Statements and flow

control
Programming 1

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Contents
1. Expressions and statements
2. Conditional execution
3. Loops

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 Deege U Java lesson 016

Expressions and
Statements
Expression

An expression is a construct made up of

literals, variables, operators, and/or method
calls, that evaluates to a single value

a = 15 * b + c;

When evaluated, the expression

will be replaced by its single
if (a < 120) {… value (= result)

Expression with single value

(=result) true of false…

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Statement

Basic instruction

double a; Declaration statement

a = 15 * Math.PI; Assignment statement

if (a < 120) { if statement

A compound
System.out.println(a); Method statement:
call contains another
} statement

Single statements are terminated with a ;

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Statement types

• Declaration
int a;
• Assignment
a = a + 1;
• Method call
System.out.println(a);
• Compound statements (flow control)
– Logical: if, switch
– Loop: while, for

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Grouping statements: {block}
• A block is a group of statements enclosed
within {a pair of curly braces}
if (b < 12) { Bloc that groups
int a = 10; t o state ents
System.out.println(a + b);
}

• A block can be used anywhere a simple

statement is allowed

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Quiz

HowMany.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
int guess; -How many expressions?
int secret = 56;
int counter = 0;
-How many statements?
-How many code blocks?
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
while (guess != secret) {
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
guess = keyboard.nextInt();
counter++;
if (guess < secret) System.out.print("Higher! ");
if (guess > secret) System.out.print("Lower! ");
} //end while
System.out.print("Congratulations, you used " + counter
+ " guesses to find the right number!");
keyboard.close();
}//end main

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Code convention: Indent blocks

HowMany.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
int guess;
int secret = 56;
int counter = 0;

Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

while (guess != secret) {
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
guess = keyboard.nextInt();
counter++;
if (guess < secret) System.out.print("Higher! ");
if (guess > secret) System.out.print("Lower! ");
} //end while
System.out.print("Congratulations, you used " + counter
+ " guesses to find the right number!");
keyboard.close();
}//end main

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Code convention: Indent code
•Indent statements an extra level within each
new code block
•Indent when continuing a statement on a new
line

Menu: Code > Reformat Code

Shortcut Ctrl-Alt-L

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Code blocks and variable scope
•A variable is only known within the block it is
declared… and in nested code blocks
•Scope = the program region where the
variable is known, where it can be used
– Starts from the line where it is declared
– Ends at the closing curly brace of the code
block in which it is declared

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Quiz

•What is the output of this program?

Scope.java

bool
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean bool = false;
outer int outer = 100;
if (!bool) {
inner
int inner = 10;
System.out.println(outer + inner);
}
bool = true;
inner if (bool) {
int inner = 42;
System.out.println(outer + inner);
}
System.out.println(outer);
}
Can o add here int outer = 200;?

Can o print here inner + outer?

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Quiz
•Spot the errors
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean bool = false;
int outer = 100; Wh is this code not co piling?
if (!bool) {
int inner = 10;
int value = 100; What do you need to modif
int outer = 50; to rod ce the expected
System.out.println(outer + inner + value); out t:
}
bool = true;
210
if (bool) {
102
int inner = 42;
360
outer = 60;
value = 200;
System.out.println(outer + inner + value);
}
inner = 121;
int value = 300;
System.out.println(outer + value);
}

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Conditional
execution
Flow control
•Statements are executed in sequence
•Flow control statements modify the sequential
sequence
– conditional execution
▪if...else
▪switch
– repeated execution
▪while
▪for

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if statement 4.5

•Only execute code if test succeeds

if (score >= 10) {
System.out.println("success");
}
The loc is exec ted i the (ex ression) is
true (if score is at least 10)

Deege U Java lesson 017

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if syntax

if(condition)statement;

[condition == true]

Best practice:
always use a
{code block}
after an if statements

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if…else statement 4.6

•Only execute if block if test is true

•Only execute else block if test is false
if (score >= 10) {
System.out.println("succes");
} else {
System.out.println("fail");
}

