NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The concept of normal distribution was initially discovered by English mathematician
Abraham De Moivre (1667-1754) in 1733. De Moivre obtained this continuous
distribution as a limiting case of binomial distribution. His work was further refined
by Pierre S. Laplace (1749-1827) in 1774. But the contribution of Laplace remained
unnoticed for long till it was given concrete shape by Karl Gauss (1777-1855) who
first made reference to it in 1809 as the distribution of errors in Astronomy. That is
why the normal distribution is sometimes called Gaussian distribution. Though,
normal distribution can be used as approximation to most of the other distributions,
here we are going to discuss (without proof) its approximation to binomial distribution
only.
Normal Distribution as a Limiting Case of Binomial Distribution
Normal distribution is a limiting case of binomial distribution under the following
conditions:

i) n, the number of trials, is indefinitely large i.e. n  ;

ii) neither p (the probability of success) nor q (the probability of failure) is too close
to zero.
Under these conditions, the binomial distribution can be closely associated by a

normal distribution with standardized variable given by . The

approximation becomes better with increasing n. In practice, the approximation is
very good if both np and nq are greater than 5.
Definition: A continuous random variable X is said to follow normal distribution with

parameters  ( ) and 2(>0) if it takes on any real value and its probability
density function is given by

;
which may also be written as

=
Remark

i) The probability function represented by may also be written as

.
ii) If a random variable X follows normal distribution with mean  and variance 2,
then we may write, “X is distributed to N(, 2)” and is expressed as X  N(,
2).
iii) No continuous probability function and hence the normal distribution can be used
to obtain the probability of occurrence of a particular value of the random
variable. This is because such probability is very small, so instead of specifying
the probability of taking a particular value by the random variable, we specify the
probability of its lying within interval.

iv) If is standard normal variate having mean ‘0’

and variance ‘1’. The values of mean and variance of standard normal variate are
obtained as under:

v) Mean of Z i.e. =

=0 [ E(X) = Mean of X =  ]

Variance of Z i.e. V(Z) =

[ variance of X is 2]
= 1.

vi) The probability density function of standard normal variate is given

by .

This result can be obtained on replacing , x by z,  by 0 and  by 1

in the probability density function of normal variate X i.e. in

vii) The graph of the normal probability function with respect to is famous
‘bell-shaped’ curve. The top of the bell is directly above the mean . For large
value of , the curve tends to flatten out and for small values of , it has a sharp
peak as shown in (Fig. 13.1):
 Fig. 1.1

Normal distribution has various properties and large number of applications. It can be
used as approximation to most of the other distributions and hence is most important
probability distribution in statistical analysis. Theory of estimation of population
parameters and testing of hypotheses on the basis of sample statistics have also been
developed using the concept of normal distribution as most of the sampling
distributions tend to normality for large samples. Normal distribution has become
widely and uncritically accepted on the basis of much practical work. As a result, it
holds a central position in Statistics.
Let us now take some examples of writing the probability function of normal
distribution when mean and variance are specified, and vice-versa:

Example 1: (i) If (40, 25) then write down the p.d.f. of X

(ii) If ( 36, 20) then write down the p.d.f. of X

(iii) If (0, 2) then write down the p.d.f. of X

Solution: (i) Here we are given (40, 25)

∴
in usual notations, we have

Now, the p.d.f. of random variable X is given by

(ii) Here we are given ( 36, 20).
∴
in usual notations, we have

Now, the p.d.f. of random variable X is given by

(iii) Here we are given (0, 2).

∴
in usual notations, we have

Now, the p.d.f. of random variable X is given by

Example 2: Below, in each case, there is given the p.d.f. of a normally distributed
random variable. Obtain the parameters (mean and variance) of the variable.

(i)

(ii)

Solution: (i)
Comparing it with,
we have

(ii)

Comparing it with,

we get

Here are some exercises for you.

