than DRAM.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• It also contains data
when the elecricity is
available.
• DRAM need to refresh
periodically.
• General PCs use this RAM
because it needs less
space and less power..,
than SRAM
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Information stored in ROM is
permanent in nature.
• It holds the data even when the
computer is switched off (Non –
volatile )
• There are mainly three types of
ROM
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
• When the data is stored we
have no rights to change or
alter data.
• Data is written by
manufacturer’s company.
• So, the data stored is
permanent, can be changed
only by the manufacturer
Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM)
• EPROM (erasable programmable
read-only memory) is memory that
does not lose its data when the
power supply is cut off.
• The data can be erased and the
chip reprogrammed by shining an
intense ultraviolet (UV) light
through a window designed into
the memory chip. This process is
known as burning and requires a
specific device called a PROM
programmer, which is plugged in to
an EPROM burner.
Electronically Erasable Programmabnle Read
Only Memory (EEPROM)
• Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only
Memory (EEPROM) is a
stable, non-volatile memory
storage system that is used
for storing minimal data
quantities in computer and
electronic systems and
devices, such as circuit
boards. This data may be
stored, even without a
permanent power source.
Secondary Memory
• This memory is permanent in
nature. It is used to store the
different programs and the
information permanently (which
were temporarily stored in
RAM). It holds the information
till we erase it.
• Different types of secondary
storage devices are:
• Hard Disc, Compact Disc,
• DVD, Pen Drive,
• Flash Drive, etc.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
• Hard Disk Drive is made up ofa •
series of circular disks called
“ platters” arranged one over the
other almost around ½” apart
around a spindle.
• Diska are made of non – magnetic
material like Aluminium alloy and
coated with magnetic material.
CD Drive
• CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs
are circular disks that use optical
rays, usually lasers, to read and
write data.
• They are very cheap
• 700 MB of storage space. CDs
are inserted in CD drives built
into CPU cabinet.
• They are portable.
DVD Drive
• DVD stands for Digital Video
Display. DVD are optical devices
that can store 15 times the data
held by CDs.
• They are usually used to store
rich multimedia files that need
high storage capacity. DVDs also
come in three varieties – read
only, recordable and rewritable.
Pen Drive
• Pen drive is a portable memory
device that uses solid state
memory rather than magnetic
fields or lasers to record data.
• It uses a technology similar to
RAM, except that it is
nonvolatile. It is also called USB
drive, key drive or flash memory.
Blu Ray Disk
• Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an optical
storage media used to store high
definition (HD) video and other
multimedia files.
• BD uses shorter wavelength
laser as compared to CD/DVD.
This enables writing arm to focus
more tightly on the disk and
hence pack in more data. BDs
can store up to 128 GB data.
Primary Vs Secondary Memory