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if…else syntax

if(condition)statement;
else statement;
[else] [condition == true]

Best practice:
always use a else if
statements statements
{code block}
after an if
and else

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Exercise

Implement this algorithm in Java:

• Ask a score and calculate the grade
○ grade >= 90? write "A"
○ 90 > grade >= 80? write "B"
○ 80 > grade >= 70? write "C"
○ 70 > grade >= 60? write "D"
○ 60 > grade? write "E"

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Nested if

if (grade >= 90) {

System.out.println("A");
Complex structure!
} else { Deep nesting
if (grade >= 80) {
System.out.println("B");
} else {
if (grade >= 70) {
System.out.println("C");
} else {
if (grade >= 60) {
System.out.println("D");
} else {
System.out.println("E");
}
}
}
}
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if … else if

if (grade >= 90) {

System.out.println("A"); Simpler structure!
} else if (grade >= 80) { best practice:
System.out.println("B"); Use a simple statement
} else if (grade >= 70) {
(no block) when an
else is followed by a
System.out.println("C");
single if statement
} else if (grade >= 60) {
System.out.println("D");
} else {
System.out.println("E");
}

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 Conditional operator 4.6.4

Ternary operators

Operator Usage Result

If op1 is true then it yields the value of op2
?: op1 ? op2 : op3 else it yields the value op3. op1 must be a
boolean expression

The conditional operator works like an if?then:else.

Major difference: the expression with the conditional
operator returns a value.
An if () then else statement does not.

condition true false

System.out.println("BMI is " + ((bmi > 25) ? "too high" : "ok"));

if then else
1. returns "too high"or "ok"
2. concatenates returned value ith "BMI is "
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switch statement 5.6

•To test equality against multiple values

Switch.java printDay
switch (day) {
case 0: System.out.println("monday"); break;
case 1: System.out.println("tuesday"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("wednesday"); break;
case 3: System.out.println("thursday"); break;
case 4: System.out.println("friday"); break;
case 5: System.out.println("saturday"); break;
case 6: System.out.println("sunday"); break;
}

Can o i ple ent this

al orith wit o t a s itc ?

Deege U Java lesson 018

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switch statement syntax

Upon a atc (e.g. literal1)

integral (int, long…) t pe or String statements are e ecuted until the next
break. Witho t a break, statements o
literal2 would be exec ted as well.
switch (value) {
case literal1: statements; break;
case literal2: statements; break;
…
default: statements;
}
If no case matches, the (optional)
default:statements are e ecuted.

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switch statement
•Fall through (until a break)
Switch.java printSeason
switch(month) {
case "march":
case "april":
case "may": System.out.println("spring");
break;
case "june":
case "july":
case "august": System.out.println("summer");
break;
case "september":
case "october":
case "november": System.out.println("autumn");
break;
case "december":
case "january":
case "february": System.out.println("winter");
break;
default: System.out.println("invalid month");
}
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Simplified switch expression

since Java 14 multiple alues per case

switch (month) {
no reak necessary (and no fall through)
case "march", "april", "may" -> -> (instead o :)
System.out.println("spring");
case "june", "july", "august" ->
System.out.println("summer");
case "september", "october", "november" ->
System.out.println("autumn");
case "december", "january", "february" ->
System.out.println("winter");
default ->
System.out.println("invalid month");
}

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Simplified switch expression
s itch can e used as an ex ression
since Java 14 (so, returns a alue)
String seasonName = switch (month) {
case "march", "april", "may" -> "spring";
case "june", "july", "august" -> "summer";
case "september", "october", "november" -> "autumn";
case "december", "january", "february" -> "winter";
default -> "invalid month";
}; If ou se a s itch ex ression
System.out.println(seasonName); and all ossi le cases are not
covered, then default is
mandator

Now, wh did the ake

default mandator here?
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Simplified switch expression with {block}