E 1) Write down the p.d.f. of r. v. X in each of the following cases:

(i)

(ii)
E 2) Below, in each case, is given the p.d.f. of a normally distributed random
variable. Obtain the parameters (mean and variance) of the variable.

(i)

(ii)

Now, we are going to state some important properties of Normal distribution in the
next section.
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
The normal probability distribution with mean  and variance 2 has the following
properties:
i) The curve of the normal distribution is bell-shaped as shown in Fig. 1.1.

ii) The curve of the distribution is completely symmetrical about i.e. if we fold

the curve at both the parts of the curve are the mirror images of each other.
iii) For normal distribution, Mean = Median = Mode

iv) , being the probability, can never be negative and hence no portion
of the curve lies below x-axis.
v) Though x-axis becomes closer and closer to the normal curve as the magnitude of

the value of goes towards  or , yet it never touches it.

vi) Normal curve has only one mode.
vii) Central moments of Normal distribution are

and

i.e. the distribution is symmetrical and curve is always mesokurtic.

Note: Not only but all the odd order central moments

are zero for a normal distribution.

viii) For normal curve,

Q3 – Median = Median – Q1
i.e. First and third quartiles of normal distribution are equidistant from

median.

ix) Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) = is approximately equal to of the

standard deviation.

x) Mean deviation is approximately equal to of the standard deviation.

xi) Q.D. : M.D. : S.D. = :  :  = 10 : 12 : 15

xii) The points of inflexion of the curve are
xiii) If are independent normal variables with means

respectively then the linear

combination is also a normal variable

with mean .
xiv) Particularly, sum or difference of two independent normal variates is also a
normal variate. If X and Y are two independent normal variates with means 1, 2

and variances then

X + Y  N(1 + 2, 12 + 22) and X – Y  N(1 2, 12 + 22).

Also, if X1, X2, …, Xn are independent variates each distributed as N( ,2), then

their mean .
xv) Area property:

= 0.6827,

= 0.9544, and

SOME PROBLEMS BASED ON PROPERTIES OF

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Example 3: If X1 and X2 are two independent variates each distributed as N(0, 1),
then write the distribution of (i) X1 + X2. (ii) X1 – X2.
Solution: We know that, if X1 and X2 are two independent normal variates s.t.
 and
then

, and

[See Property xiii (Section 13.3)]

Here,

 i)

i.e. , and

ii)

i.e.

Example 4: If , find the mean deviation about mean.

Solution: Here  = 30, 2 = 25   = 5.

 Mean deviation about mean = = =

Example 5: If what are its first four central moments?

Solution: Here  = 0, 2 = 1  σ = 1.

first four central moments are:

Example 6: If are independent variates such that (40, 25) ,

(60, 36) , then find mean and variance of (i)

(ii)

Solution: Here (40, 25), (60, 36)

Variance of

Mean of

Variance of
Now,

(i) Mean of X =

= = = 80 + 180 = 260

Var

=4×25+9×36
= 100 + 324 = 424

(ii) Mean of Y =

3×40−2×(60 )
= = 120 – 120 = 0

Var (Y) = Var

9×25+4×36
= = 225 + 144 = 369
You can now try some exercises based on the properties of normal distribution which
you have studied in the present unit.

E3) If X1 and X2 are two independent normal variates with means 30, 40 and
variances 25, 35 respectively. Find the mean and variance of
i) X1 + X2
ii) X1 – X2
E4) If X  N(50, 225), find its Quartile deviation.
E5) If X1 and X2 are independent variates with each distributed as N (50, 64),

what is the distribution of ?

SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS

E 1) (i) Here we are given

∴
in usual notations, we have

Now, p.d.f. of r.v. X is given by

(ii) Here we are given

∴
in usual notations, we have

Now, p.d.f. of r.v. X is given by

E 2) (i)

Comparing (1) with,

we get

(ii)

Comparing (1) with,

we get

E3) i) X1 + X2  N(1 + 2, 12 + 22)

 X1 + X2  N(30 + 40, 25 + 35)

 X1 + X2  N(70, 60)

ii) X1 – X2  N(30 40, 25 + 35)

  X1 – X2  N( 10, 60)

E4) As 2 = 225

  = 15

and hence Q.D. =

E5) We know that if X1, X2, .., Xn are independent variates each distributed as

N(, 2), then

Here X1 and X2 are independent variates each distributed as N(50, 64),

 their mean i.e.

i.e N(50, 32).

AREA PROPERTY OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Let X be a normal variate having the mean  and variance 2.

Suppose we are interested in finding

Now,

Fig. 14.1: P[µ < X < ]

Put

Also, when X = , Z = 0

and when (say)



where is the probability density function of standard normal

variate and the definite integral represents the area

under standard normal curve between the ordinates at Z = 0 and Z = z 1. (Fig. 14.2).

Fig. 14.2: P[0 < Z < ]

You need not to evaluate the integral to find the area. Table is available to find such
area for different values of z1.
Here, we have transformed the integral from

i.e. we have transformed normal variate ‘X’ to standard normal variate (S.N.V.)

.
This is because, the computation of

requires construction of separate tables for different values of 

and  as the normal variate X may have any values of mean and standard deviation
and hence different tables are required for different  and . So, infinitely many tables
are required to be constructed which is impossible. But beauty of standard normal
variate is that its mean is always ‘0’ and standard deviation is always ‘1’ as shown in
Unit 13. So, whatever the values of mean and standard deviation of a normal variate
be, the mean and standard deviation on transforming it to the standard normal variate
are always ‘0’ and ‘1’ respectively and hence only one table is required.
In particular,

[By Symmetry]

= 2  0.34135
= 0.6827

Fig. 14.3: Area within the Range

Similarly,

= 2  0.4772
= 0.9544
 μ±σ
Fig. 14.4: Area within the Range

and

= 2.P [0 < Z < 3] [See Fig. 14.5]

= 2  0.49865 = 0.9973

 P[X lies within the range   3] = 0.9973

 P[X lies outside the range   3] = 1 – 0.9973 = 0.0027

which is very small and hence usually we expect a normal variate to lie within the
range from – 3 to 3, though, theoretically it ranges from –  to .

μ±σ
Fig. 14.5: Area within the Range

From the above discussion, we conclude that while solving numerical problems, we
need to transform the given normal variate into standard normal variate because tables
for the area under every normal curve, being infinitely many, cannot be made
available whereas the standard normal curve is one and hence table for area under this
curve can be made available and this is given in the Appendix at the end of this unit.
Example 7: If X ~ N (45, 16) and Z is the standard normal variable (S.N.V.) i.e

then find Z scores corresponding to the following values of X.

(i) X = 45 (ii) X = 53 (iii) X = 41 (iv) X = 47
Solution: We are given X ~ N (45, 16)
∴
in usual notations, we have
Now

(i) When X = 45,

(ii) When X = 53,

(iii) When X = 41,

(iv) When X = 47,

Example 8: If the r.v. X is normally distributed with mean 80 and standard deviation
5, then find

(i) (ii) , (iii) ,

,

(iv) and (v)

,

Solution: Here we are given that X is normally distributed with mean 80 and standard
deviation (S.D.) 5.

i.e. Mean =

If Z is the S.N.V., then

Now

(i) X = 95,

=
= 0.5 – 0.4987 [Using table area under normal curve]
= 0.0013
 Fig. 14.6: Area to the Right of X= 95

(ii) X = 72,

=
= 0.5 – 0.4452 [Using table area under normal curve]
= 0.0548

Fig. 14.7: Area to the Left of X = 72

(iii) X = 60.5,

X = 90,

=
 =

= 0.5000+ 0.4772
= 0.9772

Fig. 14.8: Area between X = 60.5 and X = 90

(iv)

=
= 0.4997 – 0.3413 [Using table area under normal curve]
= 0.1584

Fig. 1 4.9: Area between X = 85 and X= 97

(v)

= 0.4993 – 0.2881
= 0.2112

Fig. 14.10: Area between X = 64 and X= 76

Example 9: In a university the mean weight of 1000 male students is 60 kg and
standard deviation is 16 kg.

