EXPERIMENT-2

COMPRESSION TEST

AIM:- To Perform comprcssion test on UTM.

APPARATUS :-A UTMor Acompression testing m/c, concrete specimen
THEORY:- Several nm/e and structure componcnts such as columns and struts are subjected
to compressive load in applications. These components are made of high compressive
strength materials. Not all the materials are strong in compression. Several materials, which
are good in tension, are poor in compression. Contrary to this, many materials poor in tension
but very strong in compression. Cast iron is one such example. That is why determine of
ultimate compressive strength is essential before using a material. This strength is determined
by conduct of a compression test. Compression test is just opposite in nature to tensile test.
Nature of deformation and fracture is quite different from that in tensile test. Compressive
load tends to squeeze the specimen. Brittle materials are generally weak in tension but strong
in compression. Hence this test is normally performed on cast iron, cement concrete etc. But
ductile materials like aluminium and mildsteel which are strong in tension, are also tested in
compression.

Fig.2.1. Universal Testing machine

 COmpreSsion

tension

Fig. 2.2. Failure in brittle material

stress)

(or
load
compressive

plastic deformation
elastic compression(or strain)
deformalion

Fig. 2.3. Failure in Ductile material

TEST SET-UP, SPECIFICATION OF MIC AND SPECIMEN DETAILS : A

compression test can be performed on UTM by keeping the test-piece on base block (see in
fig.) and moving down the central grip to apply load. It can also be performed on a
compression testing machine. A compression testing machine shown in fig. it has two
compression plates/heads. The upper head moveable while the lower head is stationary. One
of the two heads is equipped with a hemispherical bearing to obtain. Uniform distribution of
load over the test- piece ends. Aload gauge is fitted for recording the applied load.
SPECIMEN :- In cylindrical specimen, it is essential to keep hid s 2 to avoid lateral
instability due to bucking action. Specimen size = hs 2d.
PROCEDURE :
LDimension of test piece is measured at three different places along its height/length to
determine the average cross-section area.
2.Ends ot the seeimen shoullbe plone. lor hat the ends te lested on a bearing plate.
Mhe vimen is placed centrally betweenthetwo conpresion plates, uch that the centre
otmoving head is vertically above the centre of specimen.
4.lnd is applied on the specinmen by moving the movable head.
S.lhe load and corresponding contraction are measured at diferent intervals. The load
interval may be as 500 kg.
6.Load is applied until the specimcn fails.
OBSERVATION:
Initial length or height of specimen h=----m. Initial diameter of specimen do =
-IMm.

Applied load (P) in Newton Recorded change in length (mm)

CALCULATION:-Original cross-section area Ao =
Final cross-section area Af=
Stress = Strain = ---..For compression test, we can
i)Draw stress-strain (G-[) curve in compression,
ii)Determine Young's modulus in compression,
iii) Determine ultimate (max.)compressive strength, and
iv)Determine percentage reduction in length ( or height) to the specimen.

PRECAUTIONS :- 1. The specimen should be prepared in proper dimentions.

2. The specimen should be properly to get between the compression plates.
3. Take reading carefully.
4.After breaking specimen stop to m/c.
RESULT:
Ultimate Compressive strength of specimen is ....
Type of failure is.....
 EXPERIMENT-3
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM: To tind the brinell"s hardness number of the given metals using brincll"s hardness
testing machine.
APPARATUS: Brinell's hardness tester, Optical microscope.
THEORY: Hardness of a material is generally defined as Resistance to permanent
indentation under static or dynamic loads. However it also refers to stiffness or to resistance
to scratching, abrasion or cutting. Indentation hardness maybe measured by various hardness
tests, such as Rockwell, Vickers, Brinnells hardness etc. In Brinell's hardness test, a hard
steel ball, under specified conditions of load and time, is forced into the surface of the
material under test and the diameter of the impression is measured. Hardness number is
defined as the load in kilograms per square millimeters of the surface area of indentation.
This number depends on the magnitude of the load applied, material and geometry of the
indentor. For the BrinelIshardness number, the diameter of the indentor and load shall be
taken from the following table:

WiGHI PAN

wEiGTS

PENEYRATOR

SPECIMEN

ANVIL

ELEVATING SCAEW

MANCGWHEEL

FHO A0JUSTER

TRIP LCVER

Fig.3.1. Diagram of Brinell Hardness Testing Machine

 Fig. 3.2. Hardness Testing Machine

Brinell's hardness number (HB) is given by

HB Load on ball in kg

Surface area of indentation in sq.nm1

2P

Where: P=load inkg

D=diameter of indentor in nn1

d=average diameter of impression in

PROCEDURE:
0Sclect the proper diameter of the ilentor and loud,
circulate for few
DStart the nachine ypushing the grven button of sturler and allow oil to
minutes,

Kythe hand lever inposition A.

Plave the spocimen securcly on the testing table. Turn the hand wheel in clock wise
dintion, so that the specimen will push the indentor and will show a reading on dial gauge.
The movement willcontinue untilthe long pointer will stop at ,0"" and small pointer at red
dot when the initial load of 250kg is applicd. If little error exists the same can be adjusted by
rotating the outer ring dial gauge.
OTurn the handle from position ,A" to ,B so that the total system is brought into action.