Switch.java printSeasonYield
String seasonName = switch (month) {
case "march", "april", "may" -> "spring";
case "june", "july", "august" -> "summer";
case "september", "october", "november" -> "autumn";
case "december", "january", "february" -> "winter";
default -> {
System.out.println(
">>> Please use lower case english month names");
yield "invalid month"; When usin a {block ith m lti le statements}
} in a si plified s itch e pression
}; precede t e val e to be returned wit yield
System.out.println(seasonName);

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Exercises
•Ex 03.01 Age
•Ex 03.02 Scrabble

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Loops
while loop 4,7

•Repeats a codeblok while an kee ltipl ing

expression is true until product is
int product = 10; more than 100
while (product <= 100) {
product = product * 3;
} [else]

•A code block that is executed

repeatedly is [condition == true]

called a loop or iteration

statements

Deege U Java lesson 019

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while syntax

while (condition) {
statements;
}

Processing:
1. check condition
○ If true: execute code block
(statements )and return to 1
(check again)
○ If false: end loop and continue
with the statement after the
codeblock
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while loop

int counter = 10; Infinite loop!

Program never
int product = 1; finishes.
while (counter < 100) {
product = product * counter;
}

How would you solve this?

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while loop
• The {curly braces} are not necessary if the
while statement is covering a single
statement int counter = 10;
while (counter < 100)
System.out.println(counter++);

Best practice: always use a {codeblock}

with a while for clarity

int counter = 10;

while (counter < 100) {
System.out.println(counter++);
}

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break 5.7

Using break, you can exit a loop:

int counter = 10;
while (true) { // BAD coding practice!
System.out.println(counter++);
if (counter > 100) {break;}
}
System.out.println("After a while");

Best practice: Testing with while (condition)

is generally clearer to end the loop, than using
break

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continue

continue stops the current iteration

and continues with the next while
iteration
Continue.java

int counter = 0;
while (++counter < 10) {
if (counter % 3 == 0) {continue;}
System.out.print(counter + " ");
}
// 1 2 4 5 7 8

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do..while loop 5.5

•Repeat a codeblock while (post)condition is

true: block is executed one or more times
int counter= 0;
do {
System.out.print(++counter + " ");
} while (counter < 10);
statements

[else]
[condition == true]

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do..while syntax

do {
statements;
} while (condition);

Processing:
1. execute code block (statements)
2. check condition
○ If true: go to 1
○ If false: end loop and continue with
the statement after the codeblock

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Exercises
•Ex 03.03 Loops
– Task 1 & 2

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for loop: count from 0 to 9 5.3

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

System.out.print(i + " ");
}
Variable declaration. i is initialised to 0.
Initialisation Executed first and only once

Test before each execution of the code block. If the

Condition test is false (when i == 10) , the loop terminates

After each execution of the code block this

Modification statement is executed: i is incremented

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for loop

initialisation

Deege U Java
[else] lesson 020

code block
[condition == true]

Modification

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for loop
•Compact syntax for repeating actions a
number of times
•Syntax
for (initialisation; condition; modification){
statements;
}

•Order of execution:

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Comparing for and while loop

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

System.out.println(i);
}

int i = 0;
while(i < 10) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

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Remarks

for(initialisation; condition; modification){

statements;
}
• Initialisation, condition and modification
– The scope of the variables declared in the initialisation is
limited to the for loop
– Each part is optional, semicolons are mandatory
– Can contain multiple statements separated by comma’s

Best practice: keep it simple

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Quiz
•What is the outcome of these for loops?
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

for (int i = 1000; i > 0; i--) {

System.out.println(i);
}

for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i += 2) {

System.out.println(i); Keep it simple!
}

for (int i = 0,j = 10; i < 10; i++,j--) {

System.out.println(i*j);
}

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Exercises
•Ex 03.03 Loops
– Task 3
•Ex 03.04-03.12

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Review
1. Expressions and statements
2. Conditional execution
3. Loops

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