(a) Find the number of male students having their weights

i) less than 55 kg
ii) more than 70 kg
iii) between 45 kg and 65 kg

(b) What is the lowest weight of the 100 heaviest male students?
(Assuming that the weights are normally distributed)
Solution: Let X be a normal variate, “The weights of the male students of the
university”. Here, we are given that µ = 60 kg, σ = 16 kg, therefore,
X ~ N(60, 256).
We know that if X ~ N(µ, σ2), then the standard normal variate is given by

.
Hence, for the given information,

(a) i) For X = 55, .

Therefore,

P[X < 55] = P [Z < 0.31] = P [Z > 0.31] [See Fig. 14.11]

= 0.5 P [0 < Z < 0.31]

[ since , Area of z=0

on t h e bot h side of t h e
is 0.5 ]
= 0.5 0.1217

[ ¿ t h e table of areasunder
Normal Curve ]
= 0.3783

Fig. 14.11: Area Representing Students having Less than 55 kg weight

Number of male students having weight less than 55 kg = N P(X < 55)

= 1000 0.3783
= 378

ii) For X = 70,

P[X>¿70] = P [Z > ¿0 .63] [See Fig. 14.12]

= 0.5 P [0 < Z < 0.63]

0< Z <0.63 ¿
 = 0.5 0.2357
= 0.2643

Fig. 14.12: Area Representing Students having More than 70 kg weight

Number of male students having weight more than 70 kg = N P[X >

70]

= 1000
0.2643
= 264

iii) For X 45,

For X 65,

[See Fig. 14.13]

= P[ 0.94 < Z < 0] + P[0 < Z < 0.31]

= 0.3264 + 0.1217

= 0. 4481
 Fig. 14.13: Area Representing Students having Weight between 45 kg and 65 kg

Number of male students having weight between 45 kg & 65 kg

= P[45 < X < 65]

= 1000 0.4481 =
448

b) Let be the lowest weight amongst 100 heaviest students.

Now, for , .

0.4.

= 1.28 [From Table]

= 60+16 1.28 = 60+20.48 = 80.48.

Therefore, the lowest weight of 100 heaviest male students is 80.48 kg.

Fig. 14.14: Area Representing the 100 Heaviest Male Students

Example 10: In a normal distribution 10% of the items are over 125 and 35% are
under 60. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
Solution:
 Fig. 14.15: Area Representing the Items under 60 and over 125

Let X ~ N(µ, σ2), where µ and σ2 are unknown and are to be obtained.
Here we are given
P[X > 125] = 0.1 and P[X < 60] = 0.35. [See Fig. 14.15]

We know that if X ~ N(µ, σ2), then .

For X = 60, Z ... (1)

For X 125, Z

Now

[By symmetry of normal curve]

and
Putting the values of in Equations (1) and (2), we get

… (3)

… (4)

(4) – (3) gives

From Eq. (4), = 75.18

Hence
Now, you can try the following exercises:

E6) If X ~ N(150, 9) and Z is a S.N.V., i.e then find Z scores

corresponding to the following values of X
(i) X = 165 (ii) X = 120
E7) Suppose X ~ N (25, 4) then find

(i) P[X < 22], (ii) P [X > 23], (iii) , and (iv)
α
E8) Suppose X ~ N (30, 16) then find in each case

(i)

(ii)
E9) Let the random variable X denote the chest measurements (in cm) of 2000
boys, where X ~ N(85, 36).