DWhen the long pointer of dial gauge reaches a steady position, the load may be released by
taking back the lever to position ,,A".

OTurn back the hand wheel and remove the specimen.

O The diameter of the impression can be found by using optical microscope.

DRead the hardness number from the tables.
OBSERVATIONS:
Table: 3.1

SI No Material Load. Diameter of BHN(

minen mTota impression(mm)
2
3
4

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Operate the hand lever from Ato B several times to raise and lower the weights in order to
eliminate air from the hydraulicsystem.

2. Operate it slowly for accurate results.

RESULT:

The Brinell"'s hardness number of....

 EXPERIMENT No - 4
ROCKWELL'SHARDNESS TEST

AIM: To determine Rockwell hardness number for a given specimen.

APPARATUS: Rockwell hardness testing machine.

THEORY:

Fig. 4.1. Hardness testing machine

 Dial

( Spo men
able (Anvi)
Indene
holdet
Indenter

ilevatin Werghts

Hand whecl

Ioadmg lever

Fig. 4.2. Diagram of Hardness testing machine

A C

plas Minor Jozt F0

Zero Reference ine

PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the weights on the plunger of dash pot according to
Rockwell scale as shown in
chart.

2. Keep the lever in position A.

3. Place thespecimen on testing table.

4. Turn the hand wheel clockwise, on that

specimen will push the indentor and the small
pointer moves to the red spot (Donot turn the wheel in a way to
cross the red spot). The long
pointer automatically stops at zero on black scare. If there is any
resistance, unload and check
the weights, indentor and the gap between inner faces of
hanger and Turn the lever from
position A to B slowly so that the total load into brought in to action without any jerks.
5. The long pointer of dial gauge reaches a study
position when indentation is complete, Take
back the lever to position A slowly.

6. Read the figure against the long pointer. That is

direct reading of the hardness of specimen.
7. Turn back the hand wheel and remove the
specimen.
N. Repeat the procedure 3 to 4 tinmes.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Select the proper indentor and load to suit the material under the Test.
2. Surface to be tested must be sufficiently smooth and free from any defects.

3. The surface under the test must be at right angle to the axis of the indentor.
4. Diamond indentor has highly polished surface and is Susceptible to damage if not handled
properly.
RESULT:
The rock well hardness number for Mild Steel is
The rock well hardness number for Copper is
The rock well hardness number for Aluminum
The rock well hardness number for Brass is
 EXPERIMENT-5
IMPACT TEST (IZOD)
AIM:- o detemnine the impact strength of Mild steel specimen by Izod impact test
APPARATUS: -

1. lmpact testing machine

2. Asteel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM:
THEORY:- An inmpact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always
reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by
impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material.
Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in
service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly
applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture astandard notch bar by
applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock
loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly
and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that itprovides agood way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition.
This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material

occurring due to lowering of temperature

Scale

Starting positon
Spemen
(10 10 5 m)
Perdutum End of Hammet Specmen
(10 10 75 nmmì

Notch Specimen
Anui
Penduu

Fig.5.1. Impact Testing Machine

 PROCEDURE:
(a) lzod test
1. With the striking hamner (endulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen
in inwr testing machine"'s vice in such away that the notch face the hammer and is half
inside ad half above the top surface of the vice.

2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and
lock it at that position.

3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of theoperating manual
supplied with the machine.

4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then continues to swing. At
its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back
OBESERVATIONS:
Izod Test. 1. Impact value of- Mild Steel -- --N-m

2. Impact value of - Brass --- N-m

y3. Impact value of -Aluminum --N-m

RESULT:-i. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be (K) Joules.

Xii. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be (K) Joules.
Xii. The energy absorbed for Aluminiumis found out to be (K) --. Joules

iv. Impact strength of the specimen, (K/A)= J/mm2

PRECAUTIONS:
J. Measure the dimensions of thespecimen carefully.

2. Hold the specimen (lzod test) firmly.

3. Note down readings carefully.
 EXPERIMENT NO- 06
IMPACT TEST (CHARPY)

AIM: lodetemined impact strength of Mild steel specimen using Charpy Test.
APPARATUS: - 1. Impact testing machine 2. Asteel specimen 10 mm x 10 mm X55mm
THEORY:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal
the susceptibility of ametal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact
test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several
engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied
loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore,
the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values
obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly
arbittary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of
various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can
also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due
to lowering of temperature.
Scale

Specinen Starting position

10 10: 55 nm

Perduium End of
Hammer Specmen
(10 10 S5 mm)

Specmen
Anv!
]Pendulum

(a

Fig. 6.1. Impact Testing Machine

 PROCEDURE:
1. With the strikinghamer (enulum) in safe tet poaitko, finly hold the steel specimen
in impact testing machinox vie in uwh a way tha the noteh fues the hammer and is half
inside ant halt aove the fo sutce of the vice,

2 Bing the siking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is alrealy there. and
hil at that position.

1. Bing indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.

4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At
its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back.Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. The specimen is placed on supports or anvil so that the blow of hammer is opposite to the
notch.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Impact value of -Mild Steel ---N-m

