they often lived in ethnic neighborhoods

In San Francisco and Chicago, immigrants made up more than 40 percent of the population.

 Four out of five people of New York City were foreign Born

Volunteer institutions known as Americanization programs, helped newcomers learn English and adopt

American dress and diet.

Immigrants helped one another through fraternal associations.

Immigrants believed that American society was a “melting pot” in which white people of all different

nationalities blended to create a single culture.

Extreme hostility toward Chinese laborers had led Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
The act prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the civil rights of Chinese immigrants
already in the United States, and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents

The act had unintended negative consequences on the economy, especially in states such as California
that relied on cheap Chinese labor. The act also prevented many Chinese in the United States from
visiting their families in China, fearing they would not be permitted to return.

In 1898, a court case established that Chinese people born in America were United States citizens

Congress passed another act that prohibited the entry of anyone who was a criminal, immoral,

a pauper, or likely to need public assistance. In practice, the law was used to bar many poor or
handicapped immigrants.

Mexican Americans in the Southwest developed effective ranching techniques( practice of raising herds
of animals )

Chinese, Irish, and Mexican laborers built the railroads.

Immigrant women worked in factories, as seamstresses, as laundresses, and doing piecework. Others
became domestic servants

EUROPEAN JEWS INTRODUCED BAGELS

GERMAN IMMIGRANTS BROUGHT SAUSAGES CALLED WIENERS AND FRANKFURTERS.

• THE CHINESE INTRODUCED A VAST KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO USE PLANTS FORMEDICINAL PURPOSES
AS WELL AS FOODS SUCH AS CHOW MEIN.

Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant donated some $288 million to social and educational causes in
the United States.

James Naismith, who moved from Canada to Massachusetts, invented the sport of basketball in the
late 1800s.
Alexander Graham Bell, also born in Scotland, revolutionized modern Communications

immigrant Leo Baekeland transformed technology with the development of modern plastics.

Inventor Nikola Tesla, made discoveries in the generation and transmission of electricity.

•IMMIGRANTS DEMANDED A VOICE, THEY BECAME ACTIVE IN LABOR UNIONS AND POLITICS.

UNION LEADERS LIKE GOMPERS AND MOTHER JONES DEMANDED REFORMS THAT HELPED
IMMIGRANTS AS WELL AS ALL LABORERS. IMMIGRANTS EXPANDED THE DEFINITION OF AMERICAN.

Chicago expanded rapidly in the late nineteenth century.

• America was born on the farm and moved to the city.

• In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas.

• Only 16 percent living in towns or cities with a population of 8,000 or more.

• By 1900, the percentage had doubled,

Urbanization increased both the number and population of cities in the United States in

 In the late nineteenth century, America experienced a period of urbanization

Factories in cities often offered workers more money and opportunities than they had in rural settings.

Employees at the steel mills of western Pennsylvania were predominantly Polish, while the textile
factories of New York became a center for eastern European Jewish people.

Domestic servants in the Northeast were primarily Irish women.

• In the 1890s, for many rural Americans, making a living on a farm had become increasingly difficult.

• In addition to unpredictable weather conditions, isolation, and limited opportunities, farmers faced
economic struggles that hindered their livelihoods.

• New technologies enabled farmers to produce more crops but the greater supply caused prices to
drop.

• These factors, combined with the excitement and variety of

city life, sparked rural-to-urban migration.

Former agricultural workers often found themselves

working in dim light and narrow confines.

African Americans moving out of the rural South were also part of the migration, although on a smaller

scale.

• The majority of the migrating African Americans stayed in southern cities, but the few black skinned

migrated to northern and western cities paved the way for a much larger migration after World War I
Chicago expanded rapidly in the late nineteenth century.