a) Then find the number of boys having chests measurement

i) less than or equal to 87 cm,
ii) between 86 cm and 90 cm,
iii) more than 80 cm.
 b) What is the lowest value of the chest measurement among the 100
boys having the largest chest measurements?
E10) In a particular branch of a bank, it is noted that the duration/waiting time of
the customers for being served by the teller is normally distributed with mean
5.5 minutes and standard deviation 0.6 minutes. Find the probability that a
customer has to wait
a) between 4.2 and 4.5 minutes, (b) for less than 5.2 minutes, and (c)
more than 6.8 minutes
E11) Suppose that temperature of a particular city in the month of March is

normally distributed with mean 24 and standard deviation 6 . Find the

probability that temperature of the city on a day of the month of March is

(a) less than 20 (b) more than 26 (c) between 23 and 27

SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS
E6) We are given X ~ N(150, 9)
∴
in usual notations, we have

Now,

(i) When X = 165,

(ii) When X = 120,

E7) Here X ~ N(25, 4)
∴
in usual notations, we have

If Z is the S.N.V then

i)

[See Fig. 14.21]

 0 .5−0 . 4332
=
= 0.0668

Fig. 14.21: Area to the Left of X = 22

ii)

= 0.5 + 0.3413
= 0.8413

Fig. 14.22: Area to the Right of X = 23

iii)

= P[–2< Z< 0] + P[0 < Z < 1]

=
= 0.4772 – 0.3413 = 0.1359

Fig. 14.23: Area between X = 21 and X = 27

iv)

=
 For

For

= 1–

= 1– [0.4987 – 0.3413]
= 1– 0.1574 = 0.8426.

Fig. 14.24: Area between X = 19 and X = 23

E8) Here X ~ N(30, 16)

∴
in usual notations, we have

Mean =

If Z is S.N.V then

i)
 Now

[From the table]

Putting

Fig. 14.25: z1 Corresponding to 24.92 % Area to its Right

ii) … (2)

Now

[Due to symmetry]

Fig. 14.26: z2 Corresponding to 4.96 % Area to its Right

 [From the table]

Putting in (2), we get

= 23.4
E9) We are given X ~ N(85, 36), N = 2000

i.e.

If X ~ N(µ, σ2 ) and

then we know that Z

a) i) For X = 87,
Now P[X < 87] = P [Z < 0.33] [See Fig. 14.27]
= 0.5 + P [0 < Z < 0.33]

Fig. 14.27: Area to the Left of X = 87 or Z = 0.33

= 0.5 + P [0 < Z < 0.33]

= 0.5 + 0.1293
= 0.6293
 Therefore, number of boys having chests measurement

= = 1259

ii) For X = 86,

For X = 90,

Fig. 14.28: Area between X= 86 and X= 90

= 0.2967 – 0.0675

= 0.2292
number of boys having chests measurement between 86 cm

and 90 cm

= N. P [86 ]

= 2000 0.2292 = 458

iii) For X = 80,

P [X > 80] = P [Z > – 0.83] [See Fig. 14.29]
= P [Z < 0.83]
= 0.5 + P [0 < Z < 0.83]
 = 0.5 + 0.2967

= 0.7967

number of boys having chest measurement more than 80 cm

= N.P[X > 80]

= 2000 0.7967
= 1593

Fig. 14.29: Area to the Right of X = 80 or Z = 0.83

b) Let be the lowest chest measurement amongst 100 boys having the
largest chest measurements.

Now, for X , .