X2. Impact value of - Brass N-m

X3. Impact value of - Aluminum ---N-m
RESULT:
i. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be (K) ------- Joules.
yi. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be (K) ----..Joules.
iii. The energy absorbed for Aluminum is found out to be (K) ---.-Joules
iv. Impact strength of the specimen, (K/A)= --J/mm2

PRECAUTIONS:
1Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

2 Locate the specimen (Charpy test) in such a way that the hammer, strikes it at the middle.

3 Notedown readings carefully.

 EXPERIMENT- 7

TORSIONTEST

OBJECTIVE:
Toconduct torsion test on nmild steel or cast iron specimen to determine modulus of rigidity.
APPARATUS:
1. Atorsion test machine along with angle of twist measuring attachment.

2. Standard specimen of mild steel or cast iron.

3. Steel rule.

4.Venier caliper or a micrometer.

Torsion testing machine:

THEORY: For transmiting power through a rotating shaft it is necessary to apply a turning
force. The force is applied tangentially and in the plane of transverse cross section. The
torque or twisting moment may be calculated by multiplying two opposite turning moments.
It is saidto be in pure torsion and it willexhibit the tendency of shearing off at every cross
section which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Torsion equation:
Torsion equation is given by below
T/J =/R= GO/LG=TIJ O N/mm2
T= maximum twisting torque (N mm)
J= polar moment of inertia (mm4) =I d4/32
T= shear stress (Nmm2)

G = modulus of rigidity (N/mm2)

= angle of twist in radians
L= length of shaft under torsion (mm)
Assumptions made for getting torsion equation
1. The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
2. Theshaft. circular in section remain circular after loading.
3. Plane sections of shaft normal to its axis before loading remain plane after the torque have
been applied.
4. The twist along the length of the shaft is uniform throughout.
3. The distance hetwen any woh0ml seetions temalns le sme alter the application of
torque.
6. Mavimm sheat slIess indced in the shaft due to0 applicatieon of torque does not ezceed its
clastiv imit.

Fig. 7.1.Torsion Testing Machine

PROCEDURE:
1. Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in the
machine by
adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a sliding spindle.
2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average
value.
3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity change lever
4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero.

5. Set the protractor to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of

knurled screw.
6. Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction.
7. Load the machine in suitable increments.
8. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading.
 9. Plot a toque-wit ('- 0)grnph.
10. Read oflco-ordinates ofa convenient point fromthe straight line portion of the torque
twist (T-0)graph and caleulatethe value of Gby using relation.

OBESERVATIONS:
Gauge length of the specimen, L= .........
Diameter of the specimen, d =
Polar moment of inertia, J =nd32 =
SI. No. Torque, N - mm Angle of Modulus Average G,
twist , Rigidity, G N/mm
Degrees
 NPERIMENT -#
SPRING TEST
AIM:

l detemine the stiffincss and modulus of rigidityof the spring wire under tensionand
Mmpwsion.
APPARATUS: -
1.Spring testing machine.

2. Aspring

3.Vernier caliper. Scale.

4. Micrometer.

DIAGRAM:
THEORY: -
Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape when
load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters, motorcycles,
rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the following
Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.

2) To store energy as in clock springs.

3) Toapply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.

4) To measure forces as in spring balances.

To change the variations characteristic of a member as in flexible mounting of motors. The

spring is usually made of either high carbon steel (0.7 to 1.0%) or medium carbon alloy
steels. Phosphor bronze, brass, 18/8 stainless steel and Monel and other metal alloys are used
for corrosion resistance spring. Several types of spring are available for different application.
Springs may classified as helical springs, leaf springs and flat spring depending upon their
shape. They are fabricated of high shear strength materials such as high carbon alloy steels
spring form elements of not only mechanical system but also structural system. In several
cases it isessential to idealize complex structural systems by suitable spring.
 Fig. 8. Spring Testing Machine.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given
compression spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given
compression specimen.
3. Place the compression spring at the center of the bottom beam of
the spring testing
machine.

4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable
weight and
note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the
initial scale reading
from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied.
9. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the
stiffness of the
spring.
FORMULA: Modulus of rigidity, G= 64WR' n/S d
Where
1. W=Load in N
 2. R= Mean ratius o the sping in mm(D (d2)/2
3.d- Diameter ot the spring voil in mm
4.8-tletion o the spring in mm
5, )- Outer diameter of the spring in mm.

OBESERVATIONS:
1. Material of the spring specimen =
2. Least count of micronmeter

3. Diameter of the spring wire, d =........mm (Mean of three readings)

4. Least count of Vernier Caliper = .......mm
5. Diameter of the spring coil, D = ..mm(Mean of three readings)
6. Number of turns, n =
7. Initial scale reading F.....mm

SI No. Applied Load Scale Actual Modulus of Stiffness,

Deflection,
N Reading, mm mm Rigidity,GPa N/mm2

RESULT:

The modulus of rigidity of the given spring GPa

The stiffness of the given spring = N/mm2

GRAPH:

Load Vs Deflection