P[X

Fig. 14.30: Area Representing the 100 Boys having Largest Chest Measurements

=1.64 [From Table]

 = 85 + 6 1.64 = 94.84.
Therefore, the lowest value of the chest measurement among the 100
boys having the largest chest measurement is 94.84 cm.
E10) We are given

minutes, = 0.6 minutes

If then we know

that Z ~ N (0, 1)

a) For X = 4.2,

For X = 4.5,

Fig. 14.31: Area Representing Probability of Waiting Time between 4.2 and 4.5 Minutes

= P [1.67 < Z < 2.17]

= P [0 < Z < 2.17] – P [0 < Z < 1.67]
= 0.4850 – 0.4525
= 0.0325
Therefore, probability that customer has to wait between 4.2 min and
4.5 min = 0.0325

b) For
 Fig. 14.32: Area Representing Probability of Waiting Time Less than 5.2 Minutes

P[X < 5.2] = P [Z < –0.5] [See Fig 14.32]

= P [Z > 0.5]
= 0.5 – P [0 < Z < 0.5]

= 0.5 – 0.1915

= 0.3085
Therefore, probability that customer has to work for less than 5.2 min
= 0.3085

c) For

Fig. 14.33: Area Representing Probability of Waiting Time Greater than 6.8 Minutes

P[X > 6.8] = P [Z > 2.17] [See Fig 14.33]

= 0.5 – P [0 < Z < 2.17]
= 0.5 – 0.4850 = 0.0150
Therefore, probability that customer has to wait for more than
6.8 min = 0.0150
E11) Let the random variable X denotes the temperature of the city in the

month of March. Then we are given

 X where

We know that if X and then Z ~ N (0, 1)

a) For X = 20,

Fig. 14.34: Area Representing Probability of Temperature Less than 20

P[X < 20] = P[Z < –0.67] [See Fig. 14.34]

= P [Z > 0.67]
= 0.5 – P[0 < Z < 0.67]
= 0.5 – 0.2486 = 0.2514

Therefore, probability that temperature of the city is less than 20

is
0.2514

b) For X= 26,

Fig. 14.35: Area Representing Probability of Temperature Greater than 26

Since, P[X > 26] = P [Z > 0.33] [See Fig. 14.35]

= 0.5 – P[0 < Z < 0.33]

= 0.5 – 0.1293
 = 0.3707
Therefore, probability that temperature of the city is more than

is 0.3707

c) For X= 23,

For X= 27,

Fig. 14.36: Area Representing Probability of Temperature

between 23 and 27

P[23 < X < 27] = P[–0.17 < Z < 0.5] [See Fig. 14.36]
= P [–0.17 < Z < 0] + P [0 < Z < 0.5]
= P[0 < Z < 0.17] + P[0 < Z < 0.5]
= 0.0675 + 0.1915

= 0.2590
Therefore, probability that temperature of the city is between

23 and 27 is 0.2590

E8)
 Now, Let
∴
Standard normal variate is

When X = 40,

When X = 50,
Now,

[Due to symmetry]

From table at the end of this unit,

Fig. 14.37: -z1 Corresponding to the 30% Area to its Left

The value of Z corresponding to probability/area is

 [From the table]

Fig. 14.38: z2 Corresponding to the 37% Area to its Right

Solving these equations for we have

APPENDIX

AREAS UNDER NORMAL CURVE

The standard normal probability curve is given by

The following table gives probability corresponding to the shaded area as shown in the

following figure i.e. for different values of z

TABLE OF AREAS

↓ z→ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1
.0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0759
0.2
.0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3
.1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4
.1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5
.1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6
.2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7
.2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2703 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8
.2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2005 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9
.3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0
.3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1
.3643 .3655 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3820
1.2
.3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3
.4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4
.4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5
.4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6
.4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7
.4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8
.4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9
.4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0
.4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1
.4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2
.4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4678 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3
.4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4
.4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5
.4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4959 .4951 .4952
2.6
2.7 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .1960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964

2.8 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974

2.9 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4879 .4980 .4981

3.0 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986

3.1 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

3.2 .4990 .4991 .4991 .4991 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4993 .4993

3.3 .4993 .4493 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4995 .4995 .4995

3.4 .4995 .4995 .4995 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4997

3.5 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4998

3.6 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998

3.7 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999

3.9 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999 .4999

.5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000